War can be deadly for wildlife, too. A new study reports that war is the biggest threat to Africa’s elephants, rhinoceroses and other animals. Researchers examined how years of conflict in Africa have affected populations of large animals. More than 70 percent of Africa’s protected wildlife areas have been within a war zone at some point in the last 70 years. “The more frequent the fighting, the greater the drop in animal populations,” said Josh Daskin, an ecologist at Yale University. He was the lead author of the study, which was published on Wednesday in the journal Nature.
“It takes very little conflict, as much as one conflict in about 20 years, for the average wildlife population to be declining,” Daskin said. “Areas with frequent fighting-but not necessarily the bloodiest fighting-lose 35 percent of their large animal populations during each year of war,” he said.
“Some animals get killed by weapons of war. Yet, many also die because of changes in social and economic conditions in an area as a result of war,” said Rob Pringle. He is an ecologist at Princeton University and the study’s co-author. “People in and around war zones are poor and hungry. So they may begin to illegally hunt animals for valuable tusks or hunt protected animals to eat,” Pringle said. “And during wartime, animal conservation programs do not have as much money or power to protect wildlife.”
The new study examined the entire African continent over 65 years. The researchers looked at 10 different factors that could change population numbers. They included war, animal size, protected areas and human population density. The number of wars had the biggest effect on wildlife population. The intensity of the wars-measured in the number of human deaths-had the least effect on animals.
1. Which is the most dangerous to Africa’s animals?A.War. | B.Society. | C.Economy. | D.Hunting. |
A.Little conflict has no effect to animals’ population. |
B.More than 70 percent of animals live in a war zone. |
C.The more frequent the fighting is, the fewer the animals are. |
D.35 percent of animals in the world died each year because of war. |
A.The extreme weather. |
B.Being killed by the weapons. |
C.Being killed by poor and hungry people. |
D.Lack of money or power to protect them. |
A.Protected areas. | B.The intensity of the wars. |
C.The number of wars. | D.Animal size. |
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【推荐1】Amid growing global condemnation of elephant riding as a tourist activity, Yok Don National Park in southern Vietnam has ended the practice and replaced it with the first ethical (伦理的) elephant experience of its kind in the country.
The formally captive group of four elephants were released from their chains earlier this month and no longer carry tourists on rides through the park. Visitors can instead observe the animals roaming freely in their natural habitat.
The park worked on the initiative with Animal Protection Asia, which campaigns for long-term changes in animal welfare and tourism in Vietnam. The official agreement between the charity and the state-run park was signed on 13 July, and runs until April 2023, with the first tours taking place earlier this month. Over the next five years, it is hoped that the new model will provide as much or even more revenue for owners as riding, and encourage mahouts (管象人) and elephant tourism companies to follow.
This project has entirely changed the lives of the elephants at the park and it also provides a much better experience for the tourists. Misuse has been replaced with respect, and the animals look much healthier and happier than before.
Awareness of the adverse effects of elephant riding has increased in recent years, with a growing number of tourists avoiding cruel attractions and supporting welfare centres and animal protection instead, alongside an increasing number of tour operators refusing to sell elephant treks that include riding.
Many of the elephants used in riding and other activities, such as painting or performing tricks, are caught as babies from the wild, their mothers often killed. Once captured, they typically undergo intensive conditioning known as “crushing the spirit”, where they are kept in tiny pens and beaten and starved, sometimes for weeks. Once trained, many of the animals eventually die from exhaustion. Campaigners and charities hope to continue to educate the industry in Vietnam and around the world, and show how profitable ethical elephant experiences, with retired and rescued animals, can be, instead.
