The study found teenage drivers who played their own music had significantly more traffic violations (违规) compared with background music designed by the researchers to minimize driving distractions, or no music.
Researchers at Ben-Gurion University in Israel recruited (招募) 85 drivers about 18 years old; just over half were male. The subjects were each assigned to drive six challenging road trips that were about 40 minutes long, accompanied by an experienced driving instructor. Music was played on four trips, two with selections from the drivers' playlists, mostly fast-paced vocals, and two with background music, which was a mixture of easy listening, soft rock and light jazz designed to increase driver safety. No music was played on two trips. Subjects rated their mood after each trip and in-car data recorders analyzed driver behavior and errors.
All 85 subjects committed at least three errors in one or more of the six trips; 27 received a warning and 17 required steering or braking by an instructor to prevent an accident. When the music was their own, 98% made errors; without the music, 92% made errors; and while listening to the safe-driving music, 77% made errors. Speeding, following too close, inappropriate lane use, and one-handed driving were the common violations.
The male subjects were more aggressive drivers and made more serious errors than female subjects. The teens played their own music at a very loud volume but significantly decreased the sound level when listening to the safe-driving music, researchers said. Mood ratings were highest on trips with driver-preferred music.
1. What is the key information the author wants to give in Paragraph 1?
A.Many drivers played their favorite music while driving. |
B.Drivers shouldn’t search for the buttons to find a good song. |
C.Song selection has nothing to do with increased risk of crashes. |
D.Listening to certain types of music can increase drivers’ errors. |
A.Something being discussed. |
B.People being written about. |
C.People being tested. |
D.Areas of knowledge or study. |
A.increase drivers’ safety |
B.add to the pleasure of driving |
C.change drivers’ idea of safe driving |
D.lower drivers’ guard against danger |
A.the teens committed the most errors |
B.the male were more skillful in driving |
C.traveling with no music made the least errors |
D.driver-preferred music increased the mood ratings |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Music is a language which speaks to everyone — from the day we are born we hear music of some kind of our lives. But there are as many different kinds of music as there are different languages, and it is impossible to describe them all. Here are just a few well-known types.
Classical music is serious Western European music from the Middle Ages to the present (1500 to today) and it was often written for a large orchestra, or for a small group of players. Many instruments can be used. A lot of music was also written to be sung — as opera. Classical music is very popular and schools often teach this type of music.
Jazz developed in the Southern United States at the beginning of last century. The black people of these states, who were originally slaves from Africa, had their own rhythms. Jazz brought classical music and African rhythms together.
Blues was originally black country music from the Southern United States at the beginning of last century. It is slow, usually sad music which is often sung by one person with a guitar.
Rhythm and Blues (R&B) developed from the blues in America in the 1940s. It became faster and more complex and used more instruments, eg. saxophones (萨克斯管), guitars, pianos, drums. The music was often about city life and white musicians started playing it as well.
Musicians in the 1950s developed rock ‘n’ roll from Rhythm and Blues and it became popular with young people. It spread to Europe in the 1960s and is now known in most countries. A lot of pop music comes from rock ‘n’ roll.
Pop music developed from rock ‘ n’ roll in America and Britain in the 1960s and is now in every country. The name is used for most commercial (商业的) music, which we can buy on records and hear on “pop radio”. It is usually played by groups who often use electronic instruments and make videos to go with their records.
1. Which of the following started in the Southern United States?A.Rhythm and Blues. | B.Jazz. |
C.Rock ‘n’ roll. | D.Pop music. |
A.In the 1950s. | B.In the 1940s. |
C.In the 1960s. | D.In the 1970s. |
A.By time and people. | B.By time and explanations. |
C.By questions and events. | D.By analysis and reasons. |
A.How music developed in America. |
B.How music spread around the world. |
C.Music — an international language. |
D.Six types of music and their history. |
【推荐2】Giving children music lessons won’t just introduce them to music—it could also greatly improve their language skills but it isn’t understood if this is a side effect of a general improvement of cognitive (认知的) skills, or something that directly affects language processing.
Now, we are getting closer to an answer, thanks to a study of 74 Chinese kindergarten children, led by Robert Desimone from MIT. For the study, Desimone’s team chose children from the Chinese education system, with the support of education officials who wanted to see how it might improve their learning.
The 4 to 5-year-old Mandarin-speaking children in the study were divided into three groups. One group received a 45-minute piano lesson three times a week, while another received extra reading instruction classes. The third group acted as controls, taking no extra lessons beyond their usual classes.
