Social scientists have long understood that when people are smart and skilled, they’re likely to gain trust. To appear more capable — and therefore more trustworthy — many people tend to boast (吹嘘), according to another longstanding theory that researchers call impression management. But a new paper suggests that the common method people use to gain trust could have the opposite effect.
“If you consider yourself a highly capable individual, have a good education, are successful in life, then don’t talk too proudly about it when presenting yourself to others or managing impressions about what you can do,” said Martin Reimann, the paper’s lead author. “It can backfire, and people might become distrusting.”
“Since impression management is so widespread, we wondered how it impacts the well-known effect of ability on trust,” Reimann said.
To answer the question, the researchers designed seven online experiments concerning participants’ trust. In one experiment, for example, participants shopped for a TV in an online marketplace, similar to Amazon, with third-party vendors (销售商). Customer reviews with star ratings told participants how capable or competent vendors were, and each vendor’s ad either did or did not include a boastful statement of self-promotion.
Designing seven studies, Reimann said, allowed the researchers to reach more people and explore a range of variables that might affect someone’s willingness to trust. There were more than 106,000 participants across all seven studies.
The experiments showed that participants were more likely, unsurprisingly, to trust people or companies that appeared more capable. But every study also showed that highly capable people or companies were viewed as less trustworthy if they also boastfully promoted themselves.
“We see trust as a central concept that holds together society,” Reimann added. “If we don’t trust each other, then a lot of processes could come to a standstill. It’s important to understand what it is in the first place that leads people to trust each other, and how we can encourage that at different levels of society. That’s what we want to further uncover.”
1. According to the text, what do many people do by impression management?| A．Make themselves seem more important. | B．Remind others that boasting will lose trust. |
| C．Show what their impression of someone is. | D．Prove that they have become more capable. |
| A．A TV. | B．Participants. | C．Vendors. | D．Customer reviews. |
| A．The bad effects of boasting. | B．People’s views on boasting. |
| C．Promotion of trust among people. | D．Different levels of trust in society. |
| A．People need to be able to trust each other. | B．Boasting could make people trust you less. |
| C．People’s trust depends on how honest you are. | D．Being good at your job helps you to gain trust. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】It is often easy to feel overwhelmed (受打击的)in the face of species loss and habitat destruction. The problem is large and complex, and it's natural for individuals to feel powerless. Yet, everything you do is vitally important. It may not seem to amount to much in the grand scheme of things, but your seemingly small actions, added together, can make a big difference. Here are some things you can do:
Protect Wildlife Habitat. Perhaps the greatest threat to many species is the widespread destruction of habitats. Farming, development, and cutting down of forests all result in loss of wildlife habitats. In areas where rare species live, habitat destruction can quickly force a species to extinction. By protecting habitat, entire communities of animals can also be protected together. Parks, reserves, and other protected lands are too often the only places left untouched by habitat destruction.
Reduce the threat of invasive (入侵的) species. The spread of non-native species has greatly reduced native populations around the world. Invasive species compete with native species for resources and habitats. They can even prey on native species directly, greatly reducing their population. one way to reduce the threat of invasive species is to grow native plants in your garden and to welcome native animals into your yard.
Place bird-shaped paper on your windows. It is estimated that as many as one billion birds in the United States die each year due to collisions with windows. You can help reduce the number of collisions simply by placing bird-shaped paper on your windows. Other simple steps you can take are to draw the shades and curtains during brightest parts of the day, and put screens on the outside of the windows.
Slow down when driving. Many native animals live in developed areas, in other words, close to humans. Roads are a particularly big danger to them: animals are at risk every time they try to cross. So when you’re out and about, slow down, and keep an eye out for wildlife.
1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
| A．How Do Animals Become Extinct? |
| B．The Importance of Protecting Wildlife. |
| C．What Can We Do to Protect Wild life? |
| D．New Ways of Saving Endangered Animals. |
| A．more parks and reserves should be built |
| B．we should keep wildlife habitats from destruction |
| C．conditions of parks and reserves have been improved |
| D．parks and reserves are best ways of protecting |
| A．beautify their houses |
| B．protect the windows from birds |
| C．attract more birds to live nearby |
| D．stop birds from hitting windows by mistake |
| A．drive away | B．live with |
| C．hunt down | D．fight with |
【推荐2】No matter what type of business you run, it has to deal with things that go wrong from your customer’s point of view. Complaints can be a great source of information for organizations to make corrections as well as further improvements.
Secondly,
Thirdly, talk with the client and discover the best means to resolve his problem.
In this case it’s important to let your customer know an estimation of how long it will take to take action on his complaint.
Fourthly, a simple “Thank you”is one way to let the customers know you appreciate the time and effort they’ve taken to inform you about a problem of your company’s service or product that you need to know about.
