In 1839, Kirkpatrick Macmillan, a Scottish blacksmith, invented a much better bicycle. Macmillan’s machine had iron-covered wheels to keep them from getting worn down. He also used foot-operated levers, similar to pedals, so his bicycle could be ridden at a quick pace. It didn’t look much like the modem bicycle, though, because its back wheel was substantially larger than its front wheel. Although Macmillan’s bicycles could be ridden easily, they were never produced in large numbers.
In 1861, Frenchman Pierre Michaux and his brother Ernest invented a bicycle with an improved pedal mechanism. They called their bicycle a velocipede,but most people called it a “bone shaker” because of the effect of the wood and iron frame. Despite the impolite nickname, the velocipede was a hit. After a few years, the Michaux family was making hundreds of the machines annually, mostly for fun-seeking young people.
Ten years later, James Starley , an English inventor, made several innovations that revolutionized bicycle design. He made the front wheel many times larger than the back wheel, put a gear on the pedals to make the bicycle more efficient,and lightened the wheels by using wire spokes. Although this bicycle was much lighter and less tiring to ride, it was still clumsy, extremely top-heavy,and ridden mostly for entertainment.
It wasn’t until 1874 that the first truly modern bicycle appeared on the scene. Invented by another Englishman, H. J. Lawson, the safety bicycle would look familiar to today’s cyclists. The safety bicycle had equal-sized wheels, which made it easier to ride. Lawson also attached a chain to the pedals to drive the back wheel. By 1893,the safety bicycle had been further improved with air-filled rubber tires, a diamond-shaped frame, and easy braking. With the improvements provided by Lawson;bicycles became extremely popular and useful for transportation. Today, they are built, used, and enjoyed all over the world.
1. This passage was most likely written in order to _____.
A.compare bicycles used for different purposes |
B.describe the problems early bicycle makers experienced |
C.persuade readers to use bicycles for transportation |
D.tell readers about the early history of the bicycle |
A.add weight to the bicycle |
B.make the bicycle easier to ride |
C.allow the wheels to last longer |
D.let the bicycle be more comfortable |
A.![]() | B.![]() |
C.![]() | D.![]() |
A.Two hundred years ago,bicycles did not exist. |
B.The first bicycle could be ridden at a very quick pace. |
C.The Michaux brothers called their bicycle a “bone shaker”. |
D.Macmillan’s machine had wheels with rubber tires. |
A.importance | B.time | C.place | D.Interest |
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【推荐1】The Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport announced that the capital will build 20 cycle tracks connecting popular tourist sites and another 20 linking the countryside. Also, all roads that are wider than 12 meters must have cycle lanes (车道).
It is good of the city’s transport department to care for cyclists. Cycling is, without doubt, one of the greenest ways of traveling. It uses no gas, so there are no carbon emissions (碳排放), and it also helps the cyclists become strong and reduce fat.
That’s why, in this age of automobiles, bicycles have suddenly become a popular means of transport. Today people ride cycles not for shortage of other means of transport, but for their own health. Data show that over 100 million people ride bicycles as a kind of sport.
However, to encourage more people to choose this green means of transport, good bicycle lanes are a necessity. Anybody with any cycling experience must have come across the following problems at some point of time; that there might be no cycle lanes beyond a certain point, or that the signs for cyclists might become unclear; worst of all, there might be whole rows of cars parked on the bicycle lanes or cyclists might have to compete with cars on the same lane.
The law prevents parking on bicycle lanes, but some car owners couldn’t care less. The law gives cyclists right of passage over automobile drivers, but that is often forgotten. With automobiles pushing cyclists to one side of the road, cycling often loses its attraction. Sometimes people prefer cycling on exercise bikes indoors than on the roads.
To make cycling a pleasurable experience, the governments need to do their jobs better. Apart from designing new bicycle lanes, they should also take effective actions to protect the rights of cyclists and make the sport more enjoyable.
