When storms come rolling in across the ocean, they struck coastlines with tremendous force. Luckily, for thousands of miles of tropical coastlines, nature has provided a remarkable form of protection: coral reefs.
These colorful wonders are best known for their diversity of life, their plentiful seafood, and their draw to scuba-diving tourists. But they are also astonishingly durable and firm structures, built by tiny animals with calcium carbonate skeletons (碳酸钙骨架), which provide an important service to the coastlines standing behind them — they can absorb up to 97% of wave energy.
A new study estimates that reefs offer protection to up to 5.3 million people and $109 billion in gross domestic product (GDP) per decade. The maps in the study scientists generated are at a much finer resolution (分辨率) than previous analyses, which allows users to view coral reefs with more details and see where reefs provide the highest degree of protection for people, GDP and infrastructure (基础设施). “This level of detail means we can use this information in practical ways, like in the marine spacial planning we do to inform conservation strategies around the world,” says Dr. Spalding, the co-author of the study. More accurate data on where reefs protect people and infrastructure from destructive waves can help improve decision-making about which reefs to protect.
We have already lost half of the world’s reefs, and scientists predict we could lose up to 90% if actions are not taken to protect them. Effective management strategies are vital to supporting reef health and recovery.
Coral reefs are often selected for conservation based on their ecological significance, which may mean they are located in remote places, away from the more direct effects of human pressures like development and pollution. “We are failing ourselves as well as nature if we don’t also consider protecting the reefs that are located closer to humans,” says Spalding. “These are the reefs that protect us and provide for us in abundance. Let’s look after them.”
1. Which function of coral reefs is mainly discussed in the text?A.Nurturing diverse living things. | B.Offering plentiful seafood. |
C.Attracting scuba-diving tourists. | D.Reducing the forces of waves. |
A.Eco-tourism. | B.Urban planning. |
C.Reef recovery. | D.Deep-sea exploration. |
A.Because they protect and provide for humans. |
B.Because they are more beautiful than remote reefs. |
C.Because they are of higher ecological significance. |
D.Because they provide better habitats for marine life. |
A.Coral Reefs as Coastal Defenders | B.The Secrets of Coral Reefs |
C.New Ways of Coral Reef Conservation | D.Coastlines behind Coral Reefs |
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【推荐1】For years I hadn't known much about gardening. I grew up in the countryside but got hooked on music and drawing and put a great deal of effort into books. As a teenager, the fields beyond my home became a green barrier to the big city I so longed to be part of.I was always full of life,free from worries.
Breaking up with Josh changed everything. I felt so lost and alone. Yet I didn't turn to gardening for recovery straight away. That summer I went to a dozen festivals,danced my way through sleepless weekends and relied on kind friends. But none of them worked for long.
Then one day I walked to the balcony,seeing sunflowers blooming brightly in the wind. They made me realize that plants always carried on. “How small my heartbreak is in the grand scheme of things," I said to myself. I had no idea where I'd end up living, but I could rely on those cycles of growth,decay(衰退)and renewal. There was something enormously comforting in that.
Gradually,the need for green space became a habit that changed my life. When I was staying with friends, I'd hunt out parks. Within a couple of months, I'd signed up as a volunteer at a local community garden and would get there early on Sunday mornings, as if it were my own kind of church.
It's not surprising that being outdoors and surrounding myself with nature helped me through this difficult time. Studies by the Royal College of Physicians have found that gardening can lower blood pressure,relieve anxiety and depression, boost mood,and burn calories.
Fifteen months later, I found a new home,nestled in a patch of south London woodland.I have 30 houseplants in total and my balcony blooms all year around,so it feels like both an oasis(绿洲)and somewhere to think.
Life is still sometimes frustrating.Difficult things still happen. But these days I know how to treat myself: I make sure I go outside, breathe in, look at what's growing, and I always feel better.
