While the situation may be improving, much of the world is still under the shadow of COVID-19 and its associated containment measures. But according to a study published in the scientific journal Cell, an unlikely friend could help defeat the virus.
Known for their long legs and beautiful eyelashes, llamas (美洲驼) — specifically their antibodies (抗体) — are believed to play an important role in the fight against the virus.
Having experimented with antibodies from a llama called Winter years ago, a small lab at Ghent University in Belgium had a eureka moment earlier this year. They found that llama antibodies were able to neutralize (中和) both the MERS and SARS viruses — two strains of the coronavirus that caused previous outbreaks in 2012 and 2003, respectively.
Done in cooperation with the University of Texas, US, studies showed their effectiveness against COVID-19.
Jason McLellan, from the University of Texas at Austin and co-author of the study, said, “This is one of the first antibodies known to neutralize SARS-CoV-2.”
Antibodies are like your body’s defense system. Similar to tiny soldiers, they protect your body from invaders (入侵者) and destroy them before they can spread. But what makes llama antibodies so special is their small size, which enables them to better fight the virus by sticking to its spikes (刺突) more easily. This will prevent attachment and entry, which effectively neutralizes the virus.
The encouraging results have led to rapid development and testing of the antibodies so that they can be tested on humans as soon as possible. However, the study’s co-author, Xavier Saelens, from Ghent University noted that “there is still a lot of work to do to bring this into the clinic”. But he added that “if it works, llama Winter deserves a statue”.
1. Who is the unlikely friend mentioned in the first paragraph?A.A researcher. | B.A system. | C.A virus. | D.An animal. |
A.It’s terrible. | B.I’m fed up. | C.I found it. | D.Let’s try harder. |
A.Indifferent. | B.Hopeful. | C.Negative. | D.Disapproving. |
A.The MERS virus caused a previous outbreak in 2003. |
B.The small size enables llama antibodies to better fight the virus. |
C.The llama antibodies’ tying to the spikes is able to kill the spikes. |
D.It won’t be long before llama antibodies are ready for clinical use. |
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【推荐1】Have you ever noticed the birdsong you used to wake up to as a child has been thinning? Such has been the case in Australia for the endangered eastern bristlebird, with its numbers declining dramatically in the past 40 years.
At first glance, there is nothing too unique about the eastern bristlebird. Its song, while beautiful, doesn’t stand out in a typical Australian forest. Since the 1980s, researchers have been trying to understand why the eastern bristlebird has seen such rapid decline. Time an again, fires taking place unexpectedly come up as the main factor — along with the increase in fire frequency, climate change and habitat loss.
Fire can be deadly for many wild animals, but there is something special about the bristlebird that makes it particularly vulnerable (脆弱的) to large, frequent fires. Eastern bristle-birds, despite being able to fly, appear not to appreciate the view of a top story. They don’t choose to live in the treetops, or even on lower branches of trees. They preferred low, dense vegetation (植被).
This habitat structure is important for many small animals even less noticeable than the bristlebird, such as spiders, beetles and worms. This means the bristlebird can act like an indicator how the entire understory ecosystem is doing. Unfortunately, low, dense vegetation is often the first to burn and disappear during a fire. Worse still, it takes years for an understory to recover fully.
The eastern bristlebird may only be one fire away from extinction,signaling a possible collapse of their ground-level ecosystem. However, all hope was not lost as this knowledge had led to emergency rescues of bristlebirds. And translocation programs, which has been an important strategy for saving almost every vulnerable native Australian species, are in place for this little unremarkable bird.
1. What do we know about the eastern bristlebird from the passage?A.It can not fly high. |
B.It has unique appearance. |
C.Its song is highly appreciated. |
D.Its situation has attracted great attention. |
A.Unexpected fires. | B.Frequent fires. |
C.Lack of habitat. | D.Global warming. |
A.Its importance in ecosystem. |
B.Its appreciation for top story. |
C.Its preference for low habitat. |
D.Its influence on small animals. |
A.Their decline is likely to slow down. |
B.Their numbers will increase rapidly. |
C.They may save the entire ecosystem. |
D.They will disappear with one more fire. |
【推荐2】The western green mamba(绿曼巴蛇), a kind of snake, is between 5.9 feet and 10.5 feet long. This makes the western green mamba the second longest poisonous snake in Africa, with the black mamba being the first.