1. What is true for most working elephants in Vietnam?A.They are allowed to roam freely. |
B.They are chained up and cruelly treated. |
C.They outnumber those found in the wild. |
D.They are kept with their mothers during training. |
A.It seeks to raise money for national parks’ operation. |
B.It wants to organize more sightseeing tours in Vietnam. |
C.It hopes to set a new model for elephant tourism companies. |
D.It expects to eventually free all the working elephants in Asia. |
A.Practical. | B.Unexpected. |
C.Financial. | D.Negative. |
A.Say no to elephant riding |
B.A new profitable model |
C.Vietnam takes the lead |
D.Negative effects of elephant tourism |
【推荐2】A four-year-old girl stunned paleontologists after she found a perfectly-preserved dinosaur footprint that dates back 220 million years.
Lily Wilder made the discovery on January 23 while walking along a beach in South Wales with her father and their dog.The family was on their way to the supermarket when Wilder saw the footprint imprinted on a rock.
“It was on a low rock, shoulder height for Lily, and she just spotted it and said, ‘Look, Daddy,’” her mother, Sally Wilder, said.“She is really excited but doesn't quite grasp how amazing it is.”
At first, the family thought the print, which is just over 10 cm (4 inches) long, was scratched out on the rock by an artist.But mother Sally was aware that similar footprints had been found along that piece of the coast before, so she posted about their discovery on social media.“I found this fossil identification page on Facebook and I posted it on there and people went a bit crazy,” she told Wales Online.
Shortly after, the National Museum of Wales got in touch with the Wilder family, and officials have since retrieved the print and put it in the museum.
Experts believe the footprint was most likely left by a dinosaur that stood about 75 centimeters (29.5 inches) tall and 2.5 meters (about 8 feet) long and walked on its two hind feet.It is impossible to identify exactly what type of dinosaur left it, although experts typically classify the print as a Grallator.
Welsh scientists are calling the girl's discovery “the finest impression of a 215 million-year-old dinosaur print found in Britain in a decade,” according to Wales Online.
The family says their daughter's interest in dinosaurs has been inspired since the discovery and that she's been playing with a collection of dino toys and models.“If her name goes down as the finder in the museum, it could be her grandchildren going to visit that in the museum one day, and for years and years and generations to come, which is quite amazing,” mother Sally told Wales Online.
1. Why did Sally choose to post the print on Facebook?A.To honor an artist. | B.To test her popularity. |
C.To make people crazy. | D.To identify their discovery. |
A.Divided. | B.Repaired. | C.Improved. | D.Gained. |
A.It was left by a young dinosaur. | B.Its true maker is still unclear. |
C.Its finder will soon be forgotten. | D.It was the finest ever found in a decade. |
A.She likes walking along the beach. | B.She often asks for toys and models. |
C.She has been attracted by dinosaurs. | D.She likes drawing dinosaur footprints. |
【推荐3】The efforts of authorities in Yunnan to safely guide the elephants back home began to show signs of success in early June. After arriving in the area near Kunming in early June, the elephants finally turned around and began to move southward. "Asian elephants need to live in warm areas and the further north they travel, the less friendly the climate will be for them," said Chen Mingyong, a professor of ecology and the environment at Yunnan University. "We need to guide them toward their proper habitat before the temperature begins to go down."
The elephants' return journey has not been much different to their journey north, adding more details to the elephant family drama. On June 6, a bull elephant under 10 years old suddenly broke away from the herd(象群)and made off on its own. Shen Qingzhong, head of the Institute of Ecology of Xishuangbanna, National Nature Reserve, guessed the act may have occurred because the young elephant is in the rebellious(叛逆)puberty time.
Right now, the 14 remaining elephants are lingering in the mountainous area surrounding Shijie Township in the city of Yuxi. They have been there for over eight days, with the young elephant remaining at around 20 km away with no sign of returning soon.
"Maybe the 14 are waiting for the single elephant to rejoin," Shen said. "Or maybe there are more diverse foods in the farmland in this area and they want to enjoy it longer."
Professor Chen explained that the command center's intention is to guide the elephants back to Pu'er or Xishuangbanna. "For that to happen, they must pass through the Honghe River," Chen said. "The water level in the river is currently higher due to the rains and the elephants might have to wait in Yuxi for a long time. If that is the case, it might be winter before the elephants finally return to their original habitat."
