Despite being used by 1.34 billion people each year, traveling on the Tube in London can actually be quite lonely. An unwritten rule encouraging silence, mixed with classic British reserve, means that even though you’re packed into an enclosed space with hundreds of other people, the morning commute (上下班的路程) can leave you feeling somewhat disconnected.
An American living in London, however, is trying to change this. “You get on the Tube here and it’s completely silent and it feels a bit strange,” says Jonathan Dunne, 42, who has started a worldwide dialogue after giving out badges (证章;徽章) with the words “Tube chat?” last month, encouraging commuters in London to get talking to one another.
“I handed out 500 badges during rush hours in a city of 8 million, expecting most of them to be thrown away, but after about 24 hours it completely snowballed,” he says.
Dunne and his “Tube chat” campaign have been covered by media across the world since then, seeing TV interviews in Sweden, Brail and the UK, as well as a lot of website, newspaper and magazine appearances. Although Dunne says he’s received mostly positive feedback, not everyone agrees with his opinion. Londoner Brian Wilson started a campaign of his own, handing out 500 badges with the words “Don’t even think about it” on them. “I can’t stand the idea of having to talk to strangers on the Tube on my way to work,” he told the BBC. Michael Robinson, 24, a student from London, agrees. “Being on the Tube is the only place and quietness some people get on their journeys to and from work. Personally, I don’t want to be troubled by people coming up and chatting to you,” he says.
While London does not appear to be social, not everywhere lacks a sense of community. In Melbourne, Australia, commuters have set up a private Facebook group used to warn one another when ticket inspectors (售票员) board the city’s trams (有轨电车). Most Western cities’ tram stops have no barriers, which makes it possible for some travelers to ride them without buying tickets. Though the group comes with a disclaimer (免费申明), its purpose is actually to warn fare paying members that tickets inspectors are on so that they can ready their smiles and most importantly, their tickets.
Does Dunne hope that some of this community spirit will be mirrored in the UK following his campaign? “People believed that I just walk up and talk to strangers, which I don’t, but it’s been a great way to meet people you would never have normally spoken to,” he says. “On Monday, the curator (馆长) of the London Transport Museum had me over for tea.” So if you ever end up using public transport in the West, why not say hello to the person next to you? Just make sure to check for a badge first.
1. What is the purpose of the first paragraph?A.To blame the loneliness on London Tube. |
B.To show the selfishness of Londoners. |
C.To express the upset of the Tube riders. |
D.To introduce the background of the campaign. |
A.It encourages people to avoid chatting on the Tube. |
B.It doesn’t win everyone’s support in London. |
C.It’s known only to a small number of Londoners. |
D.It gives out badges with “Don’t even think about it.” |
A.They prefer drinking tea to chatting on the Tube. |
B.Dunne didn’t expected to meet the curator on the Tube. |
C.Dunne never walks up and talks to strangers on the Tube. |
D.It is possible to make friends with a stranger on the Tube. |
A.Doubtful | B.Worried |
C.Supportive | D.Amazed |
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【推荐1】In 1970, before he became a blues legend, Stevie Ray Vaughan was working as a dishwasher in Dallas. One of his jobs was cleaning out the trash bin. To do it, Vaughan had to stand on some large wooden barrels, which were for the kitchen crew to dump hot grease(油脂). One day, while he was cleaning, the top of a barrel suddenly gave and he fell in.
Luckily for Vaughan, it had been a while since the last grease dump, so the stuff had cooled and he was able to safely climb out of the barrel. However, the next day, Vaughan’s boss fired him for breaking the barrel. The young man could have been severely injured, and he lost his job for his trouble.
This is just the tip of the iceberg. National surveys suggest that burns, cuts, falls and other injuries are extremely common in the fast food industry, where underpaid people are placed under intense pressure to work quickly.
Then there’s wage theft—employers trying to avoid paying workers what they’re legally entitled to. According to the Economic Policy Institute, federal and state agencies recovered $933 million for victims of wage theft in 2012 alone and that’s just for the workers who successfully pursued their cases.
People with power—employers, managers and owners of businesses big and small—quite often do mistreat their workers. And they do it because there are no consequences to fear and workers often can’t leave a job without putting their livelihood at risk. So they daren’t speak out their voice.
So we also need social institutions—a universal basic income, wage allowance, a job guarantee, truly universal health care and more—that give workers an alternative to depend on in the market for income. And we need a strong labor movement that can credibly punish employers if they don’t give workers a fair share and press the government to enforce the law.
1. Why was Vaughan able to escape serious injury?A.The barrel did not have a cover. |
B.His colleagues rescued him in time. |
C.The temperature of the stuff was low. |
D.He immediately broke the barrel and ran away. |
A.Employers treat their employees badly. |
B.Employees may easily get injured while working. |
C.Competition is much fiercer in fast food industry. |
D.Employees fail to defend their rights through laws. |
A.The potential consequences of wage theft. |
B.The reasons for the phenomenon of wage theft. |
C.The conflict between employers and employees. |
D.The complaints from employees about wage theft. |
A.Employees should work harder to improve income. |
B.Vaughan was fired owing to his negative attitude to work. |
C.It’s unnecessary for employees to be in conflict with employers. |
D.Some measures should be taken to protect employees’ interests. |
【推荐2】“Data is the new oil.” Like the sticky black thing, all those Is and 0s are of little use until they are processed into something more valuable. That something is you.
