【推荐1】Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist (生理学家) best known for his discovery of classical conditioning (经典条件反射). During his studies on the digestive systems of dogs, Pavlov found that the animals salivated (流口水) naturally upon the presentation of food. However, he also noticed that the animals began to salivate whenever they saw the white lab coat of an experimental assistant. By associating the presentation of food with the lab assistant, he finally found that a dog would salivate to the presence of a stimulus (刺激物) other than food. He called this response a conditional reflex.

Ivan Pavlov was born in a small village in Ryazan. Russia, where his father was the village minister. His earliest studies were focused on theology (神学), but reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species had a powerful influence on his future interests. He soon stopped his religious studies and devoted himself to the study of science at the University of Saint Petersburg. Pavlov's interests were the study of physiology and natural sciences. He helped found the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine and continued to manage the program for the next 45 years.

Pavlov received much praise for his work. He worked in the Russian Academy of Science and won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology. The Soviet government also offered lots of support for Pavlov's work, and the Soviet Union soon became a leading center of research on physiology. While Ivan Pavlov was not a psychologist, and reportedly disliked the field of psychology, his work had a major influence on the field, particularly on the development of behaviorism. His discovery and research on reflexes influenced the growing behaviorist movement. and Pavlov's discovery had a major influence on many thinkers, such as John B. Watson.

1. What can we infer from the first paragraph?

A．The dogs in the studies liked the color white.

B．It was found that a dog would only salivate to food.

C．Ivan Pavlov discovered the conditional reflex by accident.

D．Ivan Pavlov's assistant had a close relationship with the dogs.

2. What does the text tell us about Ivan Pavlov's early life from the text?

A．He was born in a well-off family in Russia.

B．He was greatly influenced by Charles Darwin's book.

C．He was interested in religion as well as natural sciences.

D．He studied theology at the University of Saint Petersburg.

3. What can we learn from the text?

A．John B. Watson was also a famous physiologist.

B．Ivan Pavlov's discovery had an effect on psychology.

C．The Soviet government considered Ivan Pavlov's work valueless.

D．Ivan Pavlov had a great interest in physiology as well as psychology.

4. What is the text mainly about?

A．Ivan Pavlov's dogs.

B．A great psychologist—Ivan Pavlov.

C．The life and great discovery of Ivan Pavlov.

D．The discovery of the conditional reflex.

【推荐2】Air-crash investigators Larry Vance and Anthony Brickhouse have details from certain jobs rooted in their memories. They could tell exact dates, locations, and fight numbers effortlessly. Vance’s “big one” is Swiss Air Flight 11 in 1998. He was put in the position of dealing with all the families from very early on, many of whom held the hope that their relatives could have survived. All 229 passengers and crew died. Burning fabric; burning flesh. The smell catches in your throat, and stays in your mind long after you’ve left the scene. Investigations can take anywhere from days to years.

“What can affect people in these jobs is the ongoing emotional damage,” said Vivien Lee, a psychologist. But mental health assistance is often lacking within the industry. Evidence suggests that investigators, like first responders, can suffer from negative emotional effects, including frequent thoughts and PTSD (创伤后应激障碍).

“One emotion of losing relatives is anger,” Brickhouse reflected. “And they’re looking to you to figure out what happened to their loved ones.” Depending on the size of the crash, that anger can come alongside a lot of international media attention.”

But more often, Vance said, the questions he faces are perhaps even tougher to answer than what caused the crash. “How did my loved one die? What were they feeling? What were they seeing?” And tougher still: “Were they suffering?”

Listening to the black box recordings takes an emotional damage. He said it was more unbearable by knowing that he’s listening to the final minutes of someone’s life. Some people in his industry listen to a black box recording once and choose to never do it again, he said.

The knowledge that they’re doing an essential job can make the tougher aspects of the work a little easier. “The end result of your work is that you try to make the world a safer place, so that this doesn’t happen to somebody else,” Vance said.

1. What can be inferred about the air-crash investigators?

A．They often get throat problems.

B．They must have good memories.

C．They experienced the same accident.

D．They have to face many challenges.

2. What should be done to help the air-crash investigators?

A．Helping them avoid air crashes.	B．Sending first respondents with them.
C．Offering qualified psychologists.	D．Teaching them how to communicate.

3. Which of the following statements is TRUE, according to Vance’s words?

A．Making the world a safer place takes time.

B．Answering the relatives’ questions is tougher.

C．Investigating the cause of the crash is bearable.

D．Finding the black box takes an emotional damage.

4. Which word can be used to describe the air-crash investigators?

A．Self-giving.

B．Easy-going.

C．Generous.

D．Independent.

【推荐3】As William Shakespeare is to literature in English, so is the poet Du Fu to the Chinese literary tradition. “We have Dante, Shakespeare and Du Fu. These poets create the very values by which poetry is judged, ” remarked Harvard Professor Stephen Owen in Du Fu, Chinas Greatest Poet, a new BBC documentary.

Aimed at introducing the charm and beauty of traditional Chinese literature to viewers around the globe, the documentary invited famous British actor Ian McKellen to read 15 of Du’s poems that have been translated into English.

The one-hour film traces the poet’s life experiences in detail. Born in 712, Du lived under the reign of the Tang Emperor Xuanzong (713—756)， a time marked by extraordinary prosperity,

However, inclusiveness and cultural accomplishment， as the An Lushan Rebellion floored the empire, the 43-year-old Du, the former civil servant at the Tang court, had to take his family out of his hometown, and faced starvation and sufferings. Through ups and downs, the poet never stopped writing and about 1, 500 poems have been kept over the ages.

