The industrial revolution was the biggest transformation in economic history. For centuries scholars have sought to understand why this process occurred in Britain around 1750. But opinions vary and some explanations are hard to prove. Researchers are now testing theories by studying why similar parts of Britain industrialized at different rates. New papers have provided evidence for a few key factors: slave-owners’ wealth, businesspersons who stood to benefit from investing, and shortages of lower-skilled workers.
Industrialization requires investment. To measure the impact of available wealth, Hans-Joachim Voth analyzed geographic variation in ownership of plantations (种植园). The wealth that Britons gained from slaves in South America flowed mainly to a few cities, such as Liverpool. By the 1830s these regions had large numbers of cotton mills and shares of workers employed in manufacturing. Other factors could have made these areas both gather wealth from slavery and industrialize quickly. But the paper tries to study slavery’s impact using slave ships’ voyages. Long journeys, caused mainly by bad weather, reduced the share of the survival of slaves and thus traders’ profits. And among similar areas, shorter trips in the 1830s meant faster industrialization.
Investors still needed to be financially driven to buy machines. In early modern Britain, most tenant farmers paid fixed rents, stopping both workers who moved elsewhere and landlords from profiting from investment. However, in 1536-40 Henry VIII ended the monasteries (修道院) and sold their land. The buyers could farm or rent it on market terms. A study by Leander shows that areas once owned by monasteries were the pioneers of industrialization. By the 1830s they had unusually large numbers of workers in trades and crafts, agricultural- machine patents(专利), textile workshops and grain separators. Those market-based farms created a commercial class and became a driving force for technological advances.
Another factor that has gained support is labour shortages. Mr. Voth studied Britain’s wars with France in 1793-1815, when there was a workforce shortage. They found that adoption of devices replacing manual labour was greatest in areas where the most men joined the army.
The strength of evidence for each of these causes implies that industrialization probably required a complex mix of conditions. Many important factors are hard to test statistically. But measuring even a few is a promising advance.
1. What is true about Voth’s study about slave ownership?A.Liverpool grew fat on the basis of the slave trade. |
B.Slaves could hardly find jobs in manufacturing industry. |
C.The parts with more slaves were slower to industrialize. |
D.Longer slave ships’ voyages meant greater traders’ profits. |
A.It encouraged agricultural development. |
B.It promoted an increasing market economy. |
C.It cut across the line of race and religion. |
D.It raised money for the industrial revolution. |
A.Manual labor should be highly valued by the government. |
B.Social and political problems may lead to the outbreak of wars. |
C.Most men were reluctant to join the army because of financial burdens. |
D.Modern machines were invented massively due to the workforce shortage. |
A.The Geographic Variation in the Industrial Revolution |
B.The Role Slave-owners Play in the Industrial Revolution |
C.Causes of the Industrial Revolution Identified by New Studies |
D.The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Britain’s Economy |
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【推荐1】Every woman dreams of receiving a huge, sparkling and priceless diamond. Now scientists have discovered the largest diamond in the universe.
But it’s well beyond the reach of the most lovestruck men — 50 light years to be precise. Space scientists revealed that they had discovered a ten billion trillion trillion carat gem. Measuring 2,500 miles across and weighing five million trillion trillion pounds, the rock was found on Valentine's Day buried in the core of a white dwarf star in the constellation Centaurus.
“It’s the mother of all diamonds,” said Travis Metcalfe, who led the team of researchers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics in America.
“You would need a jeweller’s loupe the size of the Sun to grade this diamond.” Named Lucy, after the Beatles' song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds, the rock has sent a ripple of excitement through the scientific world.
The largest diamond found on earth was the 3,106-carat Cullinan. It was cut into nine major stones, including the 530-carat Star of Africa, now a part of the Crown Jewels. Diamonds were first discovered in India more than 2,800 years ago. The Ancient Romans believed that the stones were splinters of stars that had tumbled to earth.
In Ancient Egypt, diamonds were symbols of eternity and were used in funeral rites. In the Middle Ages, men wore them to symbolize their courage and virility. The tradition of giving them as love tokens dates from 1477, when Archduke Maximilian of Austria gave a diamond ring to Mary of Burgundy.