1. Why were the elephants guided to move south?A.Because of the food. | B.Because of the climate. |
C.Because of the scientists. | D.Because of the safety. |
A.The young elephant separated itself from the family. |
B.The elephants' return journey had been so different. |
C.The Institute added more drama to the journey. |
D.The National Nature Reserve drove the elephant away. |
A.lining. | B.moving off. | C.wandering. | D.sleeping over. |
A.The Journey North. | B.Ecology or Environment? |
C.The Long Way Home | D.Kunming, Yuxi or Pu'er? |
【推荐1】Social media is one of the fastest growing industries in today’s world. A study conducted by the US Pew Research Center showed that 92 percent of teenagers go online daily. The wide spread of social media has changed nearly all parts of teenagers’ lives.
• Changing relationships
High school student Elly Cooper from Illinois said social media often reduces face- to-face communication. “It makes in-person relationships harder because of people’s attention given to their phones instead of their boyfriends or girlfriends,” Cooper said.
Yet, some people believe social media has made it easier to start relationships with anyone from anywhere. Beth Kaplan from Illinois met her long-distance friend through social media. He currently lives in Scotland, but they’re still able to frequently communicate with each other. “I can feel close to someone that I’m talking to via FaceTime,” Kaplan said.
• Wanting to be “liked”
The rise of social media has changed the way teenagers see themselves. The 19- year-old Essena O’Neill announced on the social networking service Instagram that she was quitting social media because it made her unable to stop thinking about appearing perfect online. Negative comments also can do great damage to a teenager’s self-esteem. Teenagers who get negative comments can’t help but feel hurt.
• Opening new doors
However, Armin Korsos, a student from Illinois, takes advantage of the comments he receives over social media to improve his videos on the social networking site YouTube. “Social media can help people show themselves and their talents to the world in a way that has never been possible before,” Korsos said.
1. Who met the long-distance friend through social media?A.Elly Cooper. | B.Beth Kaplan. |
C.Essena O’Neill. | D.Armin Korsos. |
A.It hurts her seriously. | B.It promotes friendship. |
C.It upsets her sometimes. | D.It develops confidence. |
A.Teenagers’ attitude toward social media. |
B.Social media’s influence on teenagers. |
C.A recent study conducted in the US. |
D.New ways of self-improvement. |
【推荐2】German workers enjoy good worker protections and shorter working hours than those in other countries. How can a country that works an average of 35 hours per week (with additionally average 24 paid vacation days) maintain such a high level of productivity?
In German business culture, when an employee is at work, he should not be doing anything other than his work. Facebook, office chat with co-workers, and pulling up a fake spreadsheet when your boss walks by are socially unacceptable behaviors.
In the BBC documentary Make Me A German, a young German woman explained her culture shock while on a working exchange to the UK. “I was in England for an exchange. I was in the office and the people are talking all the time about their private things...” What’s the plan for tonight?’, and all the time drinking coffee...” She was quite surprised by the casual nature of British workers. Upon further discussion, the Germans reveal that Facebook is not allowed in the office, and no private email is permitted.
German business culture is one of intense focus and direct communication. German workers will directly speak to a manager about performance reviews and use commanding language without softening the orders with polite phrases. For example, an American would say, “It would be great if you could get this to me by 3pm,” while a German would say, “T need this by 3pm”.
Germans work hard and play hard. Since the working day is focused on achieving efficient productivity, the off hours are truly off hours. Because of the focused atmosphere and formal environment of German businesses, employees don’t necessarily hang out together after work. Germans generally value a separation between private life and working life.