Finally, create a procedure for recording different types of customer complaints.
| A．Listen to your customer’s complaints and you can improve your service. |
| B．There will be times when you’ll be unable to resolve the issue immediately. |
| C．When receiving a complaint, you should apologize for the failure the customer has identified. |
| D．They are a valuable source of information to determine various root causes that need to be addressed within your company. |
| E．So it’s important to learn to deal with customers’ complaints efficiently. |
| F．Don't feel ashamed of the failure in your service or product. |
| G．You should also show your customer that you do understand him by giving full attention. |
【推荐3】The way people greet each other can be very important. And proper greetings change depending on where you are and whom you are greeting. Should you use a hug, a kiss or just a friendly handshake?
As a general rule, the closer you are to a person, the more intimate(亲密的)your greeting can be. However, even this is not always a rule that can be relied upon. There are different greetings between men and between women. Take a look at these different greetings.
Man to man
Female friends tend to be more physical in their greetings. Close friends will often hug and kiss, especially if they have not seen each other for a long time.
Man to woman
Attempting to kiss a woman you have just met can appear forceful. Instead, offer a warm smile and a handshake. In a more formal setting(场合), it can be proper to give a woman one or two kisses on the cheek.
| A．Man to child |
| B．Woman to woman |
| C．As you become closer friends |
| D．Men can be careful with any attempt at physical contact |
| E．With so many different social settings and relationships |
| F．Therefore, two women are always kissing each other whenever they meet |
| G．However, this does not mean that you should hug at once whenever you meet a new woman |
【推荐1】Technology use seems to be the new wave of addiction hitting people of all ages. The next time you’re in a crowded public place, look at the people around you. It’s hard to find someone who isn’t glued to the tiny screen, fingers moving at lightning speeds, texting their friends, emailing co-workers or listening to music. It may seem ridiculous (荒唐的) that someone is that addicted to such a small object. I’ve seen people who seem to be at their wits’ end if their phone or iPad has been taken away, lost or left at home.
Some people may ask, “What’s wrong with technology use? It’s a way for people to communicate.” While this is true, the overuse of technology isn’t always appropriate in certain settings. Schools are becoming stricter about the use of cell phones, iPods and other electronics in classrooms. Various workplaces have signs hanging on their walls warning employees that “Cell phone use is not permitted” or “Cell phones are forbidden”.
Electronics may be a way for people to communicate and stay in touch with each other, but the disadvantages may outweigh the benefits. People are losing the ability to hold face-to-face conversations with others.
However, it’s hard to avoid electronics in this day and age because almost everything is turning into an electronic format. Books, originally meant for paper design, are now being transferred (转存) to electronic forms. Photo albums, and even yearbooks, can now be viewed via the Internet. With this growing trend, future generations are bound to become even more addicted to technology.
Is there a cure for electronic addiction? Simply turning electronics off for an hour or two a day may help to an extent, but it will not completely help overcome electronic addiction. There only seems to be one cure left, and it may be the hardest: self-control.
1. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?| A．Addiction to smartphones. | B．The popularity of smartphones. |
| C．Bad behaviors in public places. | D．Changes brought by technology. |
| A．At a disadvantage. | B．At a loss. |
| C．Out of the way. | D．Out of control. |
| A．Develop self-control. | B．Focus on outdoor activities. |
| C．Stay away from smartphones. | D．Change the habits of using electronics. |
【推荐2】For most people today, their GPS (Global Positioning System) has become a lifeline, giving directions to the nearest bathroom or restaurant. But the price we pay for the convenience could be our sense of direction.
“I do think GPS devices cause our navigational skills atrophy.” said Nora Newcombe, a psychologist at Temple University in the US who studies how the human brain navigates. “The problem is that you don’t see an overview of the area and where you are in relation to other things.”
To understand the risk, you first need to understand how our brain keeps us from getting lost. Through experiments, researchers have found that our navigational strategies usually fall into two groups. The first involves a spatial map inside your brain. As you explore an area, you think about how the streets fit together and the best way to get between different places. Eventually, the map lets you navigate between any two points in the area. The second involves a series of landmarks and steps: turn right at the gas station, and your school is on the left. It’s quick and reliable, but less flexible—it doesn’t help you get from your school to a totally new place, even if it’s nearby.
These two methods might not sound all that different, but according to Nora Newcombe, a psychologist at Temple University in the US, people who are bad at navigation have trouble with the first strategy – creating spatial maps. What’s more, people’s ability to create maps is decided by how often we use the skill.
That helps explain what happens when people trust themselves with GPS devices. According to Professor Veronique Bohbot of McGill University, people depending on GPS show more activity in the part of the brain that is good at following directions—but less activity in the part which creates the spatial maps.
