During the first two weeks of its warmth is perhaps the most important psychological(心理的) thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby. The Harlows, a couple who are both psychologists, discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice of two types of mother-substitutes ---- one covered with cloth and one made of bare wire. If the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature, the little monkeys always preferred the cloth mother. However, if the wire model was heated, while the cloth model was cool, for the first two weeks after birth the baby monkeys picked the warm wire mother-substitutes as their favorites. Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time on the more comfortable cloth mother
Why is cloth preferable to bare wire? Something that the Harlows called contact(接触的) comfort seems to be the answer, and a most powerful influence it is. Baby monkeys spend much of their time rubbing against their mothers’ skins, putting themselves in as close contact with the parent as they can. Whenever the young animal is frightened, disturbed, or annoyed, it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her body. Wire doesn’t“rub”as well as does soft wire cloth. Prolonged(长时间的)“contact comfort” with a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more rewarding to them than is either warmth or milk.
According to the Harlows, the basic quality of a baby’s love for its mother is trust. If the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother, the baby ignores the toys no matter how interesting they might be. It screams in terror and curls up into a fury little ball. If its cloth mother is now introduced into the playroom, the baby rushes to it and holds onto it for dear life. After a few minutes of contact comfort, it obviously begins to feel more secure. It then climbs down from the mother-substitute and begins to explore the toys, but often rushes back for a deep embrace(拥抱)as if to make sure that its mother is still there and that all is well. Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it spends more and more time playing with the toys and less and less time holding on to its “mother.”
1. Psychologically, what does the baby monkey desire most during the first two weeks of its life?
A.Warmth | B.Milk | C.Contact | D.Trust |
A.larger in size | B.closer to them |
C.less frightening and less disturbing | D.more comfortable to rub against |
A.Attention | B.Softness | C.Confidence | D.Interest |
A.it frequently rushes back for a deep embrace when exploring the toys |
B.it spends more time screaming to get rewards |
C.it is less attracted to the toys though they are interesting |
D.it cares less about whether its mother is still around |
A.give the reasons of the experiment |
B.present the findings of the experiment |
C.introduce the method of the experiment |
D.describe the process of the experiment |
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【推荐1】We often ask these questions: Are African wild dogs really dogs? What’s the difference between African wild dogs and the dogs we know as pets? For one thing, African wild dogs, which live in Africa, only have four toes, while domestic(驯养的)dogs and wolves have five. But you won’t want to count for yourself, because they are truly wild animals.
“Wild dogs are not somebody’s domestic dogs that ran away and didn’t come back, although some people used to think that,” explains Dr. MeNutt, who studies these animals at Wild Dog Research Camp in the African country of Botswana. “They are actually Africa’s wolves, and just like wolves, and they do not make good pets. They need to be out in the wild doing what they are supposed to do — find the food they need to survive and feed their babies.” In fact, they travel so far that researchers have to use radio collars (颈圈) to keep track of them. The collars send out radio signals that tell people where the dogs are. No two wild dogs have the same pattern of coats, so it is easy to tell them apart.
African wild dogs are smart and sociable, like pet dogs. Adult wild dogs, male and female, are willing to take good care of young ones.
Millions of domestic dogs live on the planet, but there are probably fewer than 6000 African wild dogs left. Humans hunt them and farmers who don,t want them to go after cows and sheep poison them. Humans are also destroying the wild, natural habitat (栖息地) they need to survive in. Fortunately, today more farmers are finding other ways to protect their cows and sheep from African wild dogs instead of killing the animals.
1. In Dr. MeNutt’s view, African wild dogs ________.A.can be trained as pet dogs |
B.are a kind of wolves |
C.actually are missing domestic dogs |
D.generally are not used to living in groups |
A.To tell African wild dogs apart from other dogs. |
B.To play games with African wild dogs. |
C.To know where African wild dogs go. |
D.To prevent African wild dogs from traveling too far. |
A.There are too many domestic dogs. |
B.African wild dogs live shorter than domestic dogs. |
C.African wild dogs are the natural enemies of cows and sheep. |
D.African wild dogs should be protected instead of being killed. |
A.How to keep wild dogs. |
B.How to train domestic dogs. |
C.An introduction to African wild dogs. |
D.Differences between domestic dogs and wild dogs. |
After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park.
