Bowhead whales can live 200 years or longer. How they do it is no longer among the secrets of the deep.
Scientists have mapped the genetic code of this long lived whale species. The international effort found unusual features in the Arctic whale’s genes. Those features likely protect the species against cancer and other problems related to old age. The researchers hope their findings will one day translate into ways to help people too.
“We hope to learn what is the secret of bowhead whales living longer, healthier lives,” says Joao Pedru de Magalhes. He is a gerontologist at the University of Liverpool in England. (Gerontology is the scientific study of old age. ) He is also a co-author of the study that appeared in Cell Reports. His team hopes, he says, that its new findings might one day be used to improve human health and preserve human life.
No other mammals are known to live as long as the bowhead whales. Scientists have shown that some of these whales have lived well beyond 100 — including one that survived to 216. For perspective, if he were still alive, Abraham Lincoln would be turning just 211 this year.
Dr. Magalhäes’ team wanted to understand how the bowhead can live so long. To find out this, the experts analyzed the animal’s complete set of genes, called its genome. Those instructions are coded in the animal’s DNA. The team also compared the whale’s genome to that of people, mice and cows.
The scientists discovered differences, including mutations, in the whale’s genes. Those changes are linked to cancer, aging and cell growth. The results suggest that the whales are better than humans at repairing their DNA. That’s important because damaged or flawed DNA can lead to disease, including some cancers.
Bowhead whales are also better at keeping abnormally dividing cells in check. Together, the changes appear to allow bowhead whales to live longer without developing age related diseases such as cancer, said Magalhäes.
1. What can you know from the passage?A.How bowhead whales five so long is still a mystery to scientists. |
B.Bowhead whales live the longest among all the sea animals. |
C.Most bowhead whales can live beyond 100. |
D.The result of the research may be beneficial to human life span. |
A.Lincoln died one hundred years age | B.Lincoln should have lived much longer. |
C.the lifetime of bowhead whales is very long. | D.their study unlocked the secret of Lincoln’s death. |
A.it faces little danger in its life |
B.its DNA has a strong ability of self-repairing |
C.it has a complete set of genetic instructions |
D.its living environment is better than that of humans |
A.Disabled | B.Changed | C.Misled | D.repaired |
A.the bowhead is the animal which lives the longest |
B.scientists have found ways to treat humans’ disease |
C.scientists have new findings in search of bow head whales |
D.bowhead whales may unlock the secrets of a long, healthy life |
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【推荐1】There are an extremely large number of ants worldwide. Each individual(个体的) ant hardly weighs anything, but put together they weigh roughly the same as all of mankind. They also live nearly everywhere, except on frozen mountain tops and around the poles. For animals their size, ants have been astonishingly successful, largely due to their wonderful social behavior.
In colonies(群体)that range in size from a few hundred to tens of millions, they organize their lives with a clear division of labor. Even more amazing is how they achieve this level of organization. Where we use sound and sight to communicate, ants depend primarily on pheromones(外激素),chemicals sent out by individuals and smelled or tasted by fellow members of their colony. When an ant finds food, it produces a pheromone that will lead others straight to where the food is. When an individual ant comes under attack or is dying, it sends out an alarm pheromone to warn the colony to prepare for a conflict as a defense unit.
In fact, when it comes to the art of war, ants have no equal. They are completely fearless and will readily take on a creature much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and overcoming their target. Such is their devotion to the common good of the colony that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy.
Behaving in this selfless and devoted manner, these little creatures have survived on Earth for more than 140 million years, far longer than dinosaurs. Because they think as one, they have a collective(集体的)intelligence greater than you would expect from its individual parts.
1. We can learn from the passage that ants are______.A.not willing to share food | B.not found around the poles |
C.more successful than all other animals | D.too many to achieve any level of organization |
A.escape | B.communication | C.warning enemies | D.arranging labor |
【推荐2】Bigger bumblebees (大黄蜂) spend time learning the locations of the most nectar-rich (花蜜多的) flowers, so they can easily find them again, new research finds. Smaller bees, on the other hand, aren’t quite as choosy in their flower selection.