1. Which can best describe the author in her teenage years?A.Stubborn but innocent. |
B.Diligent and carefree. |
C.Productive and optimistic. |
D.Ambitious but selfish. |
A.It reminded her of the childhood. |
B.It helped her ease negative feelings. |
C.It broke down the barrier to the big city. |
D.It relieved the symptoms of sleeplessness. |
A.praying to God in the church |
B.the need for green space in life |
C.hunting out as many parks as possible |
D.the voluntary work in the community garden |
A.Cure of nature. |
B.Curse of fate. |
C.Obstacle to peace. |
D.Openness to change. |
【推荐2】When I arrive at Falconwood Bee Farm, Kant Kaye in already deep into checking hive (蜂箱) boxes, unaware of my presence. I overhear her chatting with the bees, their soft hum (嗡嗡声) filling the air between words of encouragement and negotiation.
Kaye was born with extreme deafness. While Kaye is able to hear with the assistance of hearing aids she usually removes them when she’s working. “Sounds aren’t natural to me,” she explains, “I just love the peace and quiet. When I’m with the bees, I don’t need to hear, I can focus better when I’m not constantly disturbed.”
Equipped with only her hood (头巾), hive tool, and smoker, Kaye moves at a steady and calculated pace. I’m overdressed, having borrowed a full protective suit for the occasion. She instructs me to remove the gloves I brought and tells me where to stand so as to avoid stressing out the bees. Kaye’s gentle, careful style makes me feel at ease around her insects. The more time we spend together, the more I come to appreciate Kaye’s passion for bees, as well as the ways that being hard of hearing has influenced her unique approach to the craft.
In her practice, she emphasizes natural beekeeping techniques that employ minimal chemical interventions. And she’s able to get all the information she needs to tend to the hives by relying on her other senses. Perhaps above all else, what makes Kaye an exceptional beekeeper is almost philosophical. Excelling at her job has everything to do with adaptation, managing the countless variables that arise on any given day. Is there too much rain? Too little? When will the flowers bloom? Will they produce enough honey? She responds accordingly, making sure not to disturb the bees’ rhythm and balance.
“There is a spiritual side to beekeeping,” she said. “You can’t fully control them, like with anything in nature, really. Some years you get a great honey season. Some years are horrible and you lose 50 percent of your hive. There’s a lot of heartbreak but a lot of joy, too, in just working outside with these creatures—a living super organism.”
1. Why does Kaye work without hearing aids?A.To feel at ease. | B.To better concentrate. |
C.To reduce dependence on them. | D.To avoid the humming noise of the bees. |
A.Kaye knows the bees very well. |
B.A protective suit is necessary for Kaye. |
C.Losing hearing brings trouble to Kaye’s work. |
D.The author is too frightened to follow Kaye’s instructions. |
A.Her remarkable honey production. |
B.Her natural beekeeping techniques. |
C.Her knowledge on weather conditions. |
D.Her capability of handling daily uncertainties. |
A.Creative and brave. | B.Passionate and skilled |
C.Deaf but ambitious | D.Heartbroken but determined. |
【推荐3】Rainforests are a very important part of our planet, giving us oxygen, absorbing carbon dioxide and giving a home to 50% of the animal and plant species of the planet. Not to mention the medicines and cures that are made from the plants that grow there.
What is deforestation? Deforestation is the name given to the damage toe rainforests. This is being done by burning them down, cutting down the trees or flooding the areas.
How can they be saved?
A.This is happening so fast. |
B.Why are they being destroyed? |
C.What can they provide for humans? |
D.You could avoid eating that to save some rainforests. |
E.However something unpleasant like deforestation is happening to them every day. |
F.You could help by raising money for a charity that protects rainforests. |
G.As we destroy forests, we lose their ability to change carbon dioxide into oxygen. |
【推荐1】Recently, a design student has developed an auto-mini robot — “A” seedbot that can search through vast deserts, sowing seeds when it finds a suitable area to plant a tree.
The “A” seedbot, created by Mazyar Etehadi from the Dubai Institute of Design and Innovation, could be a new and creative way to transform deserts into greenery. “Planting trees in the desert area can keep the sand and protect the environment,” said Etehadi. It was launched at the Global Grad Show (GGS), an event that has designers come together to showcase innovations that could solve today’s environmental issues.
