A new study shows girls and boys as young as seven have the choice of jobs with gender differences. Girls choose jobs based on care and love, while boys choose jobs based on money and power.
Professor Laura Scholes and Dr Sarah McDonald surveyed 332 Year 3 students from 14 Australian schools. They found that the top professions for boys included sports and STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) related jobs, while girls, on the other hand, wanted to be teachers or nurses.
Professor Scholes said the influence of gender stereotypes (刻板印象) on such choices begins in early childhood. “Bright pink toys for girls and blue toys for boys are sold on store shelves around the world.” she said, “In the boys’ section, you’ll find science, construction and warfare toys—perhaps a robot or a telescope. In the girls’ section, you’ll see toys related to cleaning, dolls, kitchens, makeup, jewellery and crafts.”
“This results in lower numbers of girls taking STEM subjects at school. In turn, this means fewer women are going to work in the sciences.” Professor Scholes’s comments came as women make up only 2 percent of the STEM workforce, with the biggest gap in the highest-paid jobs of computer science and engineering.
In Australia, some brands are no longer targeting boys or girls with their toys. Danish toy giant Lego last week announced that they would remove gender stereotypes from their toys, after a global study found that 71 percent of boys feared being made fun of for playing with toys marketed at girls. Lego said its products were mainly used by boys, but it promised to work to remove gender preference from its toys and instead market them for both genders.
1. Which of the following jobs do the boys tend to choose?A.Programmers | B.Teachers | C.Nurses | D.Dressers |
A.Because of the influence of gender stereotypes. |
B.Because of their desire to be teachers or nurses. |
C.Because of their hobbies based on care and love. |
D.Because the jobs concerned with sciences are low-paid. |
A.Advertise their products for boys. |
B.Advertise their products for both genders. |
C.Target boys or girls with their products. |
D.Using gender stereotypes from their toys. |
A.Fewer girls choose STEM subjects |
B.Clever children love STEM subjects |
C.Brands target children with their toys based on gender |
D.Gender differences affect job choosing for children |
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【推荐1】With the broader application of the facial recognition technology, related disputes, too, are on the rise.
Facial information can be collected when one is completely unaware maybe at one point or another, the surveillance (监视) cameras have collected one’s facial information. Once such information is leaked (泄露), the consequences can be terrible because unlike digital passwords, which can be changed, hardly can people change their faces.
The illegal collection of face-based information has unlocked new space for criminal activities. In 2019, a new mobile app called ZAO turned into a hit within only weeks of its release. People could upload photos of their faces and then replace their own facial features with those of TV and movie stars. However, the app soon aroused concern, with some users worrying that their image could be used by criminals to trick facial recognition payment software-resulting in massive economic losses. One experiment saw an individual using a photo print of a face to trick the facial recognition system of a self-service package locker, succeeding in opening it and getting the parcel out.
This risk of information leakage caught the attention of the Supreme People’s Court (SPC). On July 28, it published a set of rules to provide a legal solution to the increasingly pressing problem. When online platforms or apps gain user approval to process facial information, they should present the specific clauses to users for special consideration rather than leave them buried in the general terms (条款) of use, says the SPC document. In addition, the newly issued protocols forbid the practice of forcing users to agree to facial recognition terms if they want to obtain services that do not rely on the access to facial data.
Yang Wanming, Vice President of the SPC, concluded that the strengthening of the protection of personal information meets the people’s expectations and is also a priority of the people’s courts. The SPC will carry on its efforts to promote the legal, proper and efficient use of data and support a healthy development of the digital economy.
1. Why can facial information leakage lead to serious results?A.People are tired of passwords. |
B.People are familiar with cameras. |
C.People are unlikely to vary the faces. |
D.People are unaware of a new technology. |
A.Apps should not be popular too soon. |
B.Criminals could be forgiven for playing tricks. |
C.Payment software should not be applied in package lockers. |
D.Hidden threats could be caused by the misuse of facial information. |
A.How the SPC supplies better protections. |
B.How the SPC deals with legal cases. |
C.Why the SPC proposes specific clauses. |
D.Why the SPC updates former rules. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Cautious. | C.Positive. | D.Unclear. |
【推荐2】While there are many milk substitutes (替代品) on the market, most fall short of imitating dairy milk. And while vegetarians around the world have grown accustomed to these substitutes, millions of milk drinkers are unsatisfied with these options, which don’t often taste, look, and blend like dairy milk. That accuracy is exactly what Impossible Foods has set out to develop. “We want milk that a dairy milk consumer will choose,” said CEO Pat Brown at a virtual conference call.
Like the famous Impossible Burger which tastes, cooks, and bleeds like real meat, Impossible Milk will also most likely be soy-based, giving it a protein profile (外形) like dairy milk. While the product is still in development for at least another year, Brown said in the conference call that soy is a very good choice from a nutritional standpoint and a supply chain standpoint, and for those reasons he thinks there’s a great chance that it will be the base protein for their product.
