Scientists say only enlarging the world’s nature reserve to help protect plants and animals may be useless. The main reason is that levels of human activity are rising in and around the nature reserves. In fact, recognizing spaces as protected areas is not reducing human activity there.
The researchers found that a lack of money to pay for land conservation(保护)is affecting conservation efforts. And it is a lack of communication between people who live in protected natural areas and outsiders. About 17 percent of the world is within protected areas, including the national parks, nature reserves and wilderness areas. Protected areas are important for supporting environments with many different kinds of plants and animals.
The researchers again found increasing human activity in most protected areas in every country. However, they said that human activity appeared to be more of a problem in nations with fewer roads and lower life standards on the Human Development Index(指数). The index uses information about life length, education and earnings to grade countries on human development.
Across the northern Australia, protected areas often proved effective at slowing human activity when compared with unprotected areas. But in South America, Southeast Asia and African countries, pressure from human activity inside protected areas was higher.
Experts say governments need to provide fund support to help protected areas. Simply recognizing a place as a protected area can’t be the beginning and the end of a conservation effort. Working with local people to take efforts is also important. If they’re not partners in the protected areas, then wildlife conservation is much more difficult.
1. What are protected areas mainly affected by according to the text?A.Human activity. | B.Climate change. |
C.Population growth. | D.Environmental pollution. |
A.Record more roads in the world. |
B.Improve education in all countries. |
C.Grade countries on human development. |
D.Lead more people to make more money. |
A.People May Cause Harm to Plants and Animals |
B.Nature Reserves May Not Protect Wildlife Safely |
C.Nature Reserves in the World Should Be Increased |
D.Local People Should Focus on the Natural Environment |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】We are all aware of the effect greenhouse gas emissions (排放) is having on our planet and the efforts needed to protect the earth. Most of us are doing our bit to reduce our influence or the environment, but despite our collective effort, are we doing enough to achieve net zero by 2050?
Net zero means not adding to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Many countries are doing their bit by changing how they produce and use power to cut down carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) output. And they announced what further steps they were going to take at the recent COP26 summit in Glasgow (格拉斯哥气候峰会).
In the UK, the government has been setting out its plans to achieve net zero by 2050. It’s recently announced an end date for the sale of gas boilers, which are used for heating homes. The idea is to replace them with heat pumps. It’s offering homeowners up to £5, 000 to replace them. Another plan in the UK is a big push towards electric cars. More charging points are to be added in streets, and no new petrol cars will be sold by 2030.
But not all emissions can be reduced to zero, so there should be other ways to make up for it. One way to do this is to plant thousands of trees, which are good at taking in carbon dioxide. The UK government has promised to plant 30, 000 hectares of trees a year by 2025. Other ideas can work too, but what’s certain is this will cost money. The CBI’s (英国工业联合会) Tom Thackray told the BBC, “those costs have to be weighed up against the cost of doing nothing.”
Whether the UK, or anyone else, reaches net zero is yet to be seen. And there’s some doubt about how this can be accurately measured anyway. But it’s generally recognised that a global effort is needed to protect the environment. Therefore, net zero targets only make sense if every other country is moving in the same direction.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that_______.A.people are doing enough to reduce the amount of green gas |
B.gas boilers must be replaced by the end of 2030 in the UK |
C.Tom Thackray believed the UK government is wasting money |
D.it might be difficult to judge whether the UK reaches net zero |
A.Negative. | B.Subjective. | C.Objective. | D.Supportive. |
A.Achieving Net Zero Target Together | B.Protecting the Environment |
C.Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions | D.Planting More Trees Together |
【推荐2】Thanksgiving is a time to give thanks, so why not show the Earth some gratitude this year? Prepare an eco-friendly celebration that even Mother Nature would be proud of. Here are some small things you can do to make a difference.
Bring your own bag.
With all the heat produced from cooking a giant feast, your house will be warmer than usual. Turn down the thermostat(恒温器)at least two degrees to save energy.
Let’s talk turkey.
The big meal is over, so what do you do with all the leftover(剩余的) turkey?
Buy locally.
Produce travels an average of 1,500 miles before reaching your home. Buy ingredients at a nearby farmer’s market to avoid harmful gases created by transporting food from far away.
Avoid wasting food.