The western green mamba is, however, the most agile(敏捷的) snake in the mamba family. Their skin color is greenish yellow or live green, which helps them to hide in the environment. One other important feature of the snake is its long tail with a sharp point.
The western green mamba can be found in West Africa. They often live in rain forests. Being an arboreal species, these snakes spend most of their time moving among the tree tops. They are also used to moving on the ground and will commonly leave their trees to run after a potential meal on the ground. The western green mamba is mostly active in the daytime, but can also be seen hunting at night from time to time.
The diet of a western green mamba is made up of birds and all kinds of small animals such as squirrels, mice and even bats. These snakes can get close to their target with the help of their natural skin color. When they are close enough, they bite the target with poisonous teeth quickly. Once the target has died, the western green mamba will swallow it whole. If these snakes are faced with danger, they will try to run away. If they have no way to run away, however, they will become very aggressive and attack their enemies with their sharp teeth repeatedly.
The female western green mamba is the one who lay eggs. They will lay from 5 to 15 eggs. The young snakes are completely independent after birth. The mother and father play no part in raising the baby snakes. The babies are born with everything they need to survive in the wilderness. If they can reach adulthood, then they will have almost no natural predators.
The western green mamba is not dying out. But its biggest threat comes from people and the damage they can bring to their homes. Hopefully, the western green mamba can continue to live alongside people and never have to worry that they will die out.
1. What do we know about the western green mamba ?A.They are less poisonous than the black mamba. |
B.Their skin colors help them hide from others. |
C.They are usually seen looking for food at night |
D.They are the longest poisonous snake in Africa . |
A.living in hotels | B.living in the water |
C.living in the grass | D.living in trees |
A.hide itself into the environment nearby | B.fight against the enemy bravely |
C.change its natural skin color | D.swallow the enemy whole |
A.They can take care of each other. |
B.They have no natural predators. |
C.They don’t need their parents’ care after birth. |
D.They lay from five to fifteen eggs at a time. |
【推荐3】Antarctic blue whales have been perceived again in the sub-Antarctic, island of South Georgia. An international team of researchers discovered the animals five decades after whaling (捕鲸业) nearly caused them to disappear forever. “The ocean resources at South Georgia were heavily developed during the early 20th-century industrial whaling,” says lead author Susannah Calderan, an ecologist with the Scottish Association for Marine Science.
Antarctic blue whales were plentiful in the area until whaling began there in 1904, kicking off the beginning of industrial whaling in the Southern Ocean. While hunters originally focused on species that could be easily caught, like the humpback whale, the focus quickly moved to the blue whale. Between 1904 and 1973, 345, 775 Antarctic blue whales were killed in the Southern hemisphere (半球) and in the northern Indian Ocean. Around South Georgia, blue whale catches were reported year-round without stopping. Between 1904 and 1971, industrial whaling caused 42, 698 blue whales’ death, blue whales almost disappeared in these areas.
Researchers studied all Antarctic blue whale data from the last three decades. They examined sightings (目睹) from scientific surveys collected by observers on ships, as well as opportunistic. Sightings reported by sea men and ship passengers to South Georgia. They also examined acoustic (声音的) recordings of blue whales.
They found that whale surveys from ships off South Georgia resulted in just one blue whale sighting between 1998 and 2018. But more recent surveys suggest better news. A survey in February of 2020 found nearly 60 blue whale sightings, and several acoustic detections (探测). A total of 41 blue whales have been recognized through photos from South Georgia between 2011and 2020.
“Their return is very meaningful, as it was widely thought that blue whales at South Georgia might have been hunted beyond a point where they could recover, and. might never be seen again in great numbers at South Georgia,” Caldera n says. “Our research shows that, populations can recover even from very low levels if they’re given enough protection.”
1. What does the underlined word “perceived” in paragraph l mean?A.Kept. | B.Spotted. | C.Hunted. | D.Destroyed. |
A.The wide spread of blue whales in the past. |
B.The development of industrial whaling. |
C.The cause of blue whales’ disappearance. |
D.The tricks of catching blue whales easily. |
A.More and more people like watching blue whales. |
B.There is an increasing return of blue whales. |
C.Blue whales are in a more dangerous situation. |
D.South Georgia is a good place to watch blue whales. |
A.The risk of killing whales at higher rates. |
B.The signs of Antarctic blue whales’ return. |
C.The ways of protecting Antarctic blue whales. |
D.The great loss of ocean resources around the Antarctic. |
【推荐1】As with other organs like the heart, lungs, or liver, human life depends on healthy kidneys (肾脏). One way to help a patient with kidney trouble is to replace their kidneys with healthy kidneys, which is called a “transplant”. For years, scientists have tried to figure out how to transplant organs from other animals into humans. This is hard because the human body almost always rejects something that isn’t its own.