Even though he never held a high position in the government, Du still cared about common people. For example, in the poem My Cottage Unroofed by Autumn Gales, he wrote that “Could I get mansions covering ten thousand miles, Pel house all scholars poor and make them beam with smiles”.

“That is why he was honored as a Poet Sage(诗圣)by later generations. A difficult life and his spirit of concern about the world helped him create so many masterpieces, ” Shi Wenxue, a cultural critic based in Beijing, told the Global Times.

Without doubt, Du is a cultural symbol of ancient China, but his brilliant works and core spirits have also inspired people outside of China. As the documentary noted, his work represents a precious cultural heritage for the entire world, not just China.

1. What can we know about the documentary?

A．It introduces Shakespeare.

B．Du Fu is acted by Ian McKellen in it.

C．Its target audience is Chinese.

D．It shows 15 of Du Fu’s poems to the audience.

2. Why was Du Fu honored as a Poet Sage by later generations?

A．Because of his caring about common people.

B．Because of his poem My Cottage Unroofed by Autumn Gales.

C．Because of his low position in the government.

D．Because of his sentences of the poem.

3. What most inspired Du’s creation according to Shi Wenxue?

A．His work experience.

B．Hard life and his caring spirit.

C．The An Lushan Rebellion.

D．The Tang dynasty culture background.

4. In which column of a newspaper may this text appear?

A．Sports.

B．Health.

C．Literature.

D．Science.

【推荐1】For most people, shopping is still a matter of wandering down the street or loading a cart in a shopping mall. Soon, that will change. Electronic commerce (trade) is growing fast and will soon bring people more choices. There will, however, be a cost: protecting the consumer from being cheated will be harder. Many governments therefore want to apply street regulations to the electronic world. But politicians would be wiser to see cyberspace as a basis for a new era of corporate self-regulation.
Consumers in rich countries have grown used to the idea that the government takes responsibility for everything from the stability of the banks to the safety of the drugs or their rights to refund when goods are faulty. But governments cannot enforce national laws on businesses whose only presence is on the screen. Even in a country where a clear right to compensation exists, the on-line customer in Tokyo, say, can hardly go to New York to get a refund (退款) for a clothes purchase.
One answer is for government to cooperate more: to recognize each other’s rules. But that requires years of work and volumes of detailed rules. And plenty of countries have rules too fanciful for sober countries to accept. There is, however, another choice. Let the electronic businesses do the regulation themselves. They do, after all, have a self-interest in doing so.
In electronic commerce, a reputation for honest dealing will be a valuable competitive asset. Governments, too, may compete to be trusted. For instance, customers ordering medicines on- line may prefer to buy from the United States because they trust the rigorous screening of the Food and Drug Administration; or they may decide that the FDA’s rules are too strict, and buy from Switzerland instead.
Customers will still need to use their judgment, but precisely because the technology is new, electronic shoppers are likely for a while to be a lot more cautious than customers of the normal sort. And the new technology will also make it easier for them to complain when a company lets them down. In this way, at least, the advent(出现) of cyberspace may argue for fewer consumer protection laws, not more.
1. In case an electronic shopper bought faulty goods from a foreign country, what could he do?

A．Refuse to pay for the purchase.

B．Go to the seller and ask for a refund.

C．Appeal to consumer protection law.

D．Complain about it on the Internet.

2. In the author’s view, businesses would place a high emphasis on honest dealing because in the electronic world _______.

A．international cooperation would be much more frequent

B．consumers could easily seek government protection

C．a good reputation is a great advantage in competition

D．it would be easy for consumers to complain

3. We can infer from the passage that in licensing new drugs the FDA in the United States is______.

A．very quick

B．very cautious

C．very slow

D．rather careless

4. According to the author, what will be the best policy for electronic commerce?

A．Self-regulation by the business.

B．Strict Consumer protection laws.

C．Close international cooperation.

D．Government protection.

【推荐2】It is amazing to note that the Internet is still such a new device，and yet it is one of the fastest and most powerful media tools. But think about it for a moment. On the Internet，a big online company can be run by only two guys in their garage. So it is only reasonable then，that people shopping online would be a little leery of the security levels.
Internet giants such as Microsoft knew consumer confidence was the key to getting virtual(虚拟的) shopping off the ground，and they work hard to make people feel safe to shop online.
Credit card companies，too，quickly saw the potential for online shopping，and have installed things like online shopping insurance for people. If you ever have a problem with your online credit purchases，many credit card companies will happily refund(退还) your money and then set their claws on the company that wronged you. Now that’s buying power!
There are other bonuses for online shoppers，of course. No line­ups，for one. No annoying mall shopping carts with broken wheels and kids crying because their parents won’t get them what they want.
When shopping online，consumers can sit down，have a coffee，and wear their slippers，not having to worry about their hair or parking，and just clicking through sale after sale. Comparison shopping couldn’t be any easier. And thanks to courier companies(快递公司) getting in on the act，you never need to wait longer than a day or two to get those all important purchases delivered right to your door.
No wonder so many companies are shaking their heads at traditional advertising and instead looking to the“virtual” world to attract online shoppers.
1. What’s the meaning of the underlined word “leery” in the first paragraph?

A．confident

B．doubtful

C．hopeful

D．disappointed

2. Consumer confidence in online shopping mainly relies on       .

A．freedom of shopping

B．shopping convenience

C．security in shopping

D．Internet access

3. The following have made contributions to the popularity of online shopping EXCEPT       .

A．Internet giants

B．traditional advertisers

C．courier companies

D．credit card companies

4. What does the author think of the current online shopping?

A．Safe，fast but unrealistic.

B．Cheap，convenient but unsafe.

C．Reliable，popular but slow.

D．Safe，convenient and fast.