【推荐2】The Global Food Donation Policy Atlas has issued a recent report in order to recommend ways to increase food donations, reduce food waste, and fight hunger, which may help Kenyan leaders meet 2030 food waste reduction goals.

Food donation can reroute eatable food — that would otherwise give off greenhouse gasses in a landfill — to those experiencing hunger. According to the Famine Early Warning Systems Network, 3.5 million Kenyans, roughly 37 percent of the population, face severe hunger. At the same time, the Policy Atlas reports roughly 40 percent of food produced within Kenya goes to waste. But Broad Leib, Deputy Director of Harvard Law School Food Law and Policy Clinic (FLPC), sees some promising changes. “While progress is not happening as quickly as needed, Kenya’s food loss index has been steadily (稳步地) reduced from 1,744 metric tons in 2017, to 1,531 in 2018, to 1,446 metric tons in 2019, indicating a steady improvement and national commitment to food loss reduction,” reports Broad Leib.

According to the Policy Atlas, motivating food donation with rewards is particularly important, which helps food donors and food recovery organizations make up for costs necessary for recovery, storing, processing, and transporting food for donation.

“A major driver of food waste is inconsistent or unclear date labels that cause confusion among all actors along the value chain and limit the ability of businesses to donate food. This increases the likelihood that much safe food will go to waste,” Broad Leib tells Food Tank. However, he acknowledges Kenya’s current dual (双的) date labeling laws. While food may lose its freshness over time, it is still edible before expiration (到期). Dual date labeling on packaged foods reduces confusion by defining dates for both safety and quality. This helps reduce considerable waste and responsibility for donors.

Broad Leib believes that the private sector can also play a significant role in decreasing food waste in Kenya. It is vital for consumer education campaigns. FLPC’s research shows that public-private initiatives can help raise awareness among consumers and donors around issues of food waste and food donation.

1. What changes does Broad Leib see?

A．People in Kenya no longer suffer hunger.

B．Kenya has gradually reduced its food waste.

C．Kenya is not committed to reducing food loss.

D．Progress in reducing food waste is happening quickly.

2. What does the underlined word “edible” mean in Paragraph 4?

A．Delicious.

B．Convenient.

C．Eatable.

D．Affordable.

3. How can Kenya reduce food waste according to Broad Leib?

A．By increasing storehouses.

B．By fighting hunger with rewards.

C．By reducing food produced within the country.

D．By using double date labeling on packaged food.

4. What can we learn from the last paragraph?

A．Private and public joint efforts matter around food issues.

B．Consumer education campaigns are the most important.

C．Only the private sector is helpful in reducing food waste.

D．Broad Leib doesn’t agree with FLPC on food waste reduction.

【推荐3】An exhibition at the Harvard Museum of Natural History is around the theme of food plant disease, using early 20th-century glass models of rotting fruit.

Known as Harvard's "Glass Flowers", the Ware Collection of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants consists of over 4，300 sculptures of plants and plant parts fashioned entirely in glass by the German father-and-son artists Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka between 1887 and 1936. Harvard originally used the models as teaching tools, showing plants' three-dimensional structure and color.

The "Fruits in Decay" shows a collection of models of diseased, rotting, and withering(枯萎的) fruiting plants. The rotting fruit series was intended specifically to educate the public about the danger of plant disease. These models were created by Rudolf, the younger Blaschka, in the early 20th century Harvard botanist Oakes Ames asked him to create these diseased fruit models. And he thought about these as a way to look at what we now call food security-or insecurity.

Though the models were made nearly a hundred years ago, the theme is as remarkable as ever. Most of the illnesses shown on Rudolf Blaschka's plant models still affect today's crops.

"In certain ways, global agriculture is more likely to be harmed than it has ever been to disease threats(威胁), largely due to the widespread practice of planting one crop over large production areas. Less genetic diversity means that crops have less resistance to disease," says Sheng Yang He, a professor at Michigan State University.

Climate change will make plants morevulnerableto disease because warming temperatures disable an important plant defense system against plant disease. Major crop loss from plant disease is already at a shocking 20 to 40 percent. Food security threats from disease will almost certainly become more common so there's a lot to be done about convincing people of it.

1. What are shown on the exhibition?

A．Models of diverse crops.	B．Models of withering flowers.
C．Models of rotting plant parts.	D．Models of diseased fruiting plants.

2. By whom were the exhibits created?

A．Oakes Ames.	B．Sheng Yang He.
C．Rudolf Blaschka.	D．Leopold Blaschka.

3. Why is the exhibition meaningful?

A．It convinces people of the food security threats.

B．It reminds people of effects of global warming.

