What makes a person a giver or a taker? The idea of “give vs. take” takes shape in all interactions (互动) and relationships of our lives. We’re either giving advice, making time for people, or we’re on the receiving end. We keep changing between the two based on different situations on a daily basis, if not an hourly one. According to Adam Grant, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, most people are matchers. They make careful observations on takers and make it a point for them to pay something back. They hate to see people who act so generously towards others not receive any rewards. Actually, most matchers will try hard to promote and support givers so that they can get the good they deserve.
Is there a gender factor (性别因素) that plays a part in this?
A study led by Hannah Riley Bowles, a professor at Harvard University, focused on this question. She asked 200 senior managers to sit down in pairs where one person would act as the boss and the other as an employee to discuss salary promotions. Male “employees” asked for an average salary of $146 k while the females asked for only $141 k. But why did they not bargain as hard as the men? Simply because they were more likely to be givers.
As a woman, I do enjoy the act of giving up my time, my knowledge, and my care and attention to others. I don’t expect anything in return, but I do tend to pull myself away when I feel like I’m being taken for granted (被认为理所当然). I also tend to get upset when I see a loved one’s continuous actions of kindness go unnoticed. So, it’s safe to say I’m 50% giver, 35% matcher and 15% taker.
I do know someone, however, who is 99% giver. They’re constantly devoting their time, sharing valuable insights(洞察力) and going out of their way for everyone who crosses their path. Although they’ve changed the lives of many people, they rarely see any of it returned. But the universe is slowly repaying them; they are now extremely successful, well known for what they do.
1. We can learn from the first paragraph that________.A.most people think they are givers |
B.people are not always givers or takers |
C.an individual is born to be a giver or a taker |
D.few differences exist between givers and takers |
A.the role of giving and taking in jobs |
B.the gender difference in giving and taking |
C.the role of men and women in society |
D.the salary difference between women and men |
A.think acts of kindness should be valued |
B.expect something in return for giving most of the time |
C.take giving for granted |
D.be a complete matcher |
A.Giving is the shortest path to success. |
B.Sharing is the greatest human quality. |
C.No good deed goes undone. |
D.Givers are worth respecting. |
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【推荐1】Social media has become a prevalent aspect of modern life, providing people with new ways to communicate and connect with others. However, as social media usage rises, so do the concerns surrounding its impact on mental health. Recent studies have shown that frequent social media use can increase feelings of anxiety, depression, and loneliness.
One way that social media negatively affects mental health is through the unrealistic portrayal of people’s lives. Many individuals on social media present polished and curated versions of their lives, showcasing only the most desirable aspects. These filtered images and messages can leave people feeling inadequate and depressed as they compare their own lives to what they see online.
Furthermore, the constant barrage of notifications, messaging, and updates can leave individuals feeling overwhelmed, leading to heightened feelings of anxiety and stress. Social media can also foster a toxic environment where cyberbullying, harassment, and discrimination thrive.
Despite these negative impacts, social media can also have positive effects on mental health. People who use social media to connect with others can develop strong friendships and a support system. Social media can also provide a space for individuals to learn about mental health resources and connect with communities of people facing similar challenges.
It is therefore crucial for individuals to manage their social media usage and recognize the potential risks. Limiting screen time, following positive accounts, and practicing self-care can help minimize the negative impacts of social media on mental health. Moreover, society as a whole must address these issues and work towards creating a culture of positiveness, inclusiveness, and mental wellness online.
1. How do social media passively affect mental health?A.By generating a toxic environment where cyberbullying thrives. |
B.By providing a space for individuals to connect with others. |
C.By improving self-esteem and preventing loneliness. |
D.By encouraging healthy behaviors. |
A.Screen time mounts. |
B.Follow passive accounts. |
C.Overlook self-care practices. |
D.Contain screen time and follow positive accounts. |
A.Creating a toxic environment. |
B.Encouraging healthy behaviors. |
C.Providing people with a support system. |
D.All of the above. |
A.Increase feelings of happiness and contentment. |
B.Incubate feelings of inadequacy and depression. |
C.Assist people to lift up their lives. |
D.None of the above. |
【推荐2】Loneliness is a widespread problem with complex roots.
There has been a quiet pandemic developing while most people's attention has been on covid-19. The lockdown has worsened a problem that has been spreading in many developed nations for decades: loneliness.
It is a complex issue which covers not only social lives, but the way you work and the way you vote. Noreena Hertz, an academic, deals with the subject in an important new book, "The Lonely Century". Loneliness increases the risk of heart disease, strokes and dementia(痴呆症). Those who say they are lonely are likelier to be depressed five years later. In addition, lonely people can become more hostile towards others and more attracted to extremist politics.