The classes lasted for six months, after which the children were tested on their ability to tell words based on differences in tones, consonants (辅音) , or vowels (元音). The test results showed that the children who had taken piano lessons performed better at telling the difference between words that differ by a single consonant, when compared with the children who took extra reading lessons. Compared to the control group, both the music learners and the extra reading group did better in telling the difference between words based on vowel differences.
“It looks like for recognizing differences between sounds, including speech sounds, it’s better than extra reading. That means schools could pay more attention to music,” Desimone says. “It’s not worse than giving extra reading to the children, which is probably what many schools are trying to do—get rid of the art education and just have more reading.”
1. What did the third group learn in the study?A.Ways to improve their study. |
B.Extra lessons about reading tips. |
C.Three extra piano lessons a week. |
D.Nothing else except their usual studies. |
A.Learning music determined kids’ interest in study. |
B.The extra reading group were good at telling vowels. |
C.Children taking piano lessons didn’t perform well. |
D.The piano played a key part in kids’ learning. |
A.Many schools value art education. |
B.Schools will increase reading classes. |
C.It isn’t wise to cut back on music lessons. |
D.Children who learn music perform better at school. |
A.In a newspaper. | B.In a health report. |
C.In a biography. | D.In a sports magazine. |
【推荐3】The first drop in what might be a flood of unheard Jackson material is a song called “This Is It“, which Sony had scheduled to send to radio stations on Sunday night. Based on a tape Mr Jackson left behind containing only his piano and vocals, a full arrangement was built, complete with swelling strings and his brothers’ backup vocals. The song is to run with the new Jackson film, perhaps not coincidentally called This Is It. An album containing the track goes on sale 27 October, and the film is due out the next day.
Mr Jackson died on 25 June 2009, and Sony and the Jackson estate have only begun what is expected to be a long process of musical archaeology(考古学). “We probably have at least 100 songs in varying degrees of being finished,” said Rob Stringer, chairman of the Columbia/Epic Label Group, a Sony division. “And we think there probably is a lot more.”
It is not clear when the song was written or recorded, Mr Stringer said, and Sony originally believed that the tape was made around the time of Mr Jackson’s 1991 album Dangerous. But it could have been much earlier, perhaps even as early as the album Off the Wall, from 1979. “We just found the song,” Mr Stringer said. “It was titled’ This Is It’. It was in a box, and we listened to it.” “This Is It” was also to have been the title of Mr Jackson’s 50-concert run in London; Mr Stringer and others with knowledge of the production say the song was not part of it.
One challenge in releasing new music could be security. Both Sony and the estate have kept a tight hold on music and information and went to unusual lengths to prevent “This Is It” from leaking. Radio programmers said they had been told that they would be getting the song at midnight on Sunday—Sony also planned to post it on Michael Jackson official website—and even then they were not allowed to hear it. Even with those protections, 43 seconds of the song leaked over the weekend, apparently from Sony in Japan. Low-quality versions spread quickly.
People who have heard the full track describe it as an inspirational love song. “This is it/ Here I stand,” Mr Jackson sings. “I’m the light of the world/I feel grand.” It is a mid-tempo, major-key ballad, punctuated by light guitar riffs and rich orchestration.
“Wherever ‘This Is It’ comes from, its success on the radio is guaranteed. It will definitely be a spectacle,” said Mr Darden, programme director of a New York hip-hop radio station. “It’s Michael Jackson, and his fans will be his fans forever. Everybody loves him.”
1. Which of the following is NOT true about the song “This Is It”?A.It had become very popular before Mr Jackson died. |
B.Jackson’s 50-concert run in London would have had the same name “This Is It”. |
C.It’s based on a tape Jackson left behind containing only his piano and vocals. |
D.It’s going to run with the new Jackson film in late October. |
A.the study of Michael’s success in music | B.the research on the history of music |
C.the discovery of Mr Jackson’s secret | D.the work on the production of Michael’s songs |
A.The tape of the song was made as early as the album Of the Wall in 1979. |
B.The song would only be sent to radio stations on Sunday night. |
C.The song was so well protected by Sony and the estate that it didn’t leak at all. |
D.The song will surely be a great success because it was sung by Michael Jackson. |
A.The Origin of Michael Jackson’s New Song | B.Michael Jackson’s New Song |
C.Michael Jackson and His New Song | D.The Safety of Michael Jackson’s New Song |
【推荐1】A quick nap before arriving at your destination is normal, especially when you lack that much-needed sleep. But even if you feel energized, sleeping on buses and trains just seems to be a natural thing.