C．It helps people understand the history of fruit planting.

D．It provides people with knowledge of global agriculture.

4. What does the underlined word "vulnerable" in the last paragraph mean?

A．Weak and easily hurt.	B．Resistant and protected.
C．Defensive and hard to attack.	D．Sensitive and completely destroyed.

【推荐1】Fall is finally here! This is the most glorious time of the year. Leaves are turning yellow, and the weather is cool enough to wear your favorite sweaters. But for some, the changing of the seasons is vexing, and can lead to a sudden dip in energy, making many people wonder why they get more tired in the fall.

Many studies show that some viruses causing the common cold are more active in cooler weather, which may further lead to fall fatigue (疲劳).

However, the cold weather isn’t the only reason you may be feeling run-down this fall. The lack of sunlight can also have a significant impact on how energetic we feel. “There’s a special circuit from your eyeballs that goes directly to your brain that picks up sunlight, and the most important signal is sunlight in the morning. That sunlight in the morning helps wake you up, and also helps keep you awake all day long.” said Dr. Michael Howell, a sleep specialist. So, sleepiness is unavoidable in a season without much sunlight. When people’s exposure to sunlight is increasingly limited, some people may suffer from Seasonal Affective Disorder, or SAD. Too often, SAD is treated as a punchline, but for the estimated 10 million Americans who suffer from it, it’s not a joke. SAD is a form of depression that is related to the change in seasons, which makes people feel tired easily. Symptoms can include high pressure, feelings of depression and a heavy feeling in arms and legs, etc. And most people experience them during the fall and winter.

While the fall is a beautiful season, the disorder it can bring to your body and mind is no joke. Be sure to put your health and wellness first as you head into fall. It’s an ideal time to cook soup and stew, clean out your room, take a walk outside, or relax with a good book. Sleep tight, my friends.

1. What does the underlined word “vexing” mean in paragraph 1?

A．Annoying

B．Shocking.

C．Enjoyable.

D．Important.

2. What is the function of sunlight according to Dr. Michael Howell?

A．Creating more energy.	B．Keeping people awake.
C．Helping people sleep tight.	D．Showing the change of seasons.

3. What can we learn about SAD?

A．It depends on temperatures.

B．It strikes people in sunny seasons.

C．It is clearly understood by most people.

D．It has both physical and mental impacts.

4. What might be the best title for the text?

A．How you keep awake in the fall?

B．Why you are more tired in the fall?

C．What you should do to stay energetic in the fall?

D．Who you can turn to for tips on SAD in the fall?

【推荐2】It is a sad truth that any health crisis (危机) will lead to a large outbreak of misinformation.

In the 80s, 90s, and 2000s we saw the spread of dangerous lies about AIDS - from the belief that the HIV virus was created by a government laboratory to the idea that it could be treated with goat’s milk. These claims increased risky behaviour and worsened the crisis.

Now, we are surrounded with unreal news - this time around Covid-19 (新冠肺炎). The Economist in March 2020 found 13% of Americans believed Covid-19 was a trick while 49% believed the virus might be man-made. While you might hope that greater brainpower or education would help us to tell facts from lies, it is easy to find examples of many educated people falling for false information. Kelly Brogan, who has a degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has refused clear evidence of the virus’s danger in countries like China and Italy and even questioned the health officials.

Part of the problem arises from the nature of the messages themselves. As BBC Future has described in the past, suppliers of false news can make their message feel “truthy” through a few simple tricks, which discourages us from using our critical thinking skills.

For example, a simple image alongside a statement increases our trust in its accuracy (准确)---even if it is only partly related to the statement. Moreover, even the simple repetition of a statement can increase the “truthiness” by increasing feelings of familiarity.

These tricks have long been known by peddlers (传播者) of misinformation, but today’s social media make the spread more easily. Recent evidence shows that many people share information on the Internet without even thinking about its truthfulness and ignoring the obvious question: is it true?

1. How does the author support his ideas in the text?

A．By giving examples.	B．By making comparisons.
C．By doing scientific research.	D．By explaining statistical data.

2. The author mentions Kelly Brogan in paragraph 3 to prove that ________.

A．Covid-19 is not real but may be man-made

B．plenty of false news crowds into people’s daily life

C．even well-educated people may not tell facts from lies

D．countries like China and Italy have suffered greatly these days

3. People are most likely to believe the false news when ________.

A．it’s unfamiliar to them	B．it’s attached with clear evidences
C．it carries several messages at a time	D．it includes pictures and repeated statements

4. What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?

A．Many people share false information to attract more followers.

B．Fake news peddlers have long tricked people into ignoring truth.