Scientists have tried transplanting organs from chimpanzees (黑猩猩) or baboons (狒狒), but this didn’t work very well. More recently, scientists have focused on transplants from pigs. In many ways, pigs’ bodies are similar to humans. It’s fairly easy to raise pigs, and they grow quickly. It’s now common for doctors to transplant pig heart valves (瓣膜) to repair damaged human hearts. Heart valves open and close to help the heart pump blood.
But human bodies normally reject other pig organs because they contain a special chemical called “alpha-gal”. This time, to prevent the body from rejecting the pig kidney, scientists changed the pig’s DNA slightly so that it wouldn’t produce alpha-gal.
Last month, a medical team at New York University Langone Health, led by Dr. Robert Montgomery, attached this special pig kidney to a brain-dead human patient, who had wished to donate her organs, for the first time ever. The kidney functioned normally for the hours it was attached. “There didn’t seem to be any kind of sign between the pig kidney and the human that would make it not work,” said Montgomery. “It was beyond our expectation. It didn’t have the immediate rejection that we had worried about.”
Though the kidney wasn’t placed inside the patient’s body, it was connected to the patient for over two days. During that time, the kidney worked as kidneys are supposed to work. Most importantly, there were no signs that the kidney was being rejected. However, there are still many questions to be answered. It’s not known what would happen once this kind of kidney is actually transplanted into a human. Would it be rejected after a while?
1. What does paragraph 2 focus on?A.Pig heart valves’ main functions. | B.The use of pigs in medical research. |
C.Pigs’ advantages over other animals. | D.Similarities between pigs and humans. |
A.Surprised. | B.Natural. | C.Nervous. | D.Disappointed. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Objective. | C.Favorable. | D.Tolerant. |
A.Rejection Reactions to Pig Kidneys Are Studied |
B.It Is Hard to Perform Animal-to-Human Transplants |
C.Scientists Work on Performing Kidney Transplants |
D.Human Test of Pig Kidney Transplant Is Successful |
【推荐2】“Who made you T-shirt?” A Georgetown University student raised that question. Piertra Rivoli, a professor of business, wanted to find the answer. A few weeks later, she bought a T-shirt and began to follow its path from Texas cotton farms to Chinese factories to charity bin (慈善捐赠箱). The result is an interesting new book, The travels of a T-shirt in the Global Economy.
Following a T-shirt around the world in a way to make her point more interesting, but it also frees Rivoli from the usual arguments over global trade. She goes, wherever the T-shirt goes, and there are surprises around every corner, In China, Rivoli shows why a clothing factory, even with its poor conditions, means a step towards a better life for the people who work there. In the colorful used-clothing markets of Tanzania, she realizes that, “it is only in this final stage of life that the T-shirt will meet a real market,” where the price of a shirt changes by the hour and is different by its size and even color. Rivoli's book is full of memorable people and scenes, like the noise, the bad air and the “muddy sweet smell (泥土香味) of the cotton.” She says,”Here in the factory, Shanghai smells like Shallowater, Texas.”
Rivoli is at her best when making those sorts of unexpected connections. She even finds one between the free traders and those who are against globalization. The chances opened up by trade are huge, she argues, but free markets need the correcting force of politics to keep them in check. True economic progress needs them both.
1. What do we learn about Professor Rivoli?A.She used to raise and answer questions. |
B.She wears a T-shirt wherever she goes. |
C.She is deeply interested in world travel. |
D.She wrote a book about world trade. |
A.Prices of T-shirts rise and fall frequently. |
B.Used T-shirts are hard to sell. |
C.Cheaper T-shirts are needed. |
D.Prices of T-shirts are usually reasonable. |
A.Free traders. | B.Free markets. |
C.Unexpected connections. | D.Chances opened up by trade. |
A.What T-shirts Can Do to Help Cotton Farms |
B.How Shanghai Smells like Texas |
C.What T-shirts Can Teach Us |
D.How Rivoli travels with her T-shirt |
【推荐3】Though I know that I can do little to help the animals, I often check dog rehoming websites. Looking through page upon page of pitiful faces looking up, you might be forgiven for thinking that the only dogs to be abandoned in this country are fierce-looking or large and unruly dogs.
