Many of us were told from an early age that, “you learn from your mistakes”. But is this actually true?
The short answer is “yes” — failure can be a teachable moment. But learning from our mistakes is, in reality, very hard because we don’t like to fail. It doesn’t feel good, so we react to failure in impulsive and emotional ways, like giving up on a task prematurely, telling ourselves we don’t care whether we succeed, or finding fault with the task itself. This is self-protective, according to Hallgeir, a professor of psychology at the Norwegian School of Economics. “Most of us want to think of ourselves as competent”, he says, so when we fail “it poses a serious threat to our self-image”.
Fortunately, there is research to suggest that there are some strategies to help us overcome the emotional barriers around failure. One of them is to adopt a third-person perspective. Instead of asking “Why did I fail?”, we could ask “Why did Sam fail?”, for example. Multiple studies by psychologist Ethan Kross at the University of Michigan show that adopting a third-person perspective helps to soften our negative emotional reactions, allowing us to look at failure more objectively.
A second strategy involves offering advice to others who may be in the same position as us. This strategy led to better levels of motivation and academic success in the test groups — involving both adults and children — that were asked to give advice based on their own failures. Professors Eskreis-Winkler and Duckworth found that the satisfaction of helping others “forces people to engage with their experience and what they have learned”.
The writer Samuel Beckett once said: “fail again, fail better”. But it now seems that we should be saying: “fail again, fail smarter”. Failure is an unavoidable part of life, but by learning to overcome the emotional barriers around it, we may find the road to success is a little easier to navigate (确定方向).
1. What does the underlined word “impulsive” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A.Uncontrollable. | B.Optimistic. | C.Impressive. | D.Ambitious. |
A.Failure can be teachable. |
B.Failure threatens our self-image. |
C.Failure is an unavoidable part of life. |
D.Learning from our failures is very hard. |
A.Failure can be avoided if we learn from it. |
B.Giving advice to others can help us fail better. |
C.Only those who succeed can give advice to others. |
D.A third-person perspective helps us out of the bad feelings of failure. |
A.Smarter ways to learn from failure. |
B.How to fail better when we fail again. |
C.Failure can let us succeed more easily. |
D.Why we react to failure in emotional ways. |
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【推荐1】To be a great reader,it is not enough that you read. It’s also how you read. The following strategies guarantee that you’ll not only be a better reader but a better person too.
Stop reading books you aren’t enjoying. If you find yourself wanting to speed up the reading process on a particular book, you might want to ask yourself, “Is this book any good?”
Ask people you admire for book recommendations. If we encounter a man of rare intellect, we should ask him what books he reads.
A.Get out of depression. |
B.Reread the masters. |
C.Provide some interesting books. |
D.Life is too short to read books you don’t enjoy reading. |
E.We surely forget the content of the classics. |
F.When I was a teenager, I got in the habit of doing this. |
G.We can’t be content to simply pick up a book once and judge it by that experience. |
【推荐2】Huangshi will have new rules about behaviour standards for middle school students very soon. Middle schools are going to use a new way to decide who the top students(优等生) are. The best students won’t only have high marks. The new rules will be used first in No.2 Middle School of Huangshi in September 2012. The following are some of the new rules.
Tell the truth Have you ever cheated in an exam, for example, copying answers from a book or looking at other students’ answers? Don’t do it again! That’s not something honest students should do.
Do more at school Good students don’t only think of themselves, but they also care for other people and the surroundings(周围的事物). Look at the people around you, do they need help? Give a hand to whoever is in need. You are in a big family! Pay attention to the environment. Whenever possible, do something to protect the earth we live on.
Be open to new ideas Have you ever thought people may live on the moon or travel in space? Having new ideas means possible inventions and discoveries.
Protect yourself Has a thief ever broken into your classroom and taken your money from your schoolbag? Don’t let it happen again. And if you have to go back home late, you should let your parents know.
Use the Internet carefully The Internet can be very useful for study. But some things on the Internet aren’t good for kids, so try to look at the good web pages, which you can use for fun or homework.