Plant-based milk, meats, and other products have been rising over the past several years as environmental and health concerns have grown, especially among millennials (千禧一代). According to a study by YouGov, approximately 55 percent of millennials surveyed agree with the statement “I am open to substituting meat or dairy products with healthy substitutes”.
And the market is seeing this preference take shape. According to the Dairy Farmers of America, milk sales dropped by $1.1 billion between 2017 and 2018. While at the same time, the Plant-Based Food Association revealed that the sales of plant-based milk increased a lot, making up 15 percent of the total milk market.
As the trend towards choosing plant-based substitutes grows, so do the products, which can now be found in supermarkets throughout the world. With no plans of slowing down, plant-based food substitutes are a micro revolution that is changing the very culture of our food consumption from the bottom all the way to the top.
1. What is the goal of Impossible Foods?A.To satisfy the increasing demand for milk. |
B.To attract more vegetarians to buy milk. |
C.To make its milk more similar to dairy milk. |
D.To develop more nutritional milk substitutes. |
A.Favorable. | B.Unclear. | C.Indifferent. | D.Intolerant. |
A.The poor sales of milk substitutes. |
B.The success of Impossible Foods’s milk. |
C.The booming market for plant-based milk. |
D.The competition among plant-based products. |
A.They will change vegetarians’ diets. |
B.They are only sold in supermarkets. |
C.They are expensive for most consumers. |
D.They have a strong effect on food culture. |
【推荐3】According to a report by the United Nations, 54 percent of the world’s population lives in urban areas and it predicts that by 2050, this figure will have increased to around 70 percent.But as more and more people migrate from the countryside to the city to get better opportunities, they can end up with nowhere to live.
This is true in places such as Rio de Janeiro, where migrants can’t rent or buy a home, and they end up building their own communities and houses on unoccupied land.These are called shanty towns — poor communities where the houses are built out of cheap materials — and often don’t have any electricity or water supply.
These are, of course, not the megacities (大城市) of the future we want to see. Some serious urban planning is needed to make our cities of the future good, safe and modern places to live in. This involves improving the infrastructure (基础设施), the housing conditions and also the opportunities for education and employment.
Something urban planners are looking at now is the creation of “smart cities”. According to John Rossant, founder and chairman of the non-profit organization New Cities Foundation, technology is the way forward. He thinks that it’s generally accepted that “cloud computing, ubiquitous internet, robust 5G networks, etc, will transform our cities.” He says technology is really “a game changer” in urbanisation. It would collect large amounts of data about how a city is performing and may improve how a city functions.
This may sound like a utopian (乌托邦似的) view. For now, some big cities around the world are trying out more low — tech schemes to try and make them desirable places to live and work in. Building shared — ownership housing and improving public transport are some ways. And encouraging cycling and building bike lanes can keep the population healthy and cut down on smog. What would make your city a better place to live in?
1. What’s the text mainly about?A.The city of the future. | B.The increase of the population. |
C.Urban construction. | D.The function of smart cities. |
A.To show the growth of the world population. |
B.To show the problems in urbanization. |
C.To show poor living conditions of the city. |
D.To show financial trouble of the city. |
A.Technology. | B.Urban planning. |
C.The infrastructure of the city. | D.Opportunities for education. |
【推荐1】Camera flashes cut across the softly lighted downtown Los Angeles restaurant, as the crowd at Ludo Bites jostles (推挤) for the photo-of the Columbian River king salmon duck. “This is the game we all now play, ” chef and owner Ludo Lefebvre said. “We cook, we smile-and the people, they don’t eat. They get their cameras.”
Not so long ago, diners, hungry for special meals, would pull out a point-and-shoot at a restaurant for a quick picture of sliced birthday cake.
No more. Taking a cue from Twitter and Facebook cultures, serious foodies (美食家) and casual consumers alike are using digital technology to document each bite, then sharing the pictures online.
Flickr, the photo-sharing website, has seen the number of pictures tagged as “food” jump from about half a million in 2008 to more than 6 million today, according to company officials. In the group “I Ate This” on Flickr’s site, nearly 20,000 people have uploaded more than 307,000 images of their latest meals.
Camera manufacturers are joining the trend, selling cameras that offer “food” settings, which adjust to enhance colors and textures (质地) on close-ups.
“I am sharing my experiences with my friends,” said Hong Pham, 33, a Los Angeles radiologist who runs the food blog Ravenous Couple. “Why shouldn’t I share what inspires me?”
But what is documentary fun for people such as Pham is souring the gastronomic (烹饪的) set.
Managers regularly face diners demanding to be moved away from camera flashes and sounds. Waiters find themselves tongue-tied as customers take out voice recorders to capture a recitation of each course. Some chefs have had enough.
Chef Grant Achatz allows only no-flash photography in his restaurant. He, like many other chefs, finds himself torn between being flattered by the public’s enthusiasm and annoyed with the effect the picture-taking is having on the restaurant’s operation.