1. Which advantage of cycling is not mentioned in this passage?A.Cycling can help lose weight. | B.Cycling is environment-friendly. |
C.Cycling can help build up bodies. | D.Cycling can reduce heavy traffic. |
A.To call on more people to ride bikes. |
B.To prevent parking on bicycle lanes. |
C.To compete with cars on the same lane. |
D.To encourage people to cycle on exercise bikes. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Supportive. | C.Uncaring. | D.Unclear. |
A.Cycling, new workout trend |
B.No more parking on bicycle lanes |
C.Here come the cyclists, make room |
D.Cycle tracks to be widened in Beijing |
阅读下列四篇短文,从每小题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
For those who make journeys across the world, the speed of travel today has turned the countries into a series of villages.Distances between them appear no greater to a modern traveler than those which once faced men as they walked from village to village. Jet planes fly people from one end of the earth to the other, allowing them a freedom of movement undreamt of a hundred years ago.
Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest (征服) of time and distance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, not endured.The boat offers leisure and time enough to appreciate the ever-changing sights and sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about it. Lakes and forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however, there is just the blank blue of the sky filling the narrow window of the airplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly.
Then there is the time spent being “processed” at a modern airport. People are conveyed like robots along walkways; baggage is weighed, tickets produced, examined and produced yet again before the passengers move to another waiting area. Journeys by rail and sea take longer, yes, but the hours devoted to being “processed” at departure and arrival in airports are luckily absent. No wonder, then, that the modern high-speed trains are winning back passengers from the airlines.
Man, however, is now a world traveler and cannot turn his back on the airplane. The working lives of too many people depend upon it; whole new industries have been built around its design and operation. The holiday maker, too, with limited time to spend, patiently endures the busy airports and limited space of the flight to gain those extra hours and even days, relaxing in the sun. speed controls people’s lives; time saved, in work or play, is the important thing—or so we are tolD. Perhaps those first horsemen, riding free across the wild, open plains, were enjoying a better world than the one we know today. They could travel at will, and the clock was not their master.
1. What does the writer try to express in Paragraph 1?
A.Travel by plane has speeded up the growth of villages. |
B.The speed of modern travel has made distances relatively short. |
C.The freedom of movement has helped people realize their dreams. |
D.Man has been fond of traveling rather than staying in one place. |
A.By giving instructions. |
B.By analyzing cause and effect. |
C.By following the order of time. |
D.By giving examples. |
A.they pay less for the tickets |
B.they feel safer during the travel |
C.they can enjoy higher speed of travel |
D.they don’t have to waste time being “processed” |
A.They could enjoy free and relaxing travel. |
B.They needed the clock to tell the time. |
C.They preferred traveling on horseback. |
D.They could travel with their master. |
【推荐3】Out on the graceful avenues and main roads of Paris, a battle has been approaching.
A century and a half after Baron Haussmann plowed (犁地) through the city to straighten out and broaden the narrow twisted streets, the Mayor of Paris Anne Hidalgo, a kind of anti-Haussmann has slowly been reducing the size of main roads for years.
Part of her environmental plan is to clean up air pollution and make the city friendly for bicycles and other two wheeled vehicles like electric scooters (踏板车). “I think it could be a good idea - not to have cars in the town centers and the motorists who love four wheels. It’s a bit of a war of the bikes and scooters against cars,” the Mayor said. High speed lanes along the Seine, which people in the suburbs relied on to and from Paris each day, have been shut down to make room for joggers and cycles. This is part of a Paris Administration’s dream of getting rid of cars in Paris as much as possible.
The Mayor wants to transform the big space and today the big space is occupied by cars, and car drivers. “We have half of the public space in Paris, which is dedicated to cars,” she said. But for motorists, it is as bad as the reduction of the speed limit on most streets in town to 30 kilometers. The constant flashes of speed radar cameras bare witness to how many motorists just can’t bring themselves to go that slow. They say the reduced speed limits are just another way to get the cars out of the city.
The head of a motorist association claims commuters (通勤者) have no alternative but to use their cars because public transportation is overcrowded and often unreliable. And for those who live around Paris, it’s really unfair. They need their car, or they can’t go to work. It’s something incredible. And so while Paris has taken major action to rid the streets of automobiles and make the city more bicycle friendly, going green is not proving to be politically very simple.
1. What’s the purpose of the Mayor’s plan?A.To object to Baron Haussmann. | B.To create a greener city. |
C.To start a war of bikes against cars. | D.To get rid of cars in Paris. |
A.Debatable. | B.Problem-solving. |
C.Economical. | D.Environment-friendly. |
A.The present road condition. | B.Shortage of government funding. |
C.Many unsolvable practical problems. | D.Lack of public environmental awareness. |
A.Paris: A Livable City | B.Paris: Cars or Bikes? |
C.Paris: A Bicycle City | D.Paris: Green is Coming! |
【推荐1】The picture of George Washington is on the one-dollar bill. He served as American's first president from 1789 to 1797. President Washington has been called the "Father of his country."