In an area where high temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of growing plants is crucial. Just eight inches long, the tiny robot is equipped with its own solar panels (太阳能板), allowing it to charge during the day and continue working through the night. It can operate all on its own, using its 3D-printed legs to search for viable spots to plant a seed. In doing so, designers seek to understand how roots work and also to design sensors that might monitor soil pollution, prospect for minerals and look for water.
The robot has a distance sensor that it uses to send reports back to its controller. The only time human needs to step in is to refill the robot with more seeds. “I think it was an easy solution to come up with, but no one had made it, and here comes my idea! It means a lot to the people who have been fighting against the deserts for generations,” said Etehadi. Going forward, he hopes his idea can be adopted by the government, the farming industry, and private individuals as a more efficient way to grow plants.
1. Why did Etehadi develop the “A” seedbot?A.To lower the temperature. | B.To protect the trees. |
C.To turn the desert into greenery. | D.To win the prize in the GGS. |
A.It can work around the clock. | B.It is powered by electricity. |
C.It monitors minerals and water. | D.It can refill itself with seeds. |
A.Distant. | B.Empty. | C.Dry. | D.Suitable. |
A.A project for creation. | B.A robot for sowing seeds. |
C.A student gifted in design. | D.A proposal for environmental protection. |
【推荐2】As the temperature rises, sweaty humans are making a response that is further worsening the problem of climate change. At present, the world just has 1.6 billion air conditioning units, but these units use a surprising total of ten percent of all global electricity supply. While less than a third of families globally are so equipped, the most AC-addicted countries are Japan (in 91 percent of families), the US (90 percent) and South Korea(86 percent).
New research by the International Energy Agency (IEA) guesses that the total number of AC units is likely to increase to over 5.6 billion by 2050-equal to ten new units being sold every second for more than 30 years-with sales driven particularly by India, China and Indonesia. This will make the use of air conditioning one of the world’s largest demands for energy.
“Growing electricity demand for air conditioning is one of the most critical blind spots in today’s energy debate,” argues Faith Birol, executive director of the IEA. “With rising incomes, air conditioner ownership will skyrocket, especially in the developing world. While this will improve daily lives, it is quite necessary that efficiency performance be prioritized.”
Birol and the IEA stress the need for new efficiency standards to ensure that consumers are at least buying units that require significantly less power to function, therefore decreasing the total energy demand. Variations on the traditional “vapor compression” technology, which has formed the basis for AC units for more than a century, may appear really important. A water-based system was recently developed by researchers at the National University of Singapore (NUS), which uses 40 percent less electricity and produces only one by-product: drinkable water.
“Our cooling system can be tailored for all types of weather conditions, from wet climate in the tropics to dry climate in the deserts,” says associate professor Ernest Chua at NUS. “While it can be used for indoor living and commercial spaces, it can also be easily used to provide air conditioning for blocks of buildings in an energy-efficient manner.”
1. The author mentions the number of air conditioning units mainly to show their ____________.A.uneven distribution globally | B.popularity among people |
C.vital importance to humans | D.high demand for electricity |
A.Air conditioners should be more energy-efficient. |
B.Air conditioners will be more and more expensive. |
C.People’s daily lives should be improved in various ways. |
D.People should use their air conditioners less. |
A.It has caused much debate about its effectiveness. |
B.It’ll be a fundamental system for future air conditioners. |
C.It seems to be environmentally friendly. |
D.It appears different from the current technology. |
A.has different effects in different places |
B.can be applied to nearly all situations |
C.can greatly meet people’s cooling demand |
D.will be brought into use in the near future |
【推荐3】“The fact that the smoke reached São Paulo and blackened an afternoon proves how unusual the fires that burn in the countryside of Brazil are,” Ricardo Mello, head of the World Wide Fund for Nature's (WWF) Amazon program, said.