Some consumers now believe food should be consumed visually as well as physically. “What happened to the enjoyment of just eating the food?” said Andrew Knowlton, the restaurant editor for Bon Appetite magazine. “People are losing sight of why you go out.”
1. Who is the most supportive of taking pictures of food in restaurants?A.Grant Achatz. | B.Andrew Knowlton. |
C.Hong Pham. | D.Ludo Lefebvre. |
A.delicately-made dishes are visually inviting |
B.they will share with others their dining experience |
C.cameras can be specially set for food photography |
D.they can profit by selling pictures to famous websites |
A.More pictures will be uploaded at websites like Twitter and Facebook. |
B.Consumers used to take pictures in restaurants only for their birthdays. |
C.Rules should be set out that there is no food photography in restaurants. |
D.Chefs are likely to accept picture-taking in their restaurants to a limited extent. |
A.news story | B.feature article |
C.commercial advertisement | D.survey report |
【推荐2】In the past decade, the use of social media has grown in a way that no one could have guessed. It has turned some teenagers into celebrities (名人) and turned the famous into the infamous overnight.
A key feature of social media, however, is its volatility. Trends come and go, disappearing almost as quickly as they appeared. Short video apps such as TikTok took the world by storm. Why are these short videos — which are rarely longer than a few minutes — so popular? Jiang Yige, a Singapore — based analyst, has a theory. Short videos are “just right to fill in the little gaps in our busy schedules”, he told CNBC.These videos — apart from being very convenient — are important to teenagers because they allow them to express themselves, according to CNBC.
The sense of community that users of short video apps get is another appealing feature. Lisa Koshy, a user of TikTok, who has over 2 million followers, said that she was thrilled when anyone said that her video had “inspired” him. “It’s really cool...because I think as short video creators that’s what we all expect.” she added.
Live streaming is another feature of our social media life that now seems as natural as sunrise. It’s a pretty neat idea: You can watch anyone, anywhere, live.
However, the boom in social media may be having side effects too. Fake news is one serious problem it arguably causes. Material shared on these platforms is often not checked for accuracy. The most basic content can be false and can sway users one way or another. We use social media all the time; that doesn’t mean that we understand the influence it is having on us. We should be mindful of both the time we spend on it and its impact on our minds.
1. The underlined word “volatility” in Paragraph 2 possibly means “being ________”.A.changeable | B.steady | C.promising | D.violent |
A.Because they are very convenient. |
B.Because they help people kill time. |
C.Because they allow people to express themselves. |
D.Because they provide a sense of community. |
A.The information from social media is highly reliable. |
B.Short videos have been replaced by live streaming. |
C.People can’t communicate with each other without social media. |
D.There is still much room for social media to make improvement. |
A.The Key Trends of Social Media | B.Short Videos Taking the World by Storm |
C.The Influence of Social Media on Teenagers | D.Live Streaming: Tomorrow of Social Media |
【推荐3】Once small farmers in Masii, a remote village in Kenya, have picked their crops, all they can do is wait until a buyer trucks through. The system works fairly well for beans and corn, but mangoes-the area’s other main crop-spoil (腐烂) more quickly. If the trader is late, they rot.
However, a simple coating could change that. A company, SmartTech, has created a product that doubles the shelf life of fresh produce, enabling farmers to access far-off, larger markets. More time for fresh produce on grocers’ shelves also means less food waste-a $2.6 trillion problem, according to the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
James Rogers, CEO of SmartTech, wanted to solve the problem for food much in the same way that oxide barriers preventing rust (锈) have achieved for steel. Fortunately, researchers have found when plants made the jump from water to land, they developed cutin(蜡质), a barrier which is made of fatty acids that link together to form a seal around the plant, helping keep water in.
The cutin was such a grand strategy that today you’ll still find it across the plant kingdom. SmartTech discovered through researches that an orange can last longer than a strawberry not so much because of the thickness of its skin, but because of the difference in the arrangement of those cutin molecules (分子)on the surface. After extensive trials, Rogers and his team developed a natural and tasteless protective coating from plant material-stems, leaves and skins. The product extends the sweet spot between ripening and rot. And best of all, the treated produce doesn’t require refrigeration.
“SmartTech has huge potential to turn poor farmers in Africa into commercial farmers,” says Rogers. “That means more money in pockets, and more food in stomachs.” But whether the company can cost-effectively reach small farmers in far-off areas still remains a challenge.
1. The author mentions the small farmers in Kenya to ________.A.stress their need for preserving produce |
B.show their challenge in harvesting crops |
C.express their wish to reach larger markets |
D.evaluate their loss caused by slow transport |
A.It is financially supported by FAO. |
B.It is intended to replace refrigeration. |
C.It is designed to thicken produce’s skin. |
D.It is based on plants’own defence system. |
A.How to expand farms. |
B.How to earn more money. |
C.How to produce more tasty food. |
D.How to profit farmers in remote area. |
A.promote a product | B.present a technology |
C.advertise SmartTech | D.introduce James Rogers |