The third president of the United States, Thomas Jefferson, is on the two-dollar bill. He was the main writer of the Declaration of independence in 1776. Jefferson was one of the most influential of the nation's Founding Fathers. He was also a plant expert, architect, musician and inventor.
Another of American's greatest presidents, Abraham Lincoln, is on the five-dollar bill. He served as the sixteenth president from 1861 until 1865. He successfully led the country through the Civil War, saved the Union and ended slavery.
The picture of Alexander Hamilton appears on the ten-dollar bill. Hamilton was never president. But he was the first Secretary of the Treasury and one of the Founding Fathers. He was also an economist and political philosopher.
Andrew Jackson was the seventh president, serving from 1829 to 1837. He supported popular democracy and individual liberty. His picture is on the twenty-dollar bill.
Another president is on the fifty-dollar bill. Ulysses S. Grant served from 1869 to 1877. Before serving as president, Grant was military commander of Union forces during the Civil War. Under his command, the Union Army defeated Confederate forces.
So who do you think is on the one hundred-dollar bill? It is Benjamin Franklin. Franklin was never elected president, but was one of the Founding Fathers. He was also a leading writer and printer, political thinker, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civil activist, and diplomat.
These American statesmen are on the front of the bills. The backs of the notes show images from nation's history or famous places. They are in order, the Great Seal of the United States, the signing of Declaration of Independence and the Lincoln Memorial. The others are the Treasury Building, the White House, the Capitol Building and independence Hall.
1. The design of the bills shows that Americans values their people's__________ .A.talents in many ways | B.success in their careers |
C.inventions in new fields | D.contributions to the country |
A.economy and power | B.independence and democracy |
C.wealth and success | D.faith and glory |
A.Men on the Money | B.the Design of US Bills |
C.History on the Money | D.the Story of US Bills |
【推荐2】Four Historic American Theatres
Today, theatres remain a key part of a city’s lifeblood. The following are four historic theatres in America.
Pantages Theatre, Minneapolis, MN
The Pantages Theatre, which now seats 1,014, opened in 1916 as part of Alexander Pantages’s well-known group of theatres. It was designed by the local firm Kees and Colburn. In 1922, the theatres was rebuilt by Scottish theatres architect Benjamin Marcus Priteca. After going through several owners, in 1984, it was closed and remained unopened until 1996. Some theatre supporters had it repaired and improved, resulting in its reopening in 2002.
Saenger Theatre, New Orleans, LA
New Orleans’s Saenger Theatre was built two years before the Great Depression, in 1927, and cost a then unheard-of $ 2.5 million. It was designed by Emile Weil, featuring a 15th-century Florentine courtyard and gardens, and Greek and Roman statues. Although the theatre was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, after a $ 53 million renovation (修葺), it reopened in 2013.
Thalian Hall, Wilmington, NC
Thalian Hall has been in almost continuous use since its opening in 1858. It is the only surviving theatre designed by John Montague Trimble, one of America’s foremost 19th-century theatre architects, and originally housed the town government, a library, as well as an “Opera House”, seating 1, 000 people. Some repairs in 1909 led to the removal of the side balconies and the installation of electric stage lights.
Providence Performing Arts Center, Providence, RI
It was originally opened as a movie palace in 1928, and the silent movies it showed were accompanied by a $ 90, 000 Robert Morton organ. After several decades, the theatre suffered from the increased popularity of television, as well as damage by two hurricanes. Over the past decade and a half, it has undergone extensive renovations and modernization.
1. What can we know about the Pantages Theatre?A.It has a seating capacity of 1, 916. | B.It will be turned into a movie house. |
C.It was designed by Alexander Pantages. | D.It was once shut down for over a decade. |
A.Pantages Theatre. | B.Saenger Theatre. | C.Thalian Hall. | D.Providence Performing Arts Center |
A.They went through major renovations. |
B.They were hit by terrible natural disasters. |
C.They were built by American theatre architects. |
D.They belong o Alexander Pantages’s group of theatres. |
【推荐3】In 1858, two men wanted to be elected United States Senator from Illinois. One was Stephen Douglas. The other was Abraham Lincoln. Douglas was already the Senator, but his term in office was up. Lincoln had once been a U.S. Representative but was then a lawyer in Illinois.