The number of garbage trucks Americans fill each year would stretch halfway to the moon. Create natural fertilizer(肥料) for your garden by composting (将…制成堆肥)vegetable waste.
Don’t use the paper napkins.
Eating all that delicious food can get untidy, so use cloth napkins rather than paper.
Make green decorations.
A.Be green by giving |
B.Turn down the heat |
C.Don’t let it go to waste |
D.Help those who need it this holiday |
E.Make your own festive holiday decorations |
F.Shop for the holidays with a reusable fabric bag |
G.Cloth napkins can be washed and reused, which saves trees. |
【推荐3】Climate change is known to negatively affect agriculture and livestock, but there has been little scientific knowledge on which regions of the planet would be touched or what the biggest risks may be. New research led by Aalto University assesses just how global food production will be affected if greenhouse gas emissions are left uncut.
The researchers assessed how climate change would affect 27 of the most important food crops and seven different livestock, accounting for societies' varying capacities to adapt to changes. The results show that threats affect countries and continents in different ways; in 52 of the 177 countries studied, the entire food production would remain in the safe climatic space in the future. These include Finland and most other European countries.
Already vulnerable countries such as Benin, Cambodia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana and Suriname will be hit hard if no changes are made; up to 95 percent of current food production would fall outside of safe climatic space. Alarmingly, these nations also have significantly less capacity to adapt to changes brought on by climate change when compared to rich western countries. In all, 20% of the world's crop production and 18% of livestock production under threat are located in countries with low capacities to adapt to changes.
“If we let emissions grow, the increase in desert areas is especially troubling because in these conditions barely anything can grow without irrigation. By the end of this century, we could see more than 4 million square kilometres of new desert around the globe,” Matti Kummu, professor of global water and food issues at Aalto University says. “We need to lighten climate change and, at the same time, improve our food systems and societies' capacities to adapt to changes—we cannot leave the vulnerable behind. Food production must be sustainable.”
1. How does the author show the effect of climate change on the food production in paragraph 2?A.By raising questions. | B.By stating arguments. |
C.By analyzing research data. | D.By making comparisons. |
A.The measures to be taken. | B.The threat to the vulnerable countries. |
C.The assistance of rich countries. | D.The damage to crop production. |
A.He feels very desperate. | B.He cares more about others. |
C.He was in charge of the study. | D.He is worried about the vulnerable. |
A.Environment. | B.Technology. | C.Culture. | D.Politics. |
【推荐1】The confidence people place in science is frequently based not on what it really is, but on what people would like it to be. When I asked my students how they would define science, many of them replied that it’s an objective way of discovering certainties about the world. But science cannot provide certainties.
Actually, doubt and science often go hand in hand. Science, when properly functioning, questions accepted understandings and brings both new knowledge and new questions —not certainty. Doubt does not create trust, nor does it help public understanding. So why should people trust a process that seems to require a troublesome state of uncertainty without always providing solid solutions?
As a historian of science, I would argue that it’s the responsibility of scientists and historians of science to show that the real power of science lies precisely in what is often regarded as its weakness: its drive to question and challenge accepted understandings. Indeed, the scientific approach requires changing our understanding of the natural world whenever new evidence arises from either experimentation or observation. Scientific findings are temporary understandings that involve the state of knowledge at a given moment. In the long run, many of them are challenged and even overturned. Doubt might be troubling, but it pushes us towards a better understanding. Certainties, reassuring as they may seem, prevent the scientific process.
Scientists understand this, but in the dynamic between the public and science, there are two opposite misconceptions (误解). The first is a form of blind scientism — a belief that science is unquestionable and has the capacity to solve all problems. Such an idealized representation actually ignores the universal existence of controversy, conflict and error at the very heart of the scientific world.
1. What’s the real power of science according to the author?A.It provides solid solutions. | B.It defends accepted understandings. |
C.It discovers certainties about the world. | D.It keeps bringing questions and challenges. |
A.Disappointing. | B.Surprising. | C.Comforting. | D.Challenging. |
A.Science is unchallengeable and a cure-all. | B.Science is unreliable and of little use. |
C.Science is objective but impractical. | D.Science is doubtful but useful. |
A.Why Is Doubt Vital to Science? | B.Why Should We Trust Scientists? |
C.What Is the Weakness of Science? | D.What Is Scientists’ Responsibility? |
【推荐2】When we’re small children, our mistakes are applauded. Our falling-down attempts to walk for the first time are cheered by our parents, giving us the courage to get up and try again. When we accidentally put our shirt on backwards, people smile and praise our independence. At this age, the world teaches us that failure is merely part of the journey to success.