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources (来源) for the wolf – grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation , which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’ s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’ s beavers.
The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.
A.By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. |
B.The disappearance of gray wolves brought about damage to the local ecology. |
C.As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. |
D.They hoped to keep the conflict between farmers and gray wolves to a minimum |
E.Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. |
F.Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. |
【推荐3】Sharks are now at the edge of extinction. Numbers of oceanic sharks have declined by an alarming 71 percent over the past 50 years, according to research published in Nature on Jan 27. “Such steep declines are shocking even to experts, especially when compared to land animal statistics,” Sonja Fordham at Shark Advocates International, a US-based nonprofit, told New Scientist magazine. This alarming data may be an underestimate of reality due to unreported fish catches, Nathan Pacoureau, the study researcher, noted.
The study analyzed 31 species; 24 now risk extinction, and three shark species are now classified as critically endangered, including the oceanic white-tip shark (远洋白鳍鲨) and great hammerhead (锤头鲨). The study found the decline hit the largest species first before impacting smaller ones over time, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It also revealed that shark finning and fishing worldwide have driven the decline. “The Indian Ocean is the worst. There is almost no (fisheries) management at all,” said Pacoureau.
“Overfishing of sharks and rays endangers the health of entire ocean ecosystems as well as food security for some countries,” said Nicholas Dulvy, a professor of Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada. The researchers are calling on immediate action to secure a brighter future for these “extraordinary, irreplaceable animals”, according to the BBC.
Although the situation looks gloomy, the future of sharks is not doomed (劫数难逃的) yet. Twenty-five species have recovered, due to long-term conservation campaigns in the past decades. A couple of shark species, including the great white, have started to recover through science-based fishing limits, Fordham said. These examples “provide living proof that the world can set, and meet, ambitious biodiversity targets”, Jane Smart, global director of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, said in a statement.
1. What can we know from paragraph 1?A.Sharks are raised for their meat. | B.Sharks are nearly going extinct. |
C.Sharks were well protected 50 years ago. | D.Human activities will make them extinct quickly. |
A.Climate change. | B.Water pollution. | C.Ocean accidents. | D.Fishing pressure. |
A.Optimistic. | B.Unconcerned. | C.Worried. | D.Pessimistic. |
A.Threat to the Survival of Sharks | B.Effect of Human Activities on Sharks |
C.Research on Extinction of Sharks | D.Measures to Protect Sharks |
【推荐1】We are no longer the only animal known to think ahead and prepare for two possible futures -chimpanzees can do it too. If you are unsure whether it will be sunny or raining later, you might grab sunscreen and an umbrella before you leave home. This ability to consider different eventualities, known as modal reasoning, is essential to human cognition (认知).
The previous study results weren’t accepted by all, though, because the study expected the chimpanzees to use behaviors that don’t come naturally to them, says Jan Engelmann at the University of California, Berkeley. To demonstrate chimpanzees’ competence, Engelmann and his colleagues have tried an alternative method relying on behaviour that comes more naturally to the animals.
Working at Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Uganda, where the animals can roam in 95 acres of forest, the researchers put individual chimpanzees in front of two tilting (可倾斜的) platforms, each with a piece of food on it. The first version of the experiment used an opaque cylindrical tube (不透明的圆柱管) above one of the platforms, through which the team would drop a rock. If the chimpanzee didn’t intervene, the food would fall, but if it stabilized the platform with its hands, it would be given the food as a reward. In this experiment, the 15 chimpanzees only stabilized the platform they knew the rock would hit.
The second experiment used an opaque inverted (倒置的) Y-shaped tube with an exit above each platform. Not knowing which platform the rock was going to hit meant the chimpanzees would behave differently. Thirteen of the 15 were more likely to steady both platforms to protect both pieces of food.
“To my knowledge, they’re the first non-human animals who demonstrate competence in a task measuring the representation of alternative possibilities,” says Engelmann.
“The representation of alternative possibilities is fundamental to many cognitive capacities that humans are proud of, like creativity and morality,” says Engelmann. “It’s quite exciting to think that there might be an evolutionary history to this ability as well.”