The men agreed to have seven public meetings, or debates, in seven different cities in Illinois. That way, voters all over the state would have a chance to hear what each man stood for.
The first debate was in Ottawa on August 21, 1858. The main thing the men disagreed on was slavery. Douglas believed that as new states joined the union, they should decide for themselves whether or not they wanted to be a slave state or a free state. Lincoln believed that slavery should not spread beyond the states that already had slaves. He said the United States could not survive as half-slave and half-free states.
The debates drew large crowds in all seven cities. People in the entire country were paying attention. Lincoln lost the Senate race. The debates did, however, make him well known everywhere.
In 1860, it was time to elect a new President. Lincoln won the Republican party’s nomination(提名). Douglas won the Democratic party’s nomination. The two men again faced each other to get the people’s votes. This time Lincoln won. He became the nation’s 16th President.
The slavery issue was still causing bad feelings between slave and non-slave states. By the time Lincoln took over as President on March 4, 1861, seven states had left the union. A month later, the Civil War began.
1. Why did the two men have debates in seven cities?A.To protect themselves. |
B.To persuade each other. |
C.To make their views known better. |
D.To give the voters some advice. |
A.The new states should unite with other states. |
B.The new states should separate from the Union. |
C.The new states were free to keep slavery or not. |
D.The new states should not keep slavery any more. |
A.The debates made Lincoln famous. |
B.Voters strongly disagreed on slavery. |
C.Lincoln failed in the president election |
D.Douglas drew more attention in the country. |
A.The Northern states rose up. |
B.Lincoln was defeated in the election. |
C.The Southern states still kept slaves. |
D.There was conflict between slave and non-slave states. |
【推荐1】My name is Jacob Cramer. I am a freshman at Orange High School.
In 2013, I founded an organization called Love For The Elderly. Many elderly people have no one to care for them, no one to look after them, no one to love them. The elderly have paved the pathway of success for my generation. They deserve to be shown appreciation and kindness but are often ignored.
I am sure all of you have someone in your heart who has been at a nursing home. Think of them while I say this: they deserve the best and nothing but the best. The elderly are such an outstanding group, and their wisdom can most definitely be learned from. This idea of appreciating the elderly reverberated (回响) inside my head until finally, I decided it was time to step up and make a difference.
My passion for writing led me to create an organization, where people from all across the globe send letters filled with kindness and joy, from Iceland, Romania, Finland, Australia, and more. I then send these letters to senior centers, nursing homes, and retirement communities located all across the country. To this date, I have collected over 1000 letters, and the response I have received has been truly unbelievable.
This past month, I had the opportunity (机会) to receive $100 from KindSpring through their monthly kindness contest to help my organization. This money has been of great help. We do not receive much money, and so it helped to pay for many costs, including postage and envelopes. This gesture of kindness has been very beneficial to my organization, and I could not be more appreciative. Thank you so much to KindSpring for this amazing opportunity. If any of you would like to get involved in my organization, please visit lovefortheelderly.org.
1. What does the author tell us about the elderly’s life?A.All are in bad condition. | B.Most get little love or care. |
C.A few live a successful life. | D.They appreciate others’ kindness. |
A.Outgoing and honest. | B.Aggressive but careful. |
C.Ambitious and kind. | D.Considerate but silent. |
A.To advertise for the organization. | B.To appeal to others to donate money. |
C.To show mean behaviors of the organization. | D.To express his thanks to the organization. |
A.Volunteer in Senior Centers—Your Choice. |
B.Love for the Elderly—a Chance to Show Kindness |
C.Stay Alone after Retirement—the Elderly’s Suffering |
D.Letters to Parents—the Way of Expressing Love |
【推荐2】To assess protected-area impact on wildlife, a team led by researchers from the UK examined waterbird data from 1,506 protected areas and analyzed more than 27,000 bird populations across the world. They compared waterbird populations before and after the establishment of protected areas and also compared trends of similar populations within and outside of protected areas.