But when we get to school, we quickly learn that mistakes are bad. Answers are right or wrong, true or false. The risk-taking that used to be rewarded is now punished, and we either give up or learn to stick with safe answers. Unfortunately, this black-or-white thinking doesn’t encourage learning. Instead, it encourages a fear of failure and discourages inventiveness.
Teachers are starting to worry, and “resiliency(心理弹性)” is perhaps the latest buzzword(术语) in education. In June, the California Teacher’s Association published an article called “Teaching Students to Bounce Back.” It argued that children are under more stress than ever, but lacking in “basic coping skills”. The article infers that this loss of coping skills could be because “years of testing and test preparation have robbed them of critical thinking skills and the ability to self-reflect.” It’s no coincidence that anxiety among teenagers is on the rise. In her book, The Price of Privilege, Marilyn Levine tries to make sense of this phenomenon: “When parents place an extremely high value on outstanding performance, children come to see anything less than perfection as failure. While most kids hang in there and try to meet those high expectations, more and more kids are quitting.” Students are afraid to try anything new, prevented by fears of appearing imperfect.
Allowing our children to make mistakes is the best way to fight this culture of perfectionism. We must remind them of what they knew as toddlers(初学走路的孩子): mistakes are a valuable part of the learning process. Creation and discovery can only be developed if we give our children the freedom to fail. Schools can build resiliency by stressing exploration over correctness. School needs to be a place that doesn’t just teach the right answers: it should also be a place that teaches kids how to bounce back from failure.
1. What does the underlined word “it”(Paragraph 2) most probably refer to?A.The risk-taking. | B.The falling-down attempt. |
C.Putting one’s shirt on backwards. | D.The black-or-white thinking. |
A.lack parents’ understanding and teachers’ guiding |
B.lack critical thinking skills and self-reflection ability |
C.have too much anxiety and need comfort |
D.have too much independence and freedom |
A.most children quit because they are imperfect |
B.parents are trying to prevent their children from appearing imperfect |
C.children are so afraid of things that they try to avoid trying new things |
D.children place a high value on trying new things |
A.Making Mistakes in School Is a Must. |
B.Teaching Students to Bounce Back Is Popular. |
C.Students Should Learn Without Failure. |
D.Anxiety among Teenagers Is on the Rise. |
【推荐3】A few examples of AI (人工智能) replacing humans are: saving or withdrawing money in or from banks; face recognition at supermarkets or airports; removal of junk mails; ridesharing (拼车) apps helping people find taxis and there are still so many more! The hot debate that has been bothering the education world for ages is whether AI will replace teachers.
The AI teacher, known as the robot teacher, is a computer or machine that can teach a student according to the level it is programmed to.
There is an ever-increasing demand for teachers today that is not being met. Additionally, human teachers do carry with them some disadvantages. Some teachers are self-interested; others can be too satisfied with themselves or with a situation, so that they do not feel any change is necessary; some can have a weak-headed character or not be as knowledgeable about particular subjects as they should be.
While the thought of a reliable (可靠的) computer teaching your child might seem potential, an Al teacher cannot read its students’ emotions (情感). It cannot further simplify (简化) problems that students are having unless it is programmed to do so. It also cannot inspire its students as a human teacher can.
AI cannot replace teachers. It cannot provide its students with what they need: love, communication, student-teacher friendly and harmonious (和谐的) relationship. However, this does not mean that the Al is not necessary. Al is wonderful in a classroom! It makes the human teachers’ job easier and helps them be more efficient.
1. Why does the writer give some examples of AI uses in Paragraph 1?A.To predict what Al will do. |
B.To explain what Al is all about to us. |
C.To introduce the topic of the text. |
D.To show us science is developing fast. |
A.Al should replace human teachers. |
B.Human teachers do have disadvantages. |
C.Al is closely related to human teachers. |
D.Human teachers are expected to be perfect. |
A.Using AI needs knowledge and technology. |
B.AI must be programmed to teach students. |
C.Human teachers can improve themselves by learning. |
D.Human teachers can communicate emotionally. |
【推荐1】After bikes and umbrellas are made sharable across China, some companies started eyeing the fitness market, so shared gym rooms have hit the streets in Beijing.