1. What are paragraphs 3 and 4 mainly about?A.The process of the experiments. | B.The background of the experiments. |
C.The significance of the experiments. | D.The equipment of the experiments. |
A.To attract the chimpanzees’ attention. | B.To keep the balance of the platform. |
C.To see how the chimpanzees would react to it. | D.To prevent the chimpanzees accessing the food. |
A.Puzzling. | B.Thrilling | C.Embarrassing | D.Disappointing |
A.Chimpanzees demonstrate the ability to think ahead. |
B.Cognitive capacities matter in chimpanzees’ evolution. |
C.Modal reasoning is an ability unique to human beings. |
D.Chimpanzees have formed a sense of creativity and morality. |
Staying connected with friends and family is important for us. That’s why we asked our readers to tell us how cell-phones, e-mail, blogs, text messaging, and personal pages help them keep in touch. More than 1,500 responded.
Most of them told us they couldn’t live without technology:80%of teens said they need technology to stay in touch. Almost 30%said they’d be completely out of their friends without their cell-phones and other methods of communication.
What do they do when they’ve got news they need to share now? Most teens say they try to reach their friends by phone. But if they don’t reach them, they use QQ, e-mails, and text messaging to get the words out .
Lots of people use one way of communication—like text messaging—to get a friend’s attention and then use another where they can talk more. “My friends and I always tell each other everything that happens. So I send them text messages to tell them to come online so we can talk about it,” said Sabeiha.
“When planning to get together with friends”, Julian said, “the easiest and fastest way I know is to send a text message to my contact group.”Jocelyn said. “If I want to go to see a movie with a few friends, I usually send text message to them. By telephone, you have to call every single friend one by one. But text messaging allows you to send the same message to as many as you’d like, which saves a lot of time. ”
1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A.E-mails. | B.Blogs. | C.Personal pages. | D.Personal letters. |
A.MSN. | B.QQ. | C.Phones. | D.Text message. |
A.send the message | B.send the e-mail |
C.talk with their friends | D.meet their friends |
A.Sport. | B.Education. | C.Technology. | D.Culture. |
【推荐3】One of India’s top engineering schools has restricted Internet access in its boarding houses, saying addiction to surfing, gaming and blogging was affecting students’ performance, making them lonely and even suicidal.
Authorities at the best Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in Mumbai said students had stopped socializing and many were late for morning classes or slept through them. “Now, a student doesn’t even know who lives two doors away from him because he is so busy on the Internet,” said Prakash Gopalan, dean of Student Affairs. “The old dormitory culture of companionship and socializing among students is gone. This is not healthy in our opinion.”
IIT-Mumbai, with about 5,000 students, is one of the seven IITs across India which are considered to be among the finest engineering schools in the world. They are also a talent pool for global technology giants. But their hard courses, tough competition and lonely campus lifestyle have taken an effect on students. Depressive and dysfunctional lifestyles are known to be common among IIT students, and at least nine have committed suicide in the past five years. Students have unlimited free Internet access in their boarding houses to help them in their studies, but many also use it to surf, chat, download movies and music, blog and for gaming.
“Starting Monday, Internet access will be banned between 11 p.m. and 12:30 p.m. at IIT-Mumbai’s 13 boarding buildings to encourage students to sleep early and to try and force them out of their shells.” Gopalan said. But the move has not gone down well with students who say they hate their lives being regulated. “Now they will say we need to listen to a lullaby (摇篮曲) to go to sleep.” said Rajiv, an electronics student.
1. What may happen to the students addicted to the Internet in IIT-Mumbai?A.Feel lonely and even suicidal. | B.Perform well in studies. |
C.Know their classmates better. | D.Participate in social activities. |
A.unpopular | B.meaningful |
C.abnormal | D.exciting |
A.Students must go to bed before 11 p.m. |
B.Students are forbidden to surf the Internet on campus. |
C.Students have unlimited free Internet access in their dormitories. |
D.Internet access is unavailable in deep night in boarding buildings. |
A.All electronics students hate the banning order. |
B.Some students complain about the banning order. |
C.There is no Internet access on the IIT campus ever since. |
D.More students prefer listening to music to surfing the Internet. |