Part of the problem stems from contemporary employment. Globally, two in five office workers feel lonely at work. This rises to three in five in Britain. Gig-economy(零工经济)jobs can leave people with insecure incomes and without the companionship of colleagues. The pandemic has made it more difficult to make, and maintain friendships, particularly for new employees.
Ms.Hertz points her finger at other recent developments. One of them is social media. The internet has led to much cyber-bullying (although it has also been a source of companionship during the lockdown). And people glued to their smartphones spend less time interacting socially.
Some changes in behavior are caused by individual choice. Before the pandemic no one was stopping people going to church or taking part in sports. They simply preferred to do other things. American fathers spend three times as much time with their children as they did in the 1960s. That is surely a welcome development.
So recreating a communal society may be difficult. When the pandemic ends, people may enjoy the chance to be with their neighbors and colleagues for a while. But the trend is clear. Technology means that people can get their entertainment at home, and work there, too. It is convenient but it also leads to loneliness.
1. What does the underlined phrase "a quiet pandemic" refer to in the second paragraph?A.Covid-19. |
B.Loneliness. |
C.The lockdown. |
D.A complex issue. |
A.To show the seriousness of loneliness. |
B.To advertise a new book. |
C.To give an example of loneliness. |
D.To introduce what to be discussed. |
A.Contemporary employment. |
B.Social media. |
C.Individual choice. |
D.Extremist politics. |
A.Loneliness: Good or Not? |
B.A Common Disease. |
C.Loneliness: A Clear Trend. |
D.Pandemic and Loneliness. |
【推荐3】Interactions between people and elephants have a long history. Elephants have been trained and used by human beings for thousands of years, for everything from transportation to construction to logging to war.
In more recent times, Asian elephants have been used in entertainment and as a living ''machine'' to help move logs through the jungle as part of the logging industry. The latter changed in Thailand in 1989, when the Thai government banned the use of elephants in the logging industry. Owners of elephants had very little choice but to turn to tourism to earn enough to care for themselves and their elephants by offering elephant riding to tourists.
Mahouts (象夫) are the elephant handlers who you will see riding or managing the elephants at any camp you visit. The traditional mahout life isn't easy. They are bonded to their elephant and they rarely have time off or time for family.
These years, younger mahouts in Thailand have been more likely to leave the mahout life to find jobs in the city, resulting in elephants having to get used to multiple mahouts. This can lead to additional stress on the elephant, or result in abuse by a mahout trying to manage an elephant that hasn’t built any level of trust with him.
Opponents of elephant riding may suggest that elephant rides be illegal. My worry is that an immediate ban could lead to another massive change in how elephants are treated, similar to ending elephant logging in 1989. How will mahouts that are currently making a living and supporting their elephants through rides be able to continue to do so? The average lifespan of an elephant is 60 years. Any solution needs to take into account the long-term effects on the elephants currently employed giving rides.
1. What happened in 1989 in Thailand?A.Elephants lost their jobs. | B.Elephants joined in tourism. |
C.Entertainment was forbidden. | D.The government banned logging. |
A.The great stress to make money. |
B.The former masters’ leaving them. |
C.The heavy load on the elephants. |
D.The owners' mistrust of the elephants. |
A.Will You Go to Thailand? |
B.Why are Elephants Trained? |
C.How do Mahouts Train Elephants? |
D.Should You Ride Elephants in Thailand? |
A.To present a problem. | B.To criticize mahouts. |
C.To introduce Thailand. | D.To record his experience. |
【推荐1】Scientists say only enlarging the world’s nature reserve to help protect plants and animals may be useless. The main reason is that levels of human activity are rising in and around the nature reserves. In fact, recognizing spaces as protected areas is not reducing human activity there.
The researchers found that a lack of money to pay for land conservation(保护)is affecting conservation efforts. And it is a lack of communication between people who live in protected natural areas and outsiders. About 17 percent of the world is within protected areas, including the national parks, nature reserves and wilderness areas. Protected areas are important for supporting environments with many different kinds of plants and animals.
The researchers again found increasing human activity in most protected areas in every country. However, they said that human activity appeared to be more of a problem in nations with fewer roads and lower life standards on the Human Development Index(指数). The index uses information about life length, education and earnings to grade countries on human development.
Across the northern Australia, protected areas often proved effective at slowing human activity when compared with unprotected areas. But in South America, Southeast Asia and African countries, pressure from human activity inside protected areas was higher.
Experts say governments need to provide fund support to help protected areas. Simply recognizing a place as a protected area can’t be the beginning and the end of a conservation effort. Working with local people to take efforts is also important. If they’re not partners in the protected areas, then wildlife conservation is much more difficult.