Unlike regular gyms that provide large, open spaces for many members to share at the same time, the newly built shared gym rooms are small, stand-alone rooms for a person to use, often set up near living communities.
Every four-square-meter room is equipped with a treadmill (跑步机), an air cleaner, a mirror, a television and an air conditioner, and users can let down the curtains for privacy. When exercising, users can listen to music, watch movies and check emails by connecting to the Internet by the screen fixed on the treadmill. There’s no shower or washbasin.
Similar to using a shared bike, users can locate a shared gym room by smartphone application, book a room in advance and then need to scan (扫描) a QR code for use. A refundable deposit (保证金) of 99 yuan is required, and users are charged 0.2 yuan per minute.
The shared gym rooms are created by Misspao, a Beijing-based technology company founded in July. Within two weeks since it was founded, the company has already got two rounds of funding valued over 100 million yuan, Yicai Global reports. The idea of the shared fitness experience is not entirely nascent. Last December, the Shanghai-based technology company VRUN set up shared treadmills in office and apartment buildings.
The sharing economy is still becoming popular in China. According to Yicai Global, confident investors are pouring millions into sharing start-ups. In March, the State Information Center published a report which predicts that the total value of China’s sharing economy will see a yearly growth of 40% in the coming years, and it is expected to contribute around 10% to the country’s GDP by 2020.
1. What makes the shared gym room different from the regular one?A.Offering open spaces. | B.Standing in the living zone. |
C.Holding one person at a time. | D.Having some advanced equipment. |
A.Users can have a shower in it after exercise. |
B.Users who want to use it need a smartphone. |
C.Users who use it first need to pay for 99.2 yuan. |
D.Users’ privacy can’t be protected while they are exercising. |
A.Simple. | B.Popular. | C.Satisfying. | D.New. |
A.To introduce shared gym rooms. |
B.To advertise a technology company. |
C.To predict the future of the sharing economy. |
D.To persuade people to support the sharing economy. |
【推荐2】International Summer Camps for Teenagers
What do you do with a teen whose summer holiday plans amount to sleep and WeChat? Try an international summer camp.
Village Camps
Salavas, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France
+33475881681
Best for: River fun
Suitable for: 11-17 years;£1996 (13nights), starting 30 June or 14 July
This granddaddy of European camps (now in its 49th year) has sites in Austria, Portugal, Switzerland and elsewhere, but few can boast(有)a location as spectacular as the Summer River Experience Camp on the banks of the Ardeche.
It's a well-run operation with rock climbing and canoe(独木舟)training ending in a two-day 30km canoe descent of the Gorge with an overnight sleep in a tent.
Camp Adventure Academy
Lethem, Germany
+4940410094900
Best for: Survival
Suitable for: 7-16 years; £375 for one week, June 23-August 31
Set in the beautiful Luneburger Heide National Park, Survival Camp is the ultimate(终极的)outdoor adventure.
Survivors head into the forest to learn survival techniques and face the toughest challenges from lighting fires and building shelters to crossing rivers.
At the end of the week, each participant will receive a certificate, proclaiming them a true survivor and ready to battle the most difficult of situations.
Ocean Youth Trust
Gosport, England
Best for: Seafaring
Suitable for: 12-25 years; six-night sail-£575 person from 16 to 22 July, 29 July to 1 August or 4 to 11 August.
Not truly a camp, but this has adventure, friendship and sheer thrills in spades(大量). OYT gives sail training to hundreds of disadvantaged children each year and during the holidays, offers places to children from mainstream backgrounds too.
Youngsters learn to sail, navigate and cook on OYT's 32-metre boat Prolific, crewing the boat (with expert help) on voyages to France and the Channel Islands.
1. What’s the advantage of Village Camps?A.Teenagers can learn some survival techniques. |
B.Teenagers can experience some adventures. |
C.Each participant will receive a certificate. |
D.Teenagers can get canoe training. |
A.Village Camps. | B.Camp Adventure Academy. |
C.Ocean Youth Trust. | D.None. |
A.Ocean Youth Trust. | B.Village Camps. |
C.Camp Adventure Academy. | D.Ocean Youth Trust and Village Camps. |
【推荐3】Chinese food is considered to be the biggest cultural exchange between China and other countries. The following dishes are each special in their own way.