Five of the world’s ten most valuable companies are built on a foundation of tying data to human beings. Google and Facebook want to find out as much as possible about their users’ interests, activities, friends and family. Amazon has a detailed history of consumer behavior. Tencent and Alibaba are the digital wallets for hundreds of millions of Chinese; both know enough about consumers to provide widely used credit scores. Those with a good Zhima credit score, provided by Alibaba, enjoy discounts. Those without receive few offers. In other words, data are used to decide what sort of access people have to services.
That data are valuable is increasingly well-understood by individuals, too, especially because personal information is so often leaked(泄露)or stolen. The list of companies that have suffered some sort of data leak in 2018 alone reads like a roll call of household names: Facebook, Google, British Airways and so on. Such events have caused a switch in the public understanding of data collection. People have started to take notice of all the data they are giving away.
Yet few people have changed their online behavior or exercised what few digital rights they possess. Partly this is because managing your own data is time-consuming and complex. But it is more because of a misunderstanding of what is at risk. “Data” is an abstract concept. Far more solid is the idea of identity. It is only when “data” is understood to mean “people” that individuals will demand responsibility from those who seek to know them.
The fossils of past actions fuel future economic and social outcomes. Privacy rules and data-protection regulations are extremely important in protecting the rights of individuals. But the first step towards ensuring the fairness of the new information age is to understand that it is not data that are valuable. It is you.
1. The example of Zhima credit scores is mentioned to show __________.A.data help companies target their services |
B.credit scores change people’s way of life |
C.Alibaba gains popularity among customers |
D.people prefer to be offered discounts |
A.The development of companies. | B.The history of consumption. |
C.Cases of data leak and theft. | D.Lists of household names. |
A.they find it time-consuming and complex |
B.they are not fully aware of its importance |
C.they have no access to their personal data |
D.they are afraid of taking responsibility |
A.To defend companies’ use of data. |
B.To show the economic value of data. |
C.To call for more regulations to protect data. |
D.To advocate a new way of thinking about data. |
【推荐3】Offline research has given rise to what’s called the “Social Brain Hypothesis”. This says that our brain’s ability to process multiple relationships creates a natural group size for humans of 100-200 people. This size is also constrained (限制) by the time required to maintain relationships — we only have so much time to devote to meeting or talking to people.
It has been suggested that social media might overcome the time constraints because posts and pictures allow us to talk to many more people at the same time even if the interaction is not direct. So psychologist Professor Robin Dunbar carried out two surveys of more than 3,300 people to see whether using the Internet really means we can have more friends.
What he found was that even among regular social media users, the average number of friends they had on Facebook was 155 in the first survey and 183 in the second, right in the bracket (范围) predicted by the “Social Brain Hypothesis”.
The first survey group, made up of regular social media users, considered only 28% of their Facebook friends to be “genuine” friends. When asked specifically how many people they would turn to for support in a crisis and how many they would turn to for sympathy, on average those groups were just 4 and 14 friends respectively, matching the offline findings of the “Social Brain Hypothesis”.
While a few people did have much larger groups of online “ friends ” on Facebook, they had similar sized support and sympathy groups to others. This suggests that when social media seem to allow someone to have more friends, it is because looser acquaintances are being included in the “friend” category, and partly because social media sites tend not to differentiate between close and more distant relationships — even though we clearly distinguish between friends and acquaintances in the offline world.
Professor Robin Dunbar explained, “social media certainly help to slow down the natural rate of decline in relationship quality that would set in once we cannot readily meet friends face to face. But no amount of social media will prevent a friend from eventually becoming just another acquaintance if you don’t meet face to face from time to time. There is something vital for face-to-face interaction that is crucial for maintaining friendships. Seeing the white of their eyes from time to time seems to be crucial to the way we maintain friendships.”
1. Why did Professor Robin Dunbar carried out two surveys?A.To discover if social media use can expand one’s social circle. |
B.To prove social media offer a way to overcome the time constraints. |
C.To explore how offline interactions allow one to have more friends. |
D.To show if social media provides more communication opportunities. |
A.They can not serve as evidence. | B.They are well above expectations. |
C.They have led to more offline research. | D.They confirm the “Social Brain Hypothesis”. |
A.Because they got great support and sympathy from their online social circle. |
B.Because they were better at turning acquaintances into friends. |
C.Because they could distinguish their friends and acquaintances clearly online. |
D.Because they viewed people in their acquaintance circle as friends. |
A.Social media can not replace face-to-face contact. |
B.Social media affect our face-to-face socialization skills. |
C.Social media fail to improve the quality of our relationships. |
D.Social media have negative effects on face-to-face interaction. |
【推荐1】Elephants on the coast of Thailand are acting strangely. They stamp their feet and signal toward the hills. The sea draws back from the beaches. Fish fall heavily in the mud. Suddenly, a huge wave appears. This is no ordinary wave. It is a tsunami (海啸)!