1. The largest diamond in the universe________.A.was found 50 years ago | B.was in the centre of a white dwarf star |
C.was too large to measure | D.could be graded by a common jeweller's loupe |
A.Diamonds have symbolized love since 1477. |
B.The largest diamond on earth was found 2,800 years ago. |
C.The Crown Jewels was totally made of the 530-carat Star of Africa. |
D.At present, men wear diamonds to symbolize their courage and virility. |
A.Diamond — a must on important occasions |
B.Love — the symbolism of diamonds |
C.Discovery — the largest diamond in the world |
D.Diamond — the dream of women |
【推荐2】Travel the globe without leaving home—with this set of the world’s five most popular pure silver coins. Each of these coins is recognized for its breathtaking beauty, and for its stability even in unstable times, since each coin is backed by its government for weight, purity and legal tender (法定货币) value.
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1. How’s 2023 Canada Maple Leaf different from others?A.Higher purity. | B.Highest popularity. |
C.More portraits. | D.Most issued. |
A.1982. | B.1983. | C.1984. | D.1985. |
A. | B. |
C. | D. |
【推荐3】Great Smoky Mountains National Park lies on both sides of the border between North Carolina and Tennessee. Its highest peak is called “Clingmans Dome”. But before it got that name, the Cherokee people called the mountain “Kuwahi”. It sits on ancestral Cherokee homelands. Since the ancient times, the landscape, including mountains and streams, has shaped the history of Cherokee people. They used that name for hundreds of years. Now, tribal members are hoping to return to the Kuwahi name.
The Cherokee Nation once spread across what is now Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama. In 1838, the tribe was forcibly relocated to present-day Oklahoma—in what was later known as the “Trail of Tears”. Through sickness and terrible travel conditions, nearly 4,000 Cherokee people died during the forced removal from their homeland. Some Cherokee managed to avoid relocation to Oklahoma by going into hiding, including on Kuwahi. “We’re here today because our ancestors hid in those mountains, specifically in Kuwahi,” Hill said.
The name change of the Cherokee’s mountain came in 1859, when geographer and professor Arnold Henry Guyot labeled Kuwahi “Clingmans Dome”. The peak was named after Thomas Lanier Clingman, who was a strong supporter of slavery. Clingman was not connected to the Cherokee people in any way. “Naming the mountain after Clingman erases everything that the Cherokee people are in order to rename it after someone with zero ties to our community. He didn’t even live here,” said Hill.
In June 2022, Yellowstone National Park’s Mount Doane was renamed to First Peoples Mountain. “That was a huge victory for our brothers and sisters,” Hill said. “I hope it’s just the beginning of accurately recognizing and honoring numerous historically significant sites for tribes and native people nationwide. There were so many places that were special and important to native people prior to colonization. I want to be the voice for my people, for my ancestors.”
1. What do the Cherokee people intend to do according to Paragraph 1?A.Save their language. | B.Go back to their homeland Kuwahi. |
C.Reshape their history. | D.Change the name back to “Kuwahi”. |
A.The sad history of the Cherokee people. |
B.The sheltering place for the Cherokee people. |
C.The causes of the decrease of the Cherokee people. |
D.The traveling route of the ancient Cherokee Nation. |
A.It is related to the culture of the Cherokee people. |
B.It reminds the Cherokee people of their ancestors. |
C.It removes everything about the Cherokee history. |
D.It reflects the slave position of the Cherokee people. |
A.To add great honor to her ancestors. | B.To make his homeland well-known. |
C.To express the opinions of her people. | D.To name more historically significant sites. |
【推荐1】When people wanted to find their way to a place in the past, they used to have to buy a map. They don’t have to do that any more. Now they can either buy a GPS or go online and maps for just about anywhere.
In this an improvement? Perhaps , but some people think some of the online companies are going too far , because they have been sending out cars with photographic equipment on their roofs , to photograph every street and house in the country.
One of these cars arrived on a Wednesday morning in the quiet English village of Broughton. The camera was on a metre-high stick on top of the car and could see over walls and into people’s gardens. Some of the villagers came and stood around the car, and asked the driver and photographer to go away. Reporters quickly arrived on the scene, and soon the event was news all over the country.
Of course, the online company in question says that it is simply collecting information that people on the Internet want. But the villagers feel differently. ‘We used to have privacy in this country—now companies just come and take photographs of our homes without even asking .’
said one villager. ‘It is not right .We mustn’t let this happen. We mustn’t lose our right to live privately.’