After drinking from a flower, bumblebees decide if it’s worth visiting again. If the flower is rich in nectar, bumblebees will perform what are known as learning flights to study the location around the flowers. They will slowly fly around the flower, and then fly away from it, looking back at its location. They will remember the flower and the views all around it. On their next trip, the bees match what they see with the views they have already memorized. This takes them back to the flower’s location.
For the study, researchers set up an experiment in a greenhouse where they could watch bees visit artificial flowers containing varying concentrations (不同浓度) of sugar solutions. The flowers had sugar solutions ranging from 10% to 50% sugar. When the concentration was greater, the larger bees spent more time circling the flowers and making learning flights. When the concentration was smaller, the length of time the bees spent looking at the flower and flying around it dropped.
Smaller bees spent the same amount of effort learning where the flowers were, no matter whether the concentration of sugar was low or high.
The difference likely shows the different roles of the bees in their colonies (群体), the researchers said.
“Large bumblebees are able to carry larger loads (负载) and explore further from the nest than smaller ones. Smaller ones with a smaller flight range and carrying capacity cannot afford to be as picky and so accept a wider range of flowers,” the researchers said in the study. “Smaller bees often take on more tasks inside the nest, only going out to search for food when food supplies are running low.”
1. What is paragraph 2 mainly about?A.How bumblebees tell one flower from another. |
B.How bumblebees make flights among flowers. |
C.How bumblebees remember the locations of flowers. |
D.How bumblebees tell others where sweet flowers are. |
A.Bees dislike the flowers in the greenhouse. |
B.The bigger flowers are, the more bees there are. |
C.Smaller bees are more likely to forget a flower’s location. |
D.The sweeter a flower is, the longer time bigger bees spend around it. |
A.Smaller bees are better at building nests. |
B.Bees’ duties might depend on their sizes. |
C.Bees of different sizes have different tastes. |
D.There’re more large bees than small ones in a nest. |
A.Nature. | B.Technology. | C.Style. | D.Opinion. |
【推荐3】Nowadays, bamboo growth cycles and the dietary needs of lemurs (狐猴) are out of sync. Findings show rainfalls are changing annually. “Over the past two years, there has been a three-month delay in the rainy season and new tender shoots that lemurs consume for nutrition are appearing in January and February - 14 days after the first rain” says Patricia Chapple Wright, a primatologist, anthropologist, and conservationist at Stony Brook University. “Lemurs eat a food source that is very adaptive,” Patricia Wright told PBS NewsHour. “It’s able to stand climate change, but the lemurs, unfortunately, can’t adapt quickly to this changed cycle.”
Since baby lemurs are born in November, the delayed rainy season is dangerously affecting the survival of them for lack of nutrition available for both the mothers and offspring. “This is why, for extreme feeding specialists like the greater bamboo lemur, climate change can be an unknowing killer,” J Wright says. “Making the lemurs rely on bamboo stems (茎) for just a bit longer may be enough to tip the balance from existence to extinction.” The lemurs’ highly specialized teeth are also similar to the pandas5 teeth. Both are the mammals able to chew up stems. But this diet can’t last for more than a season or two because the stems can wear away their teeth.
The researchers believe that climate change is affecting the lemurs. The fossil record shows that the lemurs once lived throughout the island. Today, the mammals are cornered on the eastern side, where the dry season at present is the shortest. And if people continue the deforestation practice in the area, the lemurs will have nowhere to go.
The situation is serious, so Wright and her colleagues plan to create bamboo corridors within the rainforests, which will provide available bamboo to eat. They want to work with local villagers to plant more bamboo and manage automatic watering systems when dry seasons last long. They also want to build the local economy by allowing people to harvest a part of bamboo while the rest remains with the lemurs, so people will be interested. Wright’s conservation plans include moving lemurs back to other places on the island as well.
1. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 1 most probably mean?A.Go with each other. | B.Occur at different times. |
C.Lead to a heated discussion. | D.Call for effective protection. |
A.They may run out of bamboo. | B.They can’t adapt to the hot season. |
C.They dislike the less delicious stems. | D.They can’t chew the stems for a long period. |
A.The climate change. | B.Their teeth protection. |
C.The decreasing forest. | D.Their special dietary habits. |
A.Shortening the dry season. | B.Forbidding the cutting of bamboo. |
C.Increasing people’s motivation. | D.Finding other islands for lemurs to live on. |
【推荐1】Are you fed up with staring at a computer screen for hours straight just to review your classes? It’s a problem that many of us encounter(遭遇).So why not pick your headset and learn via a podcast?
Podcast, or boke, refers to a range of audio programs on different audio platforms. According to China Daily, podcasts have become popular among young Chinese people who would like to enjoy the peace and power of learning through sound.
Established in 2012, China’s largest online audio platform, Ximalaya saw its subscribers pass 600 million by December 2019.Among these users over 46 percent were born between 1990s and 2000s.On average, active users listen to podcasts for nearly three hours per day.
The emergence of domestic(国内的)online radio platforms and the convenience brought about by smart devices are certainly two reasons for the popularity of the format.Its flexible nature also makes it a winner among the young audience.
“Audio is a good medium for content that can break the limit of time and space,” Jiang Feng, vice-president of Ximalaya, told China Daily. He added that podcasts have become an important channel for people to acquire information and knowledge .It also can accompany listeners in many different circumstances including working ,studying, exercising, traveling and just before going to bed.
Apart from providing company, the new media form also gives people a platform to speak out about important issues.
A senior high school student who wanted to be admitted to the Central Academy of Drama failed his national college entrance examination twice. He talked about the pressure he faced on an audio program called Please Listen, launched by Mango TV on Feb 19,2020.The program was designed to relieve audiences’ worries by sharing their own stories.
Podcasts tend to be a discussion, and just like real life conversations, they follow a flexible structure and usually last for at least an hour. More often than not, you can’t summarize two or three important points from those conversations, like you could from articles. They often do not have conclusions, either. It’s a very freeform medium that is very friendly to listeners,” Pan Aijuan,a podcast listener and book editor at a publishing house, told China Daily.
At the same time, the use of podcasts trains people to first listen to others before offering one’s own opinions. It helps build up our patience and listening skills. Cheng Yanliang, a co-founder of the podcast Left and Right, stated that“ audio programs can filter(减缓)those bad-tempered people who would lose patience after reading several paragraphs and start writing awful comments to insult others”.
With such advantages,“ podcasts are entering the mainstream(主流)in China”, noted China Daily.
1. Why does the author mention Ximalaya in the third paragraph?A.To inform the readers of its fast development. |
B.To show the impact it has on users. |
C.To discuss the characteristics of podcasts. |
D.To demonstrate the popularity of podcasts in China. |
A.To help audiences ease their worries. |
B.To amuse audiences in different ways. |
C.To allow audiences to comment on current affairs. |
D.To give audiences a platform to acquire knowledge. |
A.They can accompany listeners in different circumstances. |
B.They provide listeners with a sea of information. |
C.Their content usually follows a flexible structure. |
D.It is quite easy to draw a conclusion from a podcast. |
A.They can make people more cheerful. |
B.They can make people more patient. |
C.They can make people lose their temper more easily. |
D.They can help break the habit of insulting people online. |
【推荐2】Brown noise is one classification of noise “color”. Each color represents long-lasting patterns of noise frequencies that we can hear, ranging from 20 to 20,000 hertz.