C．Some tricks prevent people from applying critical thinking skills.

D．It’s today’s social media that speed up the spread of misinformation.

【推荐1】Nowadays some companies are attempting to grow seafood from cells in a laboratory, rather than harvesting it from the oceans.

With massive problems with overfishing worldwide and growing demand for supplies of seafood, the way fish currently makes its way to our plates is unable to work long-term. Between 1961 and 2016, the average annual increase in global food fish consumption outpaced population growth.This isn't good for us, the fish, or the environment as a whole.

Cellular (细胞) seafood could be the answer. Just don't make the mistake of calling it lab-grown fish. "None of us in the industry would call it lab-grown seafood,” says Mike Selden, CEO of Finless Foods. “Finless Foods isn't lab-grown. We experiment and create our science in the lab, but don't produce there. Our products come from a production facility much like a farm. We just don't need the animals to create the nutrition."

Finless Foods is a biotech company located in San Francisco. Since 2017, it's been working to bring to market a species of cultured bluefin tuna (人工养殖的蓝鳍金枪鱼) created using cellular technology. Shortly after that, the company produced its first pound of bluefin tuna meat for a cost of about $19,000. Since then, however, it's been working to bring that price down.

Selden terms what Finless Foods is doing as “cell-based seafood”. “We're growing seafood from real seafood cells,” Selden explained. “We take cells from a fish once, and then grow them endlessly from that. We do the same process that happens inside of a fish and make it happen outside of a fish.”

The goal of cellular seafood isn't, its supporters claim, to entirely disturb the current seafood industry. Instead, it's intended to augment it — and perhaps to help reduce overfishing and illegal fishing. And when it comes to certain sea species, this laboratory-based approach could help create a plentiful supply of certain fish without endangering the survival of certain                                        overfished species as a whole.

1. What is the second paragraph intended to show?

A．The problem with global overfishing.

B．The decreasing food fish consumption.

C．The negative environmental effects of seafood.

D．The importance of producing cellular seafood.

2. Why is Mike Selden mentioned in the passage?

A．To explain the concept of lab-grown seafood.

B．To show people's passion for cellular seafood.

C．To describe his company's devotion to cellular seafood.

D．To introduce the features of producing cellular seafood.

3. What problem is Finless Foods trying to solve with cellular seafood?

A．Its poor nutrient content.	B．The high cost of its production.
C．Its potential negative health effects.	D．The complicated production process.

4. What does the underlined word “augment” in the last paragraph mean?

A．Cancel.	B．Replace.
C．Expand.	D．Tolerate.

【推荐2】Layton Guenther recently took a break from work to talk about moving from a wealthy neighborhood near New York City to a farm on Long Island. “Farming----where I grew up----was a very unusual career choice，” said the 32-year -old American.”But everybody belongs to the land in their own way. None of us should feel separated from it.”

Guenther was brought up in a rich town outside New York， where most people never think about working on a farm. Today Guenther grows potatoes， pumpkins，wheat and other crops at Quail Hill， New York. She is one of a growing number of college-educated Americans in their 20s and 30s who are changing the face of organic farming.

In the United States organic farming is a growing industry. Some of the best-known organic farms on Long Island are operated by women. Women make up a little more than 37 percent of all organic farmers nationwide. They represent 36 percent of all commercial farmers. Experts predict women’s share in farming is likely to increase. One reason organic farmers are more popular is that their smaller size means less money is needed to support them. The average organic farm is around 141 hectares， compared to 178 hectares for a commercial farm.

These new young farmers chose organic farming because of their desire to have an influence on society.

Guenther said that the farmers meant to protect natural resources for future generation， to fight against climate change and to feed their community good and healthy food.

Although organic farming is growing quickly， it comes with high labor costs and at times smaller harvests than commercial farming. So it can be a difficult business for new farmers. “When I look now at the starting of the farm， it seems really audacious，”Guenther said.”But in that environment ，in2008， everyone had lost their jobs and there was no work. So it didn’t feel strange to start something new，” she said.

1. What do we know about Guenther from the first two paragraphs ?

A．She had no farming background.

B．She hoped to become a wealthy farmer.

C．She dreamed of farming during childhood.

D．She created the age of organic farming in America.

2. Why do more women begin to operate organic farming ?

A．It is smaller in size.	B．It is modern farming.
C．It has lower labor costs	D．It produces better harvests.

3. What’s the purpose of Guenther taking up organic farming?

A．To deal with unemployment	B．To make a difference to the world
C．To experience a different career	D．To have healthy and natural food

4. What does the underlined word “audacious” in the last paragraph mean ?

A．Rewarding

B．Exciting

C．Promising

D．Daring