The latest figures come at a time of international protest against the inaction of President Jair Bolsonaro's administration. In July, Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (INPE) showed data to the public, which indicated that there had been a significant rise in deforestation (毁林) rates. Particularly, the figures showed that in July 2019, deforestation had increased nearly 300 percent in comparison to the same month in 2018.
Environmentalists are becoming increasingly concerned, accusing the government of encouraging deforestation and those who want to make use of the forest for commercial gain. During his time in power, Bolsonaro has moved to rob some power of government agencies that are responsible for protecting the rainforest as well as regulations covering native lands and nature reserves. Bolsonaro sees these kinds of regulations as a drag on economic growth in the Amazon region.
Fire in the Amazon is used as a technique to clear land for agriculture. “Farmers clear cut land to make way for agriculture, and then wait for the dry season to set fire to clear the land so they can plant,” Mello said. “It's likely that all of these forest fires are deliberately set by humans.”
Now it is the dry season in the Amazon, which means conditions in many parts of the rainforest are suitable for the fires to spread over large areas. “It is very unlikely that those fires break out naturally,” Mello said. “It is important to remember that 2019 is not a strong El Niño year. When we have strong El Niños, weather gets drier in the northern part of Brazil and this favors fires. This is not the case of 2019.”
1. Why are deforestation figures of 2018 and 2019 compared?A.To share knowledge of the Amazon forest. |
B.To show how the Brazil president governs. |
C.To stress the seriousness of deforestation. |
D.To express the anger of environmentalists. |
A.Weakening relevant government agencies. |
B.Encouraging the fight for commercial gain. |
C.Using techniques to clear land for agriculture. |
D.Defending regulations about nature reserves. |
A.They're fit for fires to break out naturally. |
B.The Amazon experiences the dry season. |
C.They're possible for fires to spread everywhere. |
D.The Amazon is just in a strong El Niño year. |
A.Jair Bolsonaro's Administration Was Accused |
B.Farmers Cleared Amazon Land for Agriculture |
C.Unusual Rainforest Fires: Effects on Health and Weather |
D.Amazon Fires: Possibly Linked to Environmental Policies |
【推荐1】Chances are that you’ve seen a movie or played a video game that contains a cyborg(半人半机器的生物). These half-man-half-machine beings have been a vision of many creative writers. But it seems that some people can’t wait for the future to arrive.
At the Body Hacking Conference in 2017, held in Texas, US, hundreds of science fiction fans from all over the world gathered to show off their body hacks. Rob Spence, 45, had his right eye removed after an accident. Soon after, he decided he wanted to replace it with something more interesting. The minute I learned that I was losing my eye, I began researching how I could turn it into a camera, he told Wired.
This is an extreme example, and body hacking doesn’t always take things so far. For example, around the world, many people are choosing to get NFC chips implanted in their hands. This is the same technology as used in smartphones, and it allows users to pay for things or even unlock their cars just by using their fingertips. The chip is the same size as a grain of rice and can be fixed and removed easily without much pain.
Hannes Sjoblad, founder of a Swedish body hacking group, believes that these implants are just the natural next step for smart technology that is already in wide use, such as smartwatches.
We are updating our bodies with technology on a large scale already with wearables. But all of the wearables we wear today will be implantable in 5 to 10 years, he told Business Insider.
Sjoblad believes that such implants will become a regular part of our lives. Indeed, his group was asked to put chips in the hands of employees at a company in Sweden, allowing them to do things like opening doors, paying for lunch, and using the copy machine in the office.
Who wants to carry a clumsy smartphone or smartwatch when people can have it in the finger-nail? he said.
1. A cyborg is mentioned in Paragraph 1 to _____.A.share a new invention | B.introduce the topic |
C.promote a game | D.stress technology |
A.Rob Spence had his right eye replaced by a camera |
B.Rob Spence thought it lucky to lose his right eye |
C.Body Hacking Conference is just an attraction for the disabled |
D.Body Hacking Conference is intended for science fiction writers |
A.Body hacking is taking things 1oo far. |
B.There will be no wearables in 5 to 10 years. |
C.Compared with smartphones, implants are more convenient. |
D.Implants are totally necessary for everyone in their daily life. |
A.Life made easier through technology | B.Implants accepted worldwide |
C.New choices are on the way | D.Body hacking brings a bright future |
【推荐2】As birth order is clearly one of the many factors that affect development, we should pay much attention to it. Big brothers and sisters usually develop leadership early in life, mainly because of the responsibilities for younger children given to them by their parents. The danger, experts on family and child psychology report, is that if the older child takes that role to an extreme, he or she can become an overbearing adult.