1. What should an employee do while working in German?A.Glance over Facebook. | B.Just do their work. |
C.Chat with co-workers. | D.Send private emails. |
A.Agreeable. | B.Understanding. | C.Tolerant | D.Astonished. |
A.German employees have longer hours than most other countries. |
B.German employees always communicate by using polite words. |
C.German employees often work hard and pursue efficiency. |
D.German employees hang out together after work. |
A.Unacceptable behaviors in German business culture. |
B.Germans value goal-oriented and direct communication. |
C.Germans attach importance to their working life. |
D.Why Germans work fewer hours but produce more. |
【推荐3】If you cut in line, you might just be a bad person. The queue is a regulation where the reward (the ice-cream stand/dining room/ticket booth) is earned through patience. Your choice to avoid this time-honored process will be bound to draw the anger of those you pass by, drawing remarks like “Whoa there, Chief,” the passive-aggressive “There’s a line, you know!” and of course, the incredibly common “Hey, Copernicus, why don’t you guide yourself to the back of the line?”
But, in the moment in which you really cannot wait, for example, the entire royal family has prepared a dinner party upon you last minute, then there is a way to cut the line correctly.
There are a few different ways to consider and a few different methods to employ. The regularity of the situation is very important. If you’re waiting to use the photocopier at work, you might be more likely to manage a successful cut than if you were waiting for a lifeboat on the Titanic. Sure, that might be an extreme example. But the importance of the event does matter.
For those requests in normal situations, emphasizing either the urgency of your task or the simplicity of your task proved to be effective: experimenters who said “Excuse me, I have five pages. May I use the photocopier?” had a cut rate of 60 percent and experimenters who said “May I use the photocopier because I need to make copies?” saw a success rate of 90 per cent when queuing for the copy machine.
If you have a couple of extra dollars lying around, bribing members of the line also proved to be effective. And most of the time, the person being bribed didn’t end up accepting the money, because even the offer showed that the briber had a sense of desperation.
1. Why does the author use the remarks about Chief and Copernicus in paragraph 1?A.To illustrate the reaction from members in line. | B.To encourage those who want to cut in line. |
C.To praise the behavior of cutting in line. | D.To provide advice which helps cut in line. |
A.Giving the members in line money. | B.Stating the emergency of the event. |
C.Considering the regularity of the situation. | D.Defending the right of cutting in line. |
A.Be Patient When Queuing. | B.Acceptable Ways to Cut in Line. |
C.Time and Tides Waits for No Man. | D.Special Rights under Emergency. |
【推荐1】According to the recent (最近的) report, five of the ten most populous (人口众多的) countries are in Asia, three in the Americas, and one each in Europe and Africa. With over 1.4 billion people, China has the largest population in the world. India comes in second with 1.355 billion, and the United States comes in third with around 328 million. Indonesia comes in fourth and Pakistan comes in fifth of the world’s most populous countries.
However, China is facing a serious aging population problem now. To solve the problem, China began relaxing its family planning policy (生育政策) in 2012. It said that if either one of the couples was the only child of their parents, they could have two children in 2013. And in 2016, China further relaxed the two-child policy (二胎政策) to all couples. In 2021, China allowed all couples to have three children.
However, a good family planning policy alone is not enough. The government should find ways to lower the cost of raising children and improve the elderly care services. Also, a friendly social and cultural environment should be provided for couples who want to have three children.
1. Half of the ten most populous countries are in .A.The Americas | B.Asia | C.Africa |
A.China and the US. | B.Indonesia and China. | C.India and China. |
A.In 2012. | B.In 2013. | C.In 2016. |
A.The changes of China’s family planning policy. |
B.The influence of China’s family planning policy. |
C.The problem of China’s family planning policy. |
A.need more people’s help | B.need to do more work | C.should take care of elderly people |
【推荐2】The Aral Sea was once the world's fourth largest lake. Filled with salt water and at least 24 species of fish, the Aral Sea supported a large fishing industry. In the 1960s, water from the Aral Sea started to be used to irrigate dry fields to produce cotton. Three quarters of the water was pumped from the sea over the next two decades, leaving behind a salt-covered desert. The disappearing Aral Sea split into two separate lakes-the small Northern Sea and a much larger body of water to the south.