Recently, it seems there are some new additions in dog homes. Dogs Trust — the country’s largest dog welfare charity-says that in the past year over 400 “toy dogs” were handed in, a 44% increase on the year before.
“Toy dog” is the traditional term for all little dogs, but in recent years they’ve increasingly been referred to as “handbag dogs” after the ridiculous manner in which famous people like Paris Hilton carry them around in their $ 1,000 handbags, making these dogs the most wanted for impressionable teens. As the popularity of Hilton has waned, however, these dogs are being rudely tipped out of the handbags and given up to charity.
In spite of the sad ending that this trend brings for some of these dogs, it can only be a good thing if people become aware that the toy types are still dogs, not dolls to be carried around. If you really are prepared to stick with them, a small dog is just as capable of bringing joy without the need to dress him or her up. A large dog won’t sit on your lap while you read the papers or travel happily on the train with you. And a park full of pugs (哈巴狗) would be a happier and safer place than one full of teenage boys and badly trained large dogs. As Edith Wharton said, “My little dog - a heartbeat at my feet.”
1. What is the author’s new finding in the dog rehoming websites?A.More “handbag dogs” are given up. |
B.Some dogs in Dogs Trust are large dogs. |
C.Teens are likely to play with their “toy dogs”. |
D.The number of abandoned dogs is increasing. |
A.Grown. | B.Weakened. | C.Begun. | D.Worked. |
A.Large dogs and children make a good park. |
B.Keeping small dogs can bring joys in a way. |
C.“Handbag dogs” should be forbidden in public places. |
D.Ifs good to dress dogs up before carrying them around. |
【推荐1】There have been few precious positives during the COVID-19 pandemic but academies may have unearthed one: People look more attractive in protective masks.
Researchers at Cardiff University were surprised to find that both men and women were: judged to look better with a face covering hiding the lower half of their faces.
Dr Michael Lewis, a reader from Cardiff University’s school of psychology and an expert in faces, said research carried out before the pandemic had found that medical face masks reduced attractiveness because they were associated with disease or illness.
“We wanted to test whether the idea had changed since face coverings became common and understand whether the type of mask had any effect,” he said.
“Our study suggests faces are considered more attractive when covered by medical face masks. This may be because we’re used to healthcare workers wearing blue masks and now we associate these with people in caring or medical professions. At a time when we feel weak, we may find the wearing of medical masks makes us feel less worried or frightened and so we feel more positive towards the wearer.”
The first part of the research was carried out in February 2021. Forty-three women were asked to rate on a scale of one to ten the attractiveness of images of male faces without a mask, wearing a plain cloth mask, a blue medical face mask, and holding a plain black book covering the area a face mask would hide.
The participants said those wearing a cloth mask were significantly more attractive than the ones with no masks or whose faces were partly obscured (掩盖) by the book. But the medical face mask—which was just a normal, disposable kind—made the wearer look even better.
“The results run counter to the pre-pandemic research where it was thought that masks made people think about disease and that the person should be avoided.” said Lewis. “The pandemic has changed our psychology in how we view the wearers of masks. When we see someone wearing a mask we no longer think ‘that person has a disease, and I need to stay away’.”
1. What was people’s attitude to wearing a mask before the pandemic?A.Doubtful. | B.Favourable. | C.Confused. | D.Negative. |
A.A sense of pride. | B.A sense of safety. |
C.A decrease in confidence. | D.An improvement in health condition. |
A.Leaving the face uncovered. | B.Wearing a plain cloth mask. |
C.Wearing a blue medical mask. | D.Hiding the face partly with a book. |
A.Be contrary to. | B.Be similar to. | C.Be consistent with. | D.Be based on. |
【推荐2】You may have heard that the corona virus pandemie is over. This opinion is common and COVID-19’s ranking among international news agendas has fallen since the start of the year, displaced by a host of other stories, including war, Roe v Wade, food and energy crises, extreme heatwaves and a political soap opera in the UK government.
And yet there are now more confirmed cases of COVID-19 globally than there were at any point during the first two years of the pandemic, as the BA. 4 and BA.5 omicron sub-variants (亚变异型) spread worldwide and contribute to the UK’s fifth wave of surging COVID-19 infections.