Although buses and trains are not close to the comfort level of your couch or your bed, just being in a cozy(舒适的) enough position is sufficient to make you nod off. Sitting down, closing your eyes, and leaning your head a bit are enough to get you in a relaxed state.
Long periods of inactivity
On buses and trains, you don’t move around very much.
White noise
Increase in carbon dioxide in public transportation
Buses and trains get crowded every day with people going to and from work. Carbon dioxide increases when there are lots of people in a small space.
A.Comfortable seats |
B.Lower the temperature |
C.How to take a quick nap |
D.This reduces oxygen to the brain and slows it down |
E.So why do people fall asleep so easily on public transportation |
F.Cars and other vehicles are a perfect environment that produces white noise |
G.You just sit down and enjoy the scenery as the vehicle moves along the road |
【推荐2】The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HZM Bridge) will connect Hong Kong on the east bank of the Pearl River Delta to Zhuhai and Macao on the west bank, based on the planning of the national highway network. It will provide a significant part of the Pearl River Delta regional transportation loop—being a key new highway transport corridor crossing the Lingdingyang and connecting the east and west banks of the Pearl River.
The Pearl River Delta is seen as a pioneering region for China’s Reform and Opening-up Policy and an economic center of great importance. Taking advantage of the proximity (邻近) of Hong Kong and Macao, the Pearl River Delta plays a leading role and has a significant strategic status in China’s Reform and Opening-up as well as its economic and social development. The development gap between the east and west coasts of the Pearl River has widened during the recent period of rapid development of the Pearl River Delta, with the economic development of the west coast evidently lagging behind that of the east coast. The lack of convenient transportation with Hong Kong is an important reason. Obstructed (阻隔) by the Pearl River, overland transport has to detour through the Humen Bridge, while the transportation by water takes a lot of time and it is vulnerable to weather conditions. The current transport infrastructure (设施) cannot meet the demands of the economic and social development and transportation between the east and west banks of the Pearl River.
To sum up, the construction of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge is both essential and urgent in order to coordinate, fully develop and interlink the national comprehensive transportation expressway network with the networks of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao.
1. What does the underlined word “corridor” in paragraph 1 probably mean?A.Plan. | B.Route. | C.Policy. | D.Construction. |
A.The complex transportation of the Pearl River Delta. |
B.Making use of the proximity of Hong Kong and Macao. |
C.Being short of convenient transportation with Hong Kong. |
D.Not performing the China’s Reform and Opening-up Policy properly. |
A.It is not convenient to take. | B.It takes less passengers at a time. |
C.It takes more money and more time. | D.It is time-consuming and dependent on weather. |
A.The importance of the Pearl River Delta. |
B.The fancy design and the function of HZM Bridge. |
C.The development of Zhuhai, Hong Kong and Macao. |
D.The significance and necessity of the construction of HZM Bridge. |
【推荐3】We all realize the damaging pollution created by driving petrol and diesel vehicles. Many of the world’s cities are jammed with traffic, creating harmful gases like carbon dioxide. The solution for a cleaner, greener future could be electric vehicle. But how potimistic should we be?
There was much excitement last year when the UK government announced it would ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2030. But is that easier said than done? The road to global traffic being totally electric is sill a long way of. Currently, battery life is an issue-a fully charged(充电)battery won’t take you as far as a full tank of petrol. There are also limited charging stations to plug an electric vehicle into.
Of course, technology is always improving. Some of he biggest tech companies, like Google and Tesla, are spending huge amounts of money developing electric cars. And most of the big car manufacturers are no making them too. Colin, a low-carbon vehicle expert, told the media: “The big leap forward will come with reliable batteries, which will appear first in mobile phones and laptops before they pogress to cars. These will charge more quickly and enable cars to travel longer.”
Cost is another issue that may delay people switching to electric power. But some countries offer incentives, such as cutting prices by reducing import taxes, and not charging for road tax and parking. Some also provide exclusive lanes for electric cars to be driven on, beating traditional cars which might be stuck in jams. These kinds of measures have made Norway rank No.1 with more than thirty electric cars per 1,000 ctizans.
But electric motoring doesn’t mean a zero-carbon future. It’s emission-free(零排放)motoring, but the car has to be built, the battery has to be built, and the electricity does come from somewhere. Maybe it’s time to think about making fewer journeys or using public transport.