1. What should top students do in an exam?A.Never cheat. | B.Copy from books. |
C.Look at others’ answers. | D.Ask others for answers. |
A.Selling others’ information for money. | B.Playing games all night. |
C.Getting help with homework. | D.Finding answers in an exam. |
A.tell the truth | B.help people in need |
C.have new ideas | D.surf the Internet as they like |
A.To give advice on how to run a school. | B.To tell students how to be top ones. |
C.To advise students how to be good persons. | D.To give information about how to be a good teacher. |
【推荐3】Simple Ways to Improve Your Social Skills
Being friendly and social with your coworkers is a big part of most jobs.
Greet everyone with a smile. Try smiling at your coworkers and greeting them each day when you get to work. Even if you’re a little nervous, it only takes a few seconds, and it can make you seem more friendly and approachable.
Use general conversation starters. Talk about the weather or something you notice in the room. This gives the conversation a nice starting point with whoever you're talking with.
● Any casual small talk is fine — the most important thing is to engage with the people around you.
● Remember to give people time to talk.
●
Respect your coworkers’ boundaries.
A.Keep a certain distance |
B.Make direct eye contact |
C.End conversations on a good note |
D.A good conversation is about taking turns |
E.It will be a disaster to get too close to anyone |
F.It can be a little tense to socialize with colleagues, though |
G.Not everyone wants to be best friends with their coworkers |
【推荐1】Bee venom (毒液) is a highly sought and expensive ingredient for specialized medical treatments and now Australian scientists have discovered that when the industrious insects become annoyed, their venom becomes even more powerful.
Researchers at Curtin University have noted how behavioral and ecological factors can influence the quality of the venom which is used to treat degenerative and infectious diseases. Their study, published in the scientific journal PLOS, analysed protein found in the venom of western honeybees.
The more proteins found in the venom, the higher the potential quality and effect. To understand the protein diversity of venom and find out what impacted this, the researchers looked at a range of factors including the behavioral patterns of the bees.
“We classify the bees’ anger according to their response to the stimulating devices that collect the venom,” said Dr. Daniela Scaccabarozzi, who led the project.
The bee venom collector has a tiny charge that shocks any bees landing on it and they release information that forces the rest bees of the hive (蜂窝) to sting (螫). “Interestingly, we discovered that the ‘angry bees’ produced a richer, more protein-dense venom. And we found that there was no visible harm to the bees.” Scaccabarozzi said.
The team also confirmed that temperature impacted the venom’s strength. “High temperatures can be detrimental to bees’ activity in and out of the hives,” Scaccabarozzi said. “Of the 25 hives tested, we discovered that the sites with higher temperatures recorded lower venom production.” Further findings also revealed that geographical location had an impact on the composition of bee venom, as well as what stage the flowers were at during harvest when they were consumed by the bees.
Expecting the research to be useful to the medical field and the beekeeping business, Scaccabarozzi says further research will help beekeepers collect a standardized quality of venom to meet growing demand in clinical and therapeutic fields, as well as help design cost-effective strategies for venom harvest to secure its position in the global market.
1. What have researchers at Curtin University found?A.Harvesting bee venom is really a tough task. |
B.Bee venom is a costly and powerful medicine. |
C.Angry bees make medicinally stronger venom. |
D.Bees exhibit apparent differences in behaviour. |
A.By classifying them. | B.By sounding the alarm. |
C.By disturbing their hive. | D.By giving them tiny shocks. |
A.Sensitive. | B.Harmful. | C.Fundamental. | D.Alternative. |
A.It will identify beneficial proteins. |
B.It will develop valuable medicines. |
C.It will standardize the venom market. |
D.It will help produce profitable venom. |
【推荐2】If all goes well, a balloonwill soon rise from Esrange Space Center in Kiruna, Sweden. It will float highinto the upper atmosphere and then return to Earth. However, environmentalists have arrived to stop this from happening.
The campaigners are against the balloon because of what occurs in flight. The balloon will shoot dust into the Earths upper atmosphere, causing more sunlight to reflect back into space. The dust, known as stratospheric aerosolinjection(SAI), is part of a solar geoengineering (地球工程) program named SCoPex which is being conducted by Harvard University. The aim of the program is to purposely change the Earth's atmosphere to fight climate change.
Those who oppose worry about two things. Firstly, the moral risk-if solar geoengineering works, talks on reducing greenhouse gases will be challenged. The second concern is the amount of SAI in the atmosphere. To keep temperatures low, the need of the reflective dust tobel released high above Earth will be endless, and a sudden stop could result in rapid warming. Raymond Pierrehumbert, a physicist at Oxford University, says solar geoengineering is even tool risky to research beyond computer models.