Peking Duck
This famous dish can be found at restaurants all around Beijing. High class restaurants take this dish so seriously that some even have their own duck farms and use only a special kind of duck for their specific Peking Duck dish. Peking Duck is famous for its, thin skin, and its delicious meat, which is highly popular among all foreigners, including foreign celebrities and leaders.
Won Ton Soup
Won Ton Soup, called "Hun Dun" in Chinese, is a highly welcoming dish in China. Since China is a country of many nationalities and different cultures, each region has their own shapes for won tons. Won tons are usually boiled and served in soup, but they can also be deep- fried.
Dumplings
During the Spring Festival, Chinese families will get together and have dumpling parties. It is said that the dish was invented by Zhang Zhongjing, one of the finest Chinese physicians in history. Dumplings have a 1,800-year-long history, which is why it is one of the most popular traditional foods in China and extremely popular in Western countries. They may be cooked by boiling, steaming, simmering, frying or baking.
Egg-fried Rice
Firstly from China's ancient western regions, egg-fried rice has now become part of Chinese people's daily food. Famous for its pleasant smells, soft taste and handsome appearance, one can easily find this popular dish anywhere in China, from high class hotels to family-run restaurants on the street. While it is fairly easy to make, there are some points that should be kept in mind: use left-over rice rather than newly cooked rice for better taste. Additionally, before frying, the rice should be churned up.
1. Which of the following has its own farm?'A.Restaurants serving Won Ton Soup. |
B.Restaurants, serving Peking Duck. |
C.Restaurants serving dumplings. |
D.Restaurants serving Egg-fried Rice. |
A.The long history. | B.The different shapes. |
C.The special taste. | D.The unique style of cooking, |
A.It tastes better if cooked with newly made rice. |
B.It first appeared in the northern part of China. |
C.It is served in restaurants of different classes. |
D.It was invented by an ancient Chinese physician. |
【推荐1】Many studies have shown how playing video games can lead to structural changes in the brain, including increasing the size of some regions, or to functional changes, such as activating the areas responsible for attention. New research from the University at Oberta de Catalunya (UOC) has gone further to show how cognitive changes can take place even years after people stop playing.
The study involved 27 people between the ages of 18 and 40 with and without any kind of experience with video gaming.
“People who were video gamers before adolescence, despite no longer playing, performed better with the working memory tasks, which require mentally holding and processing information to get a result,” said Marc Palaus, the author of the study.
The results show that people without experience of playing video games as a child did not benefit from improvements in processing and avoiding irrelevant stimuli. Indeed, they were slower than those who had played games as children, which matched what had been seen in earlier studies.
“People who played regularly as children performed better from the outset in processing 3D objects, although these differences were narrowed after the period of training in video gaming, when both groups showed similar levels,” said Palaus.
The study lasted a month and the researchers analyzed participants’ cognitive skills, including working memory, at three points: before starting the training in video gaming, at the end of the training, and fifteen days later. The video game used was Nintendo’s Super Mario 64.
According to Palaus, what most video games have in common is that they involve elements that make people want to continue playing, and that they gradually get harder and present a constant challenge. “These two things are enough to make it an attractive and motivating activity, which, in turn, requires constant and intense use of our brain’s resources.”
“Video games are a perfect recipe for strengthening our cognitive skills, almost without our noticing. However, it’s not the reason for playing too much,” he said.
1. What can be learned about the study?A.It looks at different games. | B.It is aimed at adult gamers. |
C.Its participants are adults. | D.Its author likes playing games. |
A.They tended to ignore irrelevant stimuli. | B.They failed to physically hold 3D objects. |
C.They performed very slowly after training. | D.They did worse in working memory tasks. |
A.Finding recipes for better cognitive skills. | B.Avoiding getting addicted to video games. |
C.Trying less challenging video games. | D.For bidding video games for the young. |
A.Playing Video Games as Kids Can Cause Changes in Brain |
B.Video Gamers Memorize Information Much More Quickly |
C.Video Games Help to Improve Children’s Working Memory |
D.Playing Video Games Benefits Cognitive Skills Even Years Later |
【推荐2】Most people hate change, which is sad since We often go through intense changes in life. And for some of us, even the smallest changes can upset our day. So the question is: Why do most of us find making adjustments to our lives so hard?