Studies of nearly 300 people have found that firstborns are usually the most strongly motivated toward achievement. This is mainly the result of parental expectations. Research also suggests that firstborn children generally become more conservative than other children because they receive most of the parental orders and rules. Used to caring for others, they are more likely to move toward such leadership professions as teaching and politics. Less social and flexible because they become accustomed in the very early years to acting alone, they may have difficulty making close friends.
By contrast, the researchers say later children are more likely to be more relaxed and sociable than the eldest child because their parents are more relaxed. However, later children are often less ambitious and may be uncomfortable making decisions for others, and will seek work that fits their needs. This may help explain why younger children tend to favor the creative fields such as music, art, and writing. Later children may make good sellers because persuasion may have been the only tool they had to deal with older children. Younger children tend to remain forever “the baby” enjoyable to be around, but at times too dependent on others.
1. The underlined word “overbearing” in the first paragraph means________.A.trying to make other people obey without regard for their ideas or feelings |
B.being unable to express what one really feels or to do what one really wants |
C.favoring the established order of society and not liking change |
D.changing easily to adapt to new needs, conditions or ideas |
A.librarian | B.doctor | C.writer | D.teacher |
A.feel uneasy when making decisions for other people | B.are very good at persuading others |
C.have great ambition to develop leadership | D.are more relaxed and sociable |
A.Which Is Better: Being the Eldest or the Youngest? | B.Birth Order Factor in Marriage |
C.The Relation between Birth Order and Job Success | D.Effects of Birth Order on One’s Personality |
【推荐3】From a young age, many of us learn the benefits of being an extrovert —those individuals who always seem to be the life and soul of the party, often outspoken and able to express their opinions fluently. However, not all of us are wired that way —so is being an extrovert really better?
While thinking of an extrovert, we imagine a character who is determined, approachable, cheerful and charming. We are taught to admire these personalities early on. Kids are often encouraged to interact, play and communicate with other children. It seems at times as though children are made to have a more outgoing lifestyle, with some people becoming false extroverts introverts who copy extrovert behavior. While externally they may seem to enjoy the company of others, or being in the center of public attention, they can still become over—extended in intense social situations.
So, while the positive aspects of being an extrovert are plain to see, what are the benefits of introversion? Although extroverts depend on social interaction, introverts are more comfortable with levels of isolation. According to Dr Berit, a college professor, extreme isolation such as times like the lockdown, does not affect introverts as much as extroverts. Lack of social contact, something extroverts rely on, can lead to depression, loneliness, and even death.
But it’s not just in an extreme situation that an introvert shines through. These people seem to have more time for deep thought and thus can become more balanced. They also tend to be good listeners and think before they speak, meaning they could become great friends. Finally, introverts are often fantastic observers, as sitting out of the focus can give them more time to watch the behavior of others.
So, whatever your personality, either introvert or extrovert, there are clear advantages to being either, and if you meet an introvert, you might just end up with an amazing friend.
1. What is a distinctive characteristic of an extrovert?A.Intelligent. | B.Considerate. | C.Sociable. | D.Responsible. |
A.Introverts should learn from extroverts. | B.Extroverts tend to become better friends. |
C.Introverts prefer staying cut off from others. | D.Extroverts find it tougher to handle isolation. |
A.The influence of introverts. | B.The strengths of being introverts. |
C.The causes of introverts’ behavior. | D.The personalities of false introverts. |
A.To state a viewpoint. | B.To advocate a lifestyle. |
C.To introduce a technique. | D.To describe a phenomenon. |