1. What are protected areas mainly affected by according to the text?A.Human activity. | B.Climate change. |
C.Population growth. | D.Environmental pollution. |
A.Record more roads in the world. |
B.Improve education in all countries. |
C.Grade countries on human development. |
D.Lead more people to make more money. |
A.People May Cause Harm to Plants and Animals |
B.Nature Reserves May Not Protect Wildlife Safely |
C.Nature Reserves in the World Should Be Increased |
D.Local People Should Focus on the Natural Environment |
【推荐2】For a long time, people had to listen to the radio to get news, dramas and music at home. This all changed with the development of the television in the early 20th century.
For most of TV’s history, we have fitted our weekday evenings around broadcasts of EastEnders, Emmerdale and Coronation Street. However, that seems no longer to be so. Today, we have the power to watch whatever we want through streaming services, whenever we want and wherever we want. The services have given us access to more content than was ever possible, including back catalogues of classic shows and movies.
It’s not just the streaming services that are taking away audiences from traditional TV channels. Social media sites also provide competition to traditional TV since they allow the uploading of video content, meaning users can watch more and shorter clips (片段) at their convenience.
In the UK, adults are spending more time watching content on streaming services than ever before. In 2018, the figure was around 26 minutes per day. This has been the trend for the past decade and it doesn’t look like it will change any time soon. While the demand for streaming services is growing, the main UK channels continue to be the most watched overall. For example, in 2018 UK adults continued to watch Channel One for an average of 41 minutes per day, more than any streaming service.
While traditional TV networks have seen a decline, the television set itself doesn’t look like it’s going anywhere any time soon. Most major TV channels have their own streaming services, which significantly increase their viewing figures. Additionally, the UK channels have begun making content that’s only available through its iPlayer service. Channel Three allows its viewers to watch original content at their convenience without having to wait for the show to air on TV first.
So, while around 50% of all households now subscribe to at least one streaming service, there is no way of knowing where television is going.
1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A.The advantages of streaming services. | B.The popularity of traditional TV channels. |
C.The competition among streaming services. | D.The effects of the Internet on people’s lives. |
A.Analyzing official figures. | B.The changing viewing habit. |
C.Preferring to watch short videos. | D.The great demand for UK channels. |
A.Enrich their content. | B.Put on older TV shows. |
C.Seek help from video makers. | D.Provide streaming services. |
A.How Were Traditional TV Networks Formed? |
B.Will Traditional TV Be Replaced by Streaming Services? |
C.Goodbye, Traditional TV Networks |
D.People’s Entertainment Ways Change with the Times |
【推荐3】Friendship is above reason, for, though you find virtues (美德) in a friend, he has been your friend before you find them. It is a gift that we offer because we must; to give it as the reward of virtue would be to set a price upon it, and those who do that have no friendship to give. If you choose your friends on the grounds that you are virtuous and want virtuous company, you are no nearer to true friendship than if you choose them for commercial reasons. Besides, who are you that you should be setting a price upon your friendship? It is enough for any man that he has the power of making friends, and he must leave it to that power to determine who his friends shall be. For, though you may choose the virtuous to be your friends, they may not choose you. It comes, like sleep, when you are not thinking about it; and you should be grateful, without any misgiving, when it comes.
So no man who knows what friendship is will give up a friend because he turns out to be disreputable (声名狼藉的). His only reason for giving up a friend is that he has stopped caring for him; and, when that happens, he should blame himself for this poverty (缺乏) of affection, not the friend for having proved unworthy.
We have our judgments and our punishments as part of the political mechanism that is forced upon us so that we may continue to live; but friendship is not friendship at all unless it teaches us that these are not part of our real life. It is only in the warmth of friendship that we see how cold a thing it is to judge and how stupid to take a pleasure in judging; for we recognize this warmth as a positive good, a richness in our natures, while the coldness that sets us judging is a poverty.
There are men who cannot be friends except when they are under an illusion (幻觉) that their friends are perfect, and when the illusion passes there is an end of their friendship. But true friendship has no illusions, for it reaches to that part of a man’s nature that is beyond his imperfections. A man is your friend, not because of his superiorities (优越), but because there is something open from your nature to his, a way that is closed between you and most men.
1. What is the author’s attitude towards choosing friends on the grounds of their virtues?A.Uncertain. | B.Concerned. | C.Supportive. | D.Disapproving. |
A.shows no care for you | B.becomes disreputable |
C.blames you for not caring about him | D.does something bad and hurts your feelings |
A.We should not make a judgment about others. |
B.Friendship can turn us to be kind-hearted people. |
C.The political mechanism plays an important role in our life. |
D.Friendship teaches us to have a positive attitude towards life. |
A.he accepts your imperfections | B.he and you understand each other |
C.he holds an open attitude towards you | D.he gives you the illusion of perfection |