1. What is an advantage of electric vehicles?A.They are emisson-free. | B.They are cost-effective. |
C.They are zero-carbon. | D.They are easy to charge. |
A.Positive. | B.Negative. | C.Objective. | D.Uninterested. |
A.Free services. | B.Traffic adjustments. |
C.Special investments. | D.Encouraging measures. |
A.The Fall of Traditional Cars. | B.The Future of Electric Cars. |
C.A Cleaner, Greener World. | D.Emission-free Motoring. |
【推荐1】Movies were more than photographs and different from books. They transmitted romance, danger and comedy straight into your emotional bloodstream, with no need for translation and no cultural barriers. They were creating another world out there on the screen, a world of joy and sadness, laughter, romance, places far away in space and in time, heroes and heroines and ordinary people — a world that moviegoers could enter and live other lives. They were giving our audience a common culture.
Over the decades, movies and movie theaters have survived many competing technologies that threatened their extinction, among them television, VHS tapes, DVDs and Blu-rays, and streaming. Through all of these worthwhile advances, people continued to leave their homes to watch movies in theaters. From 2010, just after streaming became important, to the beginning of 2020, the number of movie theaters nationwide remained nearly constant, going from 5,773 to 5,798. Annual ticket sales dropped by only 7 percent, from about 1.33 billion to about 1.24 billion.
Seeing a movie in a public theater on a giant screen, surrounded by other people, is not only entertainment. It is also an experience, a communal activity, a night out of the house almost everyone can afford.
Then came the covid-19 pandemic. Few industries have suffered more than movie theaters. The small number of theaters that remain open have seen attendance decline dramatically. If theaters do not survive, something irreplaceable will have been lost. We are social creatures. No matter how comfortable our living rooms and complex our technology we need community, we need physical contact with one another.
On the screen were the enduring themes of chivalry, good vs. evil, conquest and dominion, fashioned for our technological age. We moviegoers left the theater in crowds, talking to each other, sharing impressions, some of us speechless. But all of us felt that we now shared some magical bond. Lawmakers should act to save that magic.
1. In what respect are movies different from books?A.They stand the test of time and space. | B.They create a world of joy and sadness. |
C.They bring emotions into your bloodstream. | D.They are shared across languages and cultures. |
A.To show the decline of film industries. | B.To give evidence on the new social trend. |
C.To indicate movie theaters remain popular. | D.To prove the advances in other technologies. |
A.A form of social bond between us. | B.The level of comfort on the screen. |
C.A dancing style of physical contact. | D.The great joy of advanced technology. |
A.To make laws to control them. | B.To take action to support them. |
C.To lay out plans for their expansion. | D.To let them be part of our sweet memory. |
【推荐2】Parents have long been subject to the opinions of others, some of which include judgments about the number of toys they should provide for their children. Some suggest more toys show children they are more loved, while others argue more toys is overkill and a poor substitute for parental attention. Do our kids really need so many toys?
A US research team at the University of Toledo has conducted a simple experiment to test creativity in kids playing with toys. In the experiment, parents were asked to bring kids to a play area where the little ones were given either four toys or 16 toys to play alone with for 30 minutes. Each of the 36 kids who participated was observed by the researchers who were in search for activities that could be counted as creative.
The researchers found that the kids playing with four toys engaged in more creative activities than the kids who had 16 toys to choose from. They also found, unsurprisingly, that kids with fewer choices tended to play with each of the toys available to them for a longer amount of time. Much of that additional time was taken up with finding new ways to play with them.
The researchers are not suggesting that children should have fewer toys overall-instead, they are suggesting that children show more creativity if they only have the choice of playing with just a few of them at a time. They believe parents should keep most of their children’s toys locked away while their kids play with a small part at any given time. Lots of toys may curb kids’ creativity and focus, making it more difficult to get the most out of any one toy-fewer toys nudge (推动) them towards resourcefulness.
1. How did the researchers conduct the experiment?A.By organizing a parent-child activity. |
B.By referring to previous data. |
C.By observing subjects’ behavior. |
D.By interviewing many parents. |
A.Children with fewer toys were more likely to feel alone. |
B.Children were more creative while playing with fewer toys. |
C.Children enjoyed spending much of their time finding toys. |
D.Children with more toys focused on each one for a longer time. |
A.Keep less than four toys at home. |
B.Play toys together with their kids. |
C.Do not buy more toys for their kids. |
D.Give their kids fewer toys each time. |
A.Inspire. |
B.