Tsunami waves are larger and faster than normal surface waves. A tsunami wave can travel as fast as a jet plane and can be as tall as a ten-story building. Imagine dropping a stone into a pond. The water on the surface ripples (起涟漪). A tsunami is like a very powerful ripple. Tsunamis begin when the ocean rises or falls very suddenly. Large amounts of seawater are displaced. This movement causes huge waves.
If a tsunami happens, there must be some kind of force that causes the ocean water to become displaced. Most tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes. However, volcanoes, landslides (塌方), large icebergs, and even meteorites (陨石) are able to cause one of these giant waves.
Tsunamis are extremely powerful. Ordinary waves lose power when they break. Tsunami waves can remain powerful for several days. Because tsunami waves are so strong, they can kill people, damage property, and completely ruin an ecosystem in just one hour.
Scientists have no way of predicting when a tsunami will hit. However, if a powerful enough earthquake happens, scientists can send out a warning or a watch. A warning means that a tsunami will very likely hit soon. A watch means that conditions are favorable for a tsunami. When people are informed of a watch or a warning, they have more time to prepare. It is best not to get caught unaware when a tsunami is on the way!
1. Why are elephants acting strangely before the Tsunamis?A.They dislike the huge wave. |
B.They are afraid of the big fish. |
C.They can sense something out of the ordinary. |
D.They see the ocean drawing back from the beaches. |
A.Moved out of normal place. | B.Pushed by human force. |
C.Pulled to great heights. | D.Hung down quickly. |
A.They are not familiar to most people. |
B.They are very powerful and long-lasting. |
C.They break on the coast, unlike normal waves. |
D.They are caused by underwater earthquakes. |
A.How to guard against tsunamis. | B.Differences between wave types. |
C.What to do with tsunami waves. | D.Causes and effects of tsunamis. |
Chelsea is not alone. In a recent survey by Kids Health£.org, more than 70% of kids aged 9 to 13 said they worry about tests. It’s no wonder. Across the United States, public schools give more than 250 million standardized tests each year.
Why do kids have to take so many tests? The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) law requires that students in grades 3 through 8 be tested each year. The law’s goal is for all students to be at grade level by 2014. Students must pass the tests and meet other requirements or their schools may be shut down.
The U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan wants to change NCLB. But that doesn’t mean he favors getting rid of tests. Duncan believes tests should be used mainly to evaluate kids’ strengths and weaknesses. Tests, Duncan says, should not be used to punish kids or their schools for failure.“The goal is to focus on great teaching and learning,”Duncan said.
Under NCLB, each state sets its own standards for students to meet. The result, Duncan says, is that states are making the tests easier. To fix this problem, 48 states are now working together to create common standards. “I want to set a high bar for kids, ” Duncan says, “so they’ll be in great shape to achieve their dreams.”
Like them or not, tests are here to stay. So how can you handle test nerves? Schools are teaching students to relax through deep breathing and stretching (伸展运动) . In Oakland, California, Principal Zarina Ahmad of Piedmont Avenue Elementary leads her students in a cheer to get them excited about learning.
“Kids are under high pressure,”says Ahmad. “There has to be time for kids to be kids. Still, we need tests to help us assess what students have yet to learn.”
1. The underlined part “the butterflies in my stomach” can be replaced by .
A.nervous | B.guilty | C.exciting | D.proud |
A.is focusing on teaching methods in schools |
B.is requiring schools to make the tests more difficult |
C.is trying to make schools be responsible for students |
D.aims to evaluate kids’ strengths and weaknesses by means of tests |
A.it’s possible to get rid of tests |
B.schools have no good way to deal with students' stress |
C.tests help assess what students have to learn |
D.schools are aware of students’ stress caused by tests |
A.Why kids are more stressed than before? |
B.Kids’ tips for test success |
C.How to deal with test stress |
D.Put kids to the standardized test |
The quickest way to make a friend is to smile. When you smile, people think you are friendly and easy to talk to. It may not be easy at first to smile, but remember most people will stay away from a scared or angry looking face.
One easy way to start a conversation with someone is to say something nice about him. Think about how great you feel when someone says something nice to you. Doesn’t it make you want to keep talking to that person?
Ask your new friends questions about themselves. Who’s their favorite singer, where do they live, what do they do after school are all good questions to start a conversation. Make sure you have something to add to the conversation, too. When someone asks you a question, do have an answer for them. There’s nothing that will stop a conversation quicker than a shrug (耸肩) for an answer.
Kids who show an interest in other kids and who are kind and friendly make good friends. Remember, everyone wants to be around people who like to do similar things and people who are nice to them.
1. This passage gives us some advice on _________.
A.how to make friends |
B.what kind of person you can make friends with |
C.how to start a conversation |
D.the importance of smile |
A.who are sad every day. |
B.who share the same interest |
C.who are fond of talking |
D.who say bad things to them |
A.who is always smiling |
B.who seems to be friendly |
C.who praises them |
D.who points out their shortcomings. |
A.being very proud | B.making no answer |
C.knowing nothing | D.not hoping to answer |