“Our study shows that, while many protected areas are working well, many others are failing to have a positive effect,” lead author Hannah Wauchope of the University of Exeter says in a statement. “In the majority of places we looked at, bird populations were stable or were increasing, but some of them weren’t doing any better than in unprotected areas,” she adds. “That’s disappointing, but not surprising. There seems to be the disconnection between people talking about how much land is protected and whether those areas are actually doing anything positive.”
This study comes ahead of a United Nations meeting in China to discuss biodiversity(生物多样性) goals for the next decade. Several countries have already committed to protecting 30 percent of the planet by 2030, yet the researchers say this alone does not necessarily guarantee positive outcomes for species.
“An obsession(迷恋) with reaching a certain area-based target—such as 30 percent by 2030-without focus on managing existing protected areas appropriately will achieve little,” co-author Julia Jones from Bangor University says. “When world leaders gather in China later this year to set targets for the next decade, I really hope to see a change of their focus, rather than simply saying how much surface area they are going to protect.”
According to Thomas Brooks, chief scientist at the International Union for Conservation of Nature, who was not involved in the study, waterbirds are a good example of a group facing the consequences of human behaviours that cause biodiversity loss. These animals respond quickly to changes in site quality and are broadly distributed, clearly reflecting the impact of protected areas.
1. What can be learned about protected areas from the study?A.Their bird populations are increasing. |
B.Some of them fail to achieve their goal. |
C.Their problems went unnoticed at all. |
D.They have a negative effect on wildlife. |
A.Doing something positive. | B.Organizing the meeting. |
C.Talking about biodiversity. | D.Expanding protected areas. |
A.Face the consequences of human behaviours. |
B.Try to set targets for the next ten years. |
C.Have a deep understanding of biodiversity. |
D.Focus on the effectiveness of protected areas. |
A.Pioneering. | B.Disappointing. | C.Convincing. | D.Unsatisfying. |
【推荐3】Debate about artificial intelligence (AI) tends to focus on its potential dangers: algorithmic (算法) discrimination, the mass destruction of jobs and even, some say, the extinction of humanity. As some observers worry, however, others are focusing on the potential rewards. AI could, they claim, help humanity solve some of its biggest and toughest problems. And, they say, AI will do this in a very specific way: by speeding the pace of scientific discovery, especially in areas such as medicine, climate science and green technology.
Such claims are worth examining, and may provide a useful counterbalance (抵消) to fears about large-scale unemployment and killer robots. Many previous technologies have, of course, been falsely praised as panaceas (灵丹妙药). The electric telegraph was praised in the 1850s as a sign of world peace. Experts in the 1990s said the internet would reduce inequality.
But the mechanism by which AI will supposedly solve the world’s problems has a stronger historical basis, because there have been several periods in history when new approaches and new tools did indeed help bring about bursts of world-changing scientific discovery and innovation.
In the 17th century microscopes and telescopes opened up new vistas (视野) of discoveries, while the introduction of scientific journals gave them new ways to share their findings. From the mid-20th century, computers in turn enabled new forms of science based on simulation and modelling, from the design of weapons and aircraft to more accurate weather forecasting.
And the computer revolution may not be finished yet. As we report, AI tools and techniques are now being applied in almost every field of science, though the degree of adoption varies widely: 7.2% of physics and astronomy papers published in 2022 involved AI. AI is being employed in many ways. It can identify promising candidates for analysis, such as molecules with particular properties in drug discovery, or materials with the characteristics needed in batteries or solar cells.
All this is to be welcomed. But the journal and the laboratory went further still: they altered scientific practice itself and unlocked more powerful means of making discoveries. AI has the potential to set off such a transformation.
1. How does the author develop the first paragraph?A.By providing evidence. | B.By listing debates about AI. |
C.By making classification of AI. | D.By explaining a phenomenon. |
A.Skeptical. | B.Objective. | C.Disapproving. | D.Favourable. |
A.Scientific journals bring about successful data analysis. |
B.Scientific journals and computers remove people’s discrimination. |
C.Scientific discovery and innovation have some potential problems. |
D.Scientific progresses benefit from new approaches and new tools. |
A.How Al can revolutionise Science |
B.Why Al Decides Human Beings’ Future |
C.When Human Beings No Longer Fear Al |
D.Where Al Performs Better in Scientific Fields |