“White noise has equal energy at all frequencies. To us, it sounds like radio static,” explains Anahita Mehta, a researcher who studies sound pitch at the Kresge Hearing Research Institute at the University of Michigan. “Pink noise has more energy in low frequency ranges compared to the high ranges. It sounds lower than white noise. Examples would be rainfall or traffic.”
Then, there’s brown noise. It’s technically classified as red noise, but the nickname comes from the way it’s produced: Its sound signals change randomly to produce the sound of static, imitating a type of unsteady movement pattern, called Brownian motion. “Brown noise has even fewer high frequencies than white or pink noise, and you’ll recognize it as a lower sound,” Mehta says. “Examples would be the deep roar of an ocean wave crashing or thunder rolling.”
Although brown noise is the latest trend to make its way onto social media, scientists can only speculate about its benefits. Very little evidence exists on the effect of brown noise, and the proof that is available has included only small groups of participants for short periods of time. But there’s a growing interest to see if brown noise might help health.
Researchers suspect that brown noise may help produce the relaxation response in some people.“Maybe you find it relaxing to hear the sounds of the sea, so if you listen to brown noise that sounds like waves crashing, and it helps you, that’s great – as long as you’re listening at a low volume,” Mehta says. “However, there’s no strong evidence that listening to brown noise reduces stress.”
Despite the suspected promise of brown noise, researchers are also concerned about its potential harms.
1. What are examples of brown noise?A.Rainfall and traffic. |
B.Radio static and ocean waves. |
C.Dogs barking and birds twittering. |
D.Thunder rolling and waves crashing. |
A.Identify. | B.Imagine. | C.Picture. | D.Guess. |
A.The investigations on effects of brown noise. |
B.The tips on producing the relaxation response. |
C.The evidence on health benefits of brown noise. |
D.The examples of damage caused by brown noise. |
A.What Is Brown Noise and What Are the Benefits? |
B.The Scientific Theory Behind Brown Noise |
C.How Brown Noise Affects Brain Health? |
D.Different Noises, Different Colors |
【推荐3】Scientists studying the Atlantic puffin (海鹦) population off the coast of Maine say the number of the birds is now recovering after suffering great losses in 2021.
Atlantic puffins look and walk similarly to penguins. A wildlife organization says the population of the young birds on islands of the coast of Maine fell a lot in 2021. But last year, about two-thirds of puffins in the area produced young. While the numbers did not reach that same level this year, the birds still had a better year than in 2021.
The main reason for the falling numbers in 2021 was a drop in the population of small fish puffins feed on. Puffin groups suffered one of the lowest numbers of young birds in many years. Only about one-quarter of the birds were able to raise young.
Environmental groups have connected the smaller fish populations in the area to higher ocean temperatures. The Gulf of Maine, which has puffin groups on its islands, is warming faster than most of the world’s oceans. In recent years, it has been especially warm and a local climate organization has said this summer appears to have been “still unusually warm”.
Maine’s puffins are the only breeding (繁殖) Atlantic puffins in the United States. Worldwide, the species lives in the North Atlantic from Maine and Canada to Europe. Other countries with large puffin populations, such as Iceland, have also seen their bird populations drop.
The Maine puffin population once fell to only about 70 pairs in an area known as Matinicus Rock. People who went after the birds for their meat and feathers had nearly destroyed them by the early 1900s.
The difficulties facing seabirds make successful breeding seasons especially important, said Dee Boersma, a professor of biology.
1. Why did the population of puffins drop greatly in 2021?A.Their home was lost. | B.They were caught for meat. |
C.They faced a lack of food. | D.A disease spread among them. |
A.How high the sea level rises. | B.How warm the sea water gets. |
C.What we do to protect the sea. | D.When we stop fishing too much. |
A.Measures to protect puffins. | B.Some areas where puffins live. |
C.Common problems puffins face. | D.Reasons why puffins are dying out. |
A.Climate Change Harms Sea Birds | B.Man Leaves a Type of Bird in Danger |
C.Human Action Saves Atlantic Puffins | D.Puffin Population Is Recovering |