It turns out that our sense of direction isn’t the only thing we could lose. One more thing that could go is our connection to the environment we travel through. Researchers have found that when people rely on GPS while driving, their memory of their trip is of a route on a screen, rather than the landscape they traveled through. Moreover, researchers believe that active navigation improves the type of thinking used in all kinds of spatial processes. “It’s things like urban planning, and looking at a map to see where resources are. That’s not replaceable by your phone.” Newcombe said.
1. ______is what we may lose for the convenience of using GPS.| A．The ability to read maps | B．The sense of feeling the sun |
| C．The chance to do urban planning | D．The connection to where we travel |
| A．become weaker | B．become stronger |
| C．become more useful | D．become less important |
| A．To explain why people use navigation |
| B．To prove what happens when we use GPS devices. |
| C．To find out people’s ability to create the spatial maps. |
| D．To tell the differences between the first strategy and the second direction. |
| A．Objective | B．Ambiguous | C．Negative | D．Indifferent |
【推荐3】Now, Amazon has opened a brick﹣and﹣mortar bookstore in downtown Bethesda, and I am not thrilled. One reason is that there is no cafe area. But the biggest reason I am profoundly disappointed is that the new Amazon store does not accept cash. I refuse to use a credit card to pay for small purchases, such as books. I prefer to use cash.
Much has been written about the "unbanked" people who are too poor to afford a credit card or a debit card（借记卡）and who don't have a smartphone. No﹣cash policies are discriminatory against people of low income. In Massachusetts, it is illegal for retail establishments to discriminate against cash﹣paying customers. Several lawmakers in the district are thinking of adopting similar laws.
I am not a person of low income. I do have a credit card, and I occasionally use it. But it is my choice, for lifestyle and money management reasons, to use my credit card only for large purchases. I have decided not to own or use a smartphone, which means that I cannot use apps to make purchases.
For all their convenience, credit cards do come with problems. There are privacy concerns, because credit card purchases can be tracked. There are risks that those using credit cards may become victims of identity theft. And a cashless economy is dependent on functioning computers and uninterrupted power sources. Computers can be hacked, and power outages occur. In these circumstances, a cashless economy simply won't function.
My decision not to patronize stores that discriminate against cash﹣paying customers means that the only bookstore in downtown Bethesda will not be getting my business. In refusing to patronize such businesses, I am standing up for the "unbanked" who can't afford credit cards or smartphones and also for people like me who simply choose to use cash.
1. Why is the author disappointed at the new bookstore mainly？| A．Because there is no cafe area. |
| B．Because there are only e﹣books. |
| C．Because it rejects cash payment. |
| D．Because it doesn't accept credit cards. |
| A．The drawbacks of no﹣cash policy. |
| B．The credit risks of a cashless economy. |
| C．The convenience of credit card payment. |
| D．The privacy concerns of online shopping. |
| A．Sponsor. | B．Shop in. | C．Purchase. | D．Flee from. |
| A．Angry. | B．Worried. | C．Optimistic. | D．Enthusiastic. |
【推荐1】Its most keen advocates say that global warming is gradually ruining the parts of our planet. But the effects of the phenomenon might be felt more positively a little closer to home, after scientists claimed that it would make flowers smell sweeter.
Some flowers could give out a smell that is nine times more fragrant than they currently produce, according to a report. It says that a temperature increase of between 1℃ and 5℃ will vastly increase the ability of flowers to produce their sweet smells.
The study suggests that plants are able to produce more terpenes (萜稀) — the chemical that gives it its smell — in hotter conditions. Despite the environmental risk linked to climate change, the effect on flowers could also help bee populations as the stronger smells make flowers easier to be found and pollinated. It also found that the effect could be more important in cooler countries such as the UK and would have a strong impact on fruit trees.
The findings come as the unseasonably warm autumn weather this year has led to reports that plants are being “tricked” into blooming early.
Guy Barter described the findings as interesting and said it could have an important effect on lightly scented flowers. “We think about climate change in terms of rising temperatures and sea level, but there are more delicate potential effects which we have not thought about,” he said.
Last year, experts warned the average global temperature had risen by 0.5℃ in 50 years. They predicted temperatures will increase by 3℃ over the next century, causing a rise in sea level, flooding, disease outbreaks and mass migration of refugees (难民).
The researchers looked at a variety of plants. In the paper the researchers said, “The species with the highest increases in emissions (排放物) were those with the lowest fragrance rates. The increases calculated for floral terpene emissions show that very important increases in the amount of floral scents will likely occur in a warmer world. The rates of floral terpene emissions by the end of the century could increase 0.34 - 9.1 times because of a 5℃ increase in the average maximum temperature during the flowering peak of the season.”