There is , of course, no law to prevent people from taking photographs of houses, so the villagers cannot go to court. But many people are asking the question: ‘OK, it’s legal, but is it right?’ This is a question that won’t go away very…
1. How is Paragraph 1 mainly developed?A.By analyzing(分析) causes. |
B.By giving descriptions. |
C.By making comparisons. |
D.By providing explanations. |
A.Doing a lot of work. |
B.Walking a long distance. |
C.Taking more pictures than necessary. |
D.Behaving in a way that upsets people. |
A.Uncaring. | B.Angry. |
C.Friendly. | D.Thankful |
A.Why is GPS important? |
B.The improvement of maps |
C.It’s legal --- but is it right? |
D.The development of the Internet |
【推荐2】An unusual experiment in Botswana suggests that painting eyes on the rear (臀部) ends of cows may help protect them from large predators (食肉动物) like lions. Protecting cows could also end up protecting the lions from angry farmers.
Large predators like lions are under pressure. Much of the land they used to roam (徜徉) has been taken over by humans. Many are hunted illegally. One serious threat to large predators comes from farmers, who often shoot or poison them after losing farm animals for their attacks.
This has long been a problem in the Okavango Delta. Some parts of the Okavango are protected, but there are also many small farms in the area, with between 6 and 100 cows. Lions are the biggest threat to cattle in the area. At night, farmers normally keep their animals in closed areas protected from predators. But in the daytime, when many predators are most active, the cattle are allowed out to eat grass.
Scientists from the University of New South Wales wondered if painting pictures of eyes on the cows' rear ends might protect them. The idea isn't as strange as it may sound. There are many examples of animals such as butterflies or fish using fake “eyes” to protect themselves.
Working with over 2,000 cows 8 on 14 different farms in the Okavango area, the scientists tested their ideas in a four-year study. The researchers separated the cows into three different groups. They painted large eyes on the rear ends of one group of cows. The second group got simple Xs. The final group got nothing.
The eyes worked very well. Of the 683 cows with eyes painted on them, none were killed in the four-year period. Cows with nothing on their rear ends didn't do so well. Fifteen of the 835 cows with bare backsides were killed. The scientists were surprised to learn that even Xs seemed to give the cows some protection. Only 4 of the 543 cows with Xs were killed.
1. What makes farmers become a threat to large predators?A.Hunting them for meat. |
B.Defending themselves. |
C.Protecting farm animals. |
D.Shooting them for pleasure. |
A.They are close to life. |
B.Their colors vary. |
C.They are fierce enough. |
D.Their fake eyes work. |
A.By listing the number of cows. |
B.By presenting the facts of tests. |
C.By analyzing the varieties of tests. |
D.By showing the differences of tests. |
A.Protecting Cows Proves Urgent. |
B.Lions Become Enemies of Cows. |
C.Fake Eyes Protect Cows from Lions. |
D.Cows Are in Danger of Extinction. |
【推荐3】New research has found that even if you give up smoking, the damage it has done to your genes (基因) will stay there for a much longer time.
In the research,a team of US scientists studied the blood of 16,000 people. Among them, some were smokers, some used to smoke, and the rest were non-smokers. Scientists compared their genes and found that more than 7,000 genes of smokers had changed—a number that is one-third of known human genes.
According to NBC News, both heart disease and cancer are caused by genetic changes. Some people may have had the changes when they were born,but most people get them in their day-to-day lives while doing things like smoking.
When you stop smoking,a lot of these genes will return to normal within five years. This means your body is trying to heal (治愈) itself of the harmful effects of smoking. But the changes in some of the genes stay for longer. They can stay for as long as 30 years. It’s almost like leaving a footprint on wet cement (水泥)-it will always be there, even when you’ve walked away and when the cement becomes dry.
Although the study results may make people unhappy, there is a bright side: the findings could help scientists invent medicine to treat genetic damage caused by smoking or find ways to tell which people have heart disease or cancer risks.
1. The function of Paragraph 1 is to .A.give an example | B.show the blackground of the passage |
C.make an argument | D.introduce the topic of the passage |
A.people’s condition at birth | B.environmental pollution |
C.people’s bad living habits | D.heart disease and cancer |
A.the cement | B.the footprint |
C.the harmful effects | D.the genetic change |
A.The findings can’t help scientists to find ways to tell which people have heart disease. |
B.The findings have prevented more people from starting smoking. |
C.The findings offer evidence that a damaged gene can heal itself. |
D.The findings help scientists to find cures for genetic damage caused by smoking. |