Not all environmentalists are opposed to it. Since the world is unlikely to achieve the 1. 5 ℃ global warming target set in the Paris Agreement, some green organizations favour small-sized geoengineering research.
Regardless of the criticism, the research continues. Geoengineering is increasingly gaining international attention. A recent report about climate change suggested that SAI could help keep warming below 1. 5℃. The National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine in the USA has developed a research plan for solar geoengineering and received governmental funding totaling $9 million. Both China and India have also launched research programmes of their own. Activists may oppose the experiments, but balloons will likely fly anyway.
1. What is the function of SAI?A.To attract dust. | B.To throw sunlight back. |
C.To absorb heat. | D.To fight against pollution. |
A.It may change computer models. |
B.It may produce too much dust. |
C.It may release greenhouse gases. |
D.It may worsen global warming. |
A.To a limited degree. |
B.At a lower temperature. |
C.By green organizations. |
D.Without international attention. |
A.Voices of environmentalists are ignored. |
B.More support is going to geoengineering. |
C.Global warming is getting worse in Sweden. |
D.Geoengineering has proved effective in India. |
【推荐3】Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to create similar conditions to the natural incubation (孵化) of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity (湿度) of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird’s skin to the top of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature difference may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature difference. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest changes into gas, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.
In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird’s method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the survivability of the hatching chicks.
When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to protect eggs against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo (胚胎) can no longer survive Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.
Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.
1. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then ________.A.there may be a good chance for successful incubation |
B.the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position |
C.the embryo will not develop normally |
D.the incubation process is slowed down |
A.provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest |
B.loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest |
C.keep the nest in a clean condition |
D.touch the bottom of the eggs |
A.They are expensive to operate. |
B.They are unable to heat the eggs evenly. |
C.They lack the natural temperature changes. |
D.They fail to transfer heat to eggs like parent birds do. |
A.Nesting material varies according to the parrots’ environment. |
B.Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots’ eggs. |
C.Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. |
D.Wild parrots’ nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. |
【推荐1】CERTAIN CREATURES-namely, bees-have evolved to be skillful flying builders. To assemble (组装) a nest, worker insects team up to do various work to the specification of a complex design that ends up being many times their size. This process takes months, many times longer than the average lifespan of all but the queen. Meanwhile the insects must adjust as they go.
It is these insect building teams that inspired Mirko Kovac, a roboticist at Imperial College London, to develop a way to improve the flexibility of 3D printing. A typical 3D printer is limited by the range of its nozzle (喷嘴), and can only make objects smaller than itself. Dr Kovac’s team has removed these limitation by using flying robots.
Dr Kovac describes a system of flying robots that is composed of two types of multi-rotor drones: builders and scanners. The builders carry the 3D-printing nozzle. The scanners are robots equipped with cameras that are responsible for monitoring the progress of the builders.
The building process alternates between builders and scanners, layer by layer, printing and adjusting, until a structure is complete. First, a builder remains suspended over its area of operation and begins to release a jet or rush of the building material along its flight path. The choice of material is important——it must be lightweight enough for the drones to carry but strong enough to hold the subsequent layers that will be built on top. Once the builder robot has sprayed a layer of material, the scanner robot flies over, inspects the progress. The system then computes the next layer that the builder should make, while also correcting for any errors that might have been discovered in what has already been built.
Because the flying robots can, in theory, operate anywhere, they could fix things in dangerous or otherwise inaccessible places. Dr Kovac says that his robots could be used to spot and seal leaks in oil or gas pipelines, repair leaky insulation or fix cracks on tall buildings. Thinking more long term, Dr Kovac even sees a potential future for his construction robots, building on the surfaces of the Moon or Mars.