1. What can infer from the text that in England ________.| A．plants bore more fruits in autumn this year |
| B．the seasons weren’t in order this whole year |
| C．the autumn of this year was a little cooler |
| D．plants began to produce flowers early in autumn this year |
| A．every coin has two sides |
| B．a miss is as good as a mile |
| C．don’t demand to know what you don’t know |
| D．don’t put the cart before the horse |
| A．plants will have the lowest fragrance rates |
| B．plants will send more sweeter chemicals |
| C．plants will suffer the rising temperature |
| D．plants will finish their flowering peak soon |
| A．Will plants produce more chemicals in the future? |
| B．Is it easier to find sweeter flowers everywhere? |
| C．Could global warming make flowers smell sweeter? |
| D．Do flowers smell stronger in the cold temperature? |
【推荐2】Life expectancy (寿命) in Africa rose by nearly 10 years in the first two decades of this century, according to the World Health Organization. “This rise is greater than in any other region of the world during the same period,” the WHO said.
In the year 2019, the average African could expect to live to be 56. However, that is still well below the global average of 64 years. WHO official Lindiwe Makubalo warned the life expectancy gains could easily be lost unless countries strengthen and make greater investments in the development of health care systems.
Makubalo said Africa has made a good start over the past two decades. On average, she said, access to essential services like basic health care improved to 46% in 2019 compared with 24% in 2000. “Other factors include improvements in reproductive, newborn and child health care, as well as advances in fighting infectious (传染的) diseases, such as TB, malaria and HIV.”
While progress has been made in preventing and treating infectious diseases, the report found health services for non-infectious diseases are lagging. It says the great rise in diabetes, cancer and other non-infectious diseases could jeopardize (危害) health gains if those conditions continue to be ignored.
The report says the COVID-19 outbreak has brought about greater damages to essential health services in Africa compared to other regions of the world, which might affect healthy life expectancy.
“It is important that significant improvements are made in health services, and governments ensure quality, equal and accessible services for all,” Makubalo said.
According to the report, some progress has been made in achieving universal health coverage, but it is far from enough. Health officials say one of the key measures to improve access to health services is for governments to increase their public health budgets. That, they say, would reduce the huge out-of-pocket expenses by families that are pushing millions of people into poverty.
1. What was the average life expectancy of people in Africa in 2000?| A．46. | B．54. | C．56. | D．64. |
| A．Plenty of food supplies. |
| B．Improvement in basic health services. |
| C．Easier access to clean drinking water. |
| D．Progress in fighting against non-infectious diseases. |
| A．Unique. | B．Independent. | C．Informal. | D．Underdeveloped. |
| A．Positive. | B．Uncertain. | C．Concerned. | D．Pessimistic. |
【推荐3】We know that St.Patrick’s Day festivities may include a little bit of drinking.But there are plenty of kid-safe St.Patrick’s Day events around metro Phoenix,too.Here are the lucky St.Patrick’s Day celebrations for kids.
3/17:Lucky St.Patrick’s Day Cupcakes
Kids can make their own treats at the Children’s Museum of Phoenix this St.Patrick’s Day.Children can make and decorate their cupcakes with rainbow candies and chocolate.To-go containers will also be provided.
Details:1 pm-3 pm,Friday,March 17.Children’s Museum of Phoenix,215 N.7th Street,Phoenix.$3 for members.$4 for non-members.602-253-0501.
3/17-19:Fountain O’ Green Artisan Market
This community festival will include sculptures,paintings,handcrafted jewelry and apparel(衣服) from selected local and regional artists,live music and dance performance throughout the weekend.There will also be a food court.
On Friday,colorful water will shoot from the town’s fountain at noon.Take the kids to see the annual tradition and picnic in the park.
Details:10 am-5 pm,Friday-Sunday,March 17-19.Avenue of the Fountains and Saguaro Boulevard,Fountain Hills.Free.480-488-2014.
3/17:St.Patrick’s Day Party at AZ Air Time
Kids above 12 years old can collect their free,green necklaces and jump for three hours,climb the rock climbing wall or dive into the giant hole of foam(泡沫).Jump socks will be required.
Details:8 pm-11 pm,Friday,March 17.AZ Air Time,13802 N.Scottsdale Road,Suite 145,Scottsdale.$15,saving $14.480-427-2000/480-427-2001.
1. Which telephone number can people call at if they want to make and decorate cupcakes?| A．480-427-2001. | B．480-488-2014. |
| C．480-427-2000. | D．602-253-0501. |
| A．If two children want to make treats,they have to pay $8. |
| B．In Fountain O’Green Artisan Market,you’ll find apparel from all local artists. |
| C．You can see colorful water shooting at noon on March 17. |
| D．Children will get free jump socks at AZ Air Time. |
| A．People addicted to alcohol. |
| B．Parents of younger children. |
| C．Organizers of festivals. |
| D．Educators and businessmen. |
| A．Textbook | B．Diary |
| C．Magazine | D．Science research |