Due to cutbacks in mass testing, it is perhaps more difficult than ever to get a clear picture of the pandemic’s current status. Fortunately, the randomized testing survey conducted by the UK’s official statistics agency continues to give a picture of the country’s infections-although with a roughly nine-day time lag (时间差) in which infection numbers could peak, stabilize or rise dramatically without us knowing.
The wide roll-out of vaccines in some countries has avoided many deaths—20 million globally, according to one study. But the vaccines’ protection against the corona virus has never been 100 percent, and as ever-more-transmissible variants continue to come out, increasing infection numbers will always mean more deaths. COVID-19 was the underlying (潜在的) cause of 166 deaths in England and Wales in the week ending 24 June, the most recent official data available. Many questions about the virus also remain, ranging from the long-term effects it has on our organs to the impact of catching it multiple times.
No one wants to return to mass lock-downs. But two-and-a-half years of research has provided us with tools for controlling infections, from rapid testing and isolation (隔离) to behaviour change and masking, as well as the knowledge that ventilation (呼吸机) is important. To best make use of these valuable tools, we need a full, data-informed understanding of the current state of play.
1. What contributes to more confirmed cases now?A.Fewer people wearing masks. |
B.The lack of ventilators. |
C.The wide spread of BA. 4 and BA.5 omicron. |
D.The more advanced medical equipment. |
A.accurate enough to deal with the pandemic |
B.not telling us what is happening now |
C.full of mistakes in the country’s infections |
D.the reason for cutbacks in mass testing |
A.The wide roll-out of vaccines has cut down the deaths. |
B.The reason why the vaccines’ protection against the corona virus is not 100 per cent. |
C.The long-term effect the virus has on our organs. |
D.The corona virus pandemic is not over now. |
A.By getting more data of the current pandemic. |
B.By spending more money on the vaccine. |
C.By testing more people when infections occur. |
D.By having larger lock-downs. |
【推荐3】The Walt Disney Company wasn’t about to let COVID-19 stop the company from developing. In the past year, some Disney theme park innovations (革新) have been designed.
For example, Disney had always encouraged face-to-face interactions (互动) between cast members and customers. It made perfect sense since Disney spends so much time training its workers in providing good customer service. In fact, Disney is known for pleasing its guests, which explains why it scores so high in customer satisfaction surveys. Well, COVID-19 turned personal interactions into problematic exchanges, as they increased the risk of spreading COVID-19. So, quickly, Disney added cast member virtual (虚拟的) chat to its app My Disney Experience. Now, you can rely on a cast member’s knowledge whenever you have a question about Disney visit. It’s like having a tour guide on your phone!
There is also the Walk-Up Waitlist. Before 2020, Disney had made strict rules for its Table Service restaurants. Once something sold out, would-be diners had no means of booking a table. COVID-19 has affected park guests, though. Some of them booked tables but then decided not to eat there. This cost Disney money, and it prevented you from dining at your favorite places. So, restaurant managers felt unhappy about the poor business practice, and Disney’s IT department reached a solution. The Walk-Up Waitlist in My Disney Experience allows you to add your name at a restaurant. A previously booked restaurant will find a table for you to dine there. My Disney Experience shows the waiting time. You’ll know whether the wait will fit with your tour. For Disney, the Walk-Up Waitlist improves services and can make it earn more money while increasing customer satisfaction.
In the face of COVID-19, Disney somehow made its parks better and more modern. The company is really worth praising for such great innovations.
1. What were cast members supposed to do before COVID-19?A.Make customers happy by phone. |
B.Do surveys of customers’ attitudes. |
C.Communicate with customers directly. |
D.Take customers on tours around the park. |
A.Check whether there’s a meal left. |
B.Know when to dine in the booked restaurant. |
C.Dine at any restaurant at any time. |
D.Book as many tables as they can. |
A.It benefits both Disney and its customers. |
B.It is supposed to be used at a restaurant only. |
C.It is aimed at more customers during COVID-19. |
D.It allows Disney to have the most guests at a time. |
A.How Disney Keeps Its Park Popular |
B.How Disney Controls the Flow of Traffic |
C.Ways to Tour Around Disney During COVID-19 |
D.Disney’s Innovations Responding to COVID-19 |