1. Why does the author mention bees in the text?A.To become a theme. |
B.To introduce a topic. |
C.To give an explanation. |
D.To analyze the cause. |
A.They can expand the range of printing. |
B.They can make adjustment while printing. |
C.They are more flexible than traditional ones. |
D.They can make objects smaller than themselves. |
A.The Builders can correct the errors while calculating. |
B.The building material should be strong enough for scanner. |
C.Builders and scanners can print and monitor at the same time. |
D.The building process has strict requirement of the building material. |
A.Teams of flying robots can make 3D objects. |
B.Teams of flying robots have a limited future. |
C.The flexibility of typical 3D printer has been improved. |
D.Teams of flying robots have been used in dangerous situation. |
【推荐2】Mona Lisa, the mysterious woman in Leonardo da Vinci’s 16th century masterpiece, had just given birth to her second son when she sat for the painting, a French art expert said on Tuesday. The discovery was made by a team of Canadian scientists who used special infrared(红外线) and three-dimensional(三维的) technology to study the paint layers on the work, which now sits in the Louvre museum in Paris.
Bruno Mottin of the French Museums’ Center for Research and Restoration said that on very close examination of the painting it became clear that the Mona Lisa’s dress was covered in a thin transparent gauze veil.(透明面纱).
“This type of gauze dress was typical of the kind worn in early 16th century Italy by women who were pregnant or who had just given birth. This is something that had never been seen up to now because the painting was always judged to be dark and difficult to examine,” he told a news conference.
“We can now say that this painting by Leonardo da Vinci was painted in memory of the birth of the second son of Mona Lisa, which helps us to date it more precisely to around 1503.” The young woman with the ambiguous half smile has been identified as Lisa Gherardini, wife of Florentine merchant Francesco de Giocondo. She had five children.
“People always wrote that Mona Lisa had allowed her hair to hang freely over her shoulders. This greatly surprised historians because letting your hair hang freely during the Renaissance was typical of young girls and women of poor virtue(美德)” he said.
The team had hoped to discover more details about Leonardo’s painting techniques, which the artist used to create a hazy(朦胧的)effect. But scientist John Taylor said the team had been disappointed by the lack of brush stroke(笔触)detail on the painting.
1. According to the latest research, Mona Lisa was ________ .A.a woman of poor virtue |
B.da Vinci’s second wife |
C.a woman who had just been pregnant |
D.a woman who had just given birth to her second son |
A.the research has been carried out in France |
B.Mona Lisa was painted in 1503 at the latest |
C.In da Vinci’s time women could only wear short hair |
D.the most difficulty is to identify the paint layers |
A.Mona Lisa, the Mysterious Woman. |
B.Mona Lisa, a New Mother. |
C.Great Discovery in Painting. |
D.Leonardo’s Painting Technique. |
【推荐3】Smartphones are getting boring. The new models are either a bit faster or have better cameras, but they are basically no different from the ones already in our pockets. This is why scientists are hoping, and working for something new, something that will change our lives just as greatly as smartphones do. At the moment, the next invention might be smart glasses.
Just imagine. Instead of having to pick up your phone and look at the screen, all of the information you need simply appears just in front of you, in your glasses. Satellite navigation (导航) directions would appear right there on the road. And your smart glasses could guide you to the right shelf in the supermarket!
Smart glasses could also be used in industry. They could show engineers the instructions they need to fix things more quickly. A doctor could carry out a difficult operation, guided in real time by someone on the other side of the world.
This may sound impossible. But most of the technologies to invent them are already there. For example, one key technology is called AR, which can make digital 3D objects appear as if they are part of the real world. We’ve used it a lot on our video calls. Similarly, huge progress has been made in spatial audio. This is when a sound is made to give it a sense of place, like what you hear in an empty room. Some high-end earphones can already do that. Future glasses will of course need to recognize (识别) your voice to do tasks. This technology has been widely used in our daily life.
So, why aren’t we all wearing smart glasses yet? So far, no one has invented a good way to send images (图像) of our world onto glasses. However, with the rapid development of technology, smart glasses could arrive much sooner than we think.
1. Why does the writer mention smartphones in Paragraph 1?A.To start a story. | B.To explain an idea. |
C.To introduce a topic. | D.To discuss a problem. |
A.When smart glasses might be made. | B.Where smart glasses could be used. |
C.How smart glasses would give directions. | D.Why smart glasses should be changed. |
A.Making spatial audio. | B.Recognizing voices. |
C.Creating digital 3D objects. | D.Sending images onto glasses. |
A.Bored. | B.Confident. |
C.Satisfied. | D.Uncertain. |