Fear of change is nothing new. Over a century ago, the Parisians were unhappy over a particular addition to their city: the Eiffel Tower. In fact, the citizens were so angry about the plans for the tower that they protested its construction. As strange as it may seem, their anger was completely natural. They were given no choice about the huge change that was going to be made, so they became angry.
But we get upset over changes even when we do have a say in the matter and think about them carefully. Changes are brought about every day by the decisions we make: which school to attend, which job to take, whom to marry. Voluntary changes also make most of us uneasy because we don't know how those changes will affect our future.
People have discovered that the key to overcoming the fear and anger associated with change is to be flexible. When they are flexible, people can adapt to new situations more easily. Being flexible is especially important in the 21st century as technology makes change occur faster than ever before. Those who oppose change, especially with technology in the workplace, may find themselves out of a job.
When change comes, and you have no choice but to face it, embrace it. A positive attitude helps a lot. In fact, the change may turn out to be the best thing for you. That new job you got may end up being much better than your old one. You may make the best friends of your life in the new city you moved to. Don't merely focus on how you feel about change; instead decide to accept the change. The change is the reality, and it's up to you whether the change will be a success or a failure. You never know—your next change may be your life's Eiffel Tower!
1. Why did the building of the Eiffel Tower make the Parisians unhappy?A.Because they didn't like the design of the Eiffel Tower. |
B.Because they couldn't avoid accepting the Eiffel Tower. |
C.Because it was no use building the Eiffel Tower. |
D.Because the Eiffel Tower seemed strange. |
A.We are not supposed to face the changes and let them alone. |
B.We should actively accustom ourselves to the new circumstance. |
C.We should not take the changes seriously and avoid them as much as possible. |
D.We should know that the changes merely bring us bad influence. |
A.The change will probably make you fail like the Eiffel Tower. |
B.The change is like the Eiffel Tower which is not good for our future life. |
C.Your future life is never known just like the Eiffel Tower unknown to the Parisians. |
D.Your future life is likely to be a great achievement due to the change. |
A.The Psychology of Change |
B.The ways to Overcome the Fear |
C.Changes That Disturb Us |
D.The Bad Effect of Changes |
【推荐3】From my kitchen windows, I watch colorful birds responding for black-oiled sunflower seeds, split peanuts, and cut grapes and apples on the ground. The scene is delightful and calming.
About three years ago, I noticed a newcomer to this colorful and happy display. It was a baby chipmunk(花栗鼠), obviously on its own. Over that summer, I watched it grow. The brown and black stripes(条状)on its back darkened. The next summer, it was back, and I wondered whether it would trust me to feed it by hand or let me pet it. I decided to employ the tricks I used to persuade wild cats to come close for food: patience, a soft voice, slow moves and repetition. Before it would approach, I’d put down its favorite food--sunflower seeds, bend over and keep very still. I’d leave my open hand in place, unmoving, so the animal would know I wouldn’t seize it. I continued doing this for a few weeks. Finally, late in that second summer, it did show more trust. One day as I offered a seed on my fingertips, it approached and carefully took the seed into its mouth. It never bit my fingers. I was elated that we had made a breakthrough of trust. After about two months of this routine, I went further. With one finger, I petted its back once, but it didn’t move away. I then petted with two fingers. Again, it stayed put, eating seeds.
Today, the Chipmunk comes out of hiding when I call its name, and lets me pet its soft, silky body. Whenever I am doing this, I feel calmer. To my surprise, I also feel a sense of greater respect for nature and its creatures and the opportunity to observe, protect and save wildlife. Most of all, I’ve saved the wonderful memories gathered during these glorious summer months in my Long Island garden.
1. What did the writer do before the Chipmunk trusted him enough to get closer?A.Petted its back. | B.Offered it food. |
C.Called its name. | D.Watched it play |
A.disappointed | B.excited |
C.frightened | D.puzzled |
A.A furry friend and a bond of trust | B.A lovely animal and an adventure |
C.A stress reliever and a calm mind | D.A newcomer and its protection |