By that time, most fish in the Aral Sea were gone. Salty irrigation water soon damaged the soil in the cotton fields, so huge amounts of chemical pesticides(杀虫剂)and fertilizers were used trying to keep the fields productive, which could be found in the groundwater and drinking water although must cotton fields disappeared, And the wind picked up salt from the dried-up lake and carried it to farmland far from the Aral. Besides, people who lived in the area experienced many health problems.
Today, however, there is some hope for the region. In the late 1990s, people in Kazakhstan used sand and soil to build a dam that would prevent the Syr Dar'ya river water that fed the lake from flowing, out of the lake. They also decided to take less water from the river for irrigation. The water level began to rise, and places that had been completely dry for decades began to show signs of life. People who lived nearby began to believe that the Aral Sea might return.
A permanent dam, the Kok-aral dam, was completed in August 2005. By April 2006, the water level had already risen three meters, and the water was less salty. The northern part of the Aral Sea may soon be a much healthier place to live for both fish and people.
1. What aspect of the Aral Sea does paragraph 1 focus on?A.Description of the landform. | B.Protection of the ecosystem. |
C.Methods of the development. | D.Reasons for the disaster. |
A.They gave up the cotton fields for it. |
B.They reduced its consumption for irrigation. |
C.They replaced the earthen dam with a new one. |
D.They stopped the Syr Dar'ya river water running into it. |
A.Concerned | B.Positive. | C.Skeptical. | D.Cautious. |
A.Bringing Back the Aral Sea |
B.Building dams in the Aral Sea area |
C.The disappearance of the Aral Sea |
D.The development of the Aral Sea |
【推荐3】Every festival has its own meaning. Labor Day, for example, celebrates the value of hard work. Thanksgiving is about showing thanks to people around you. And Valentines’ Day is a time when you express love to your loved ones. But somehow it now seems that all festivals we just care about one thing — shopping. And that can be a big problem.
“In a way, over-consumption (过度消费) is the mother of all our environmental problems,” Kalle Lasn once told CNN. Lasn is the organizer of Buy Nothing Day, a day set up in Canada in 1992 to fight against unhealthy spending habits, and has now become an international event. It’s held on the day, which is known as Black Friday — a famous shopping day in the US and Canada.
You can see the irony (讽刺) here.
Even though the idea of Buy Nothing Day was brought up 26 years ago, we seem to need it now more than ever. It’s just as Lasn said, all the different kinds of pollution in our lives today — bad air quality, the reduction of forest area, endangered animal species, and plastic bags found in the ocean — seem to be the same cause: over-consumption.
The latest example is the Singles’ Day shopping craze of Nov 11, which saw a new sales record. But as Nie Li, a campaigner at Greenpeace, told Reuters, “Record-setting over-consumption means record-setting waste.” And it was reported that last year the Singles’ Day packages left more than 160,000 tons of waste, including plastic and cardboard. The Collins Dictionary has also just named “single-use” its Word of the Year, pointing out the problem that there’re too many things we tow out after only using them once.
So, Buy Nothing Day might only be here for one day a year, but it’s not just to remind us to the a break from shopping on that day, but to change our lifestyle completely, focusing on fun “with people we care about” rather than wasting money on useless things.
1. What’s the authors purpose of writing the first paragraph?A.To express the people’s love for all festivals. |
B.To talk about the meaning of the festivals. |
C.To appreciate the value of the festivals. |
D.To bring out the topic of the passage. |
A.To help people save money. | B.To cut the cost for daily life. |
C.To prevent over-consumption. | D.To set up a new sales record. |
A.Opposed (反对的). | B.Supportive. |
C.Unknown. | D.Neutral (中立的). |
A.Creating a New Lifestyle | B.Buy Nothing Day |
C.Festivals Around the World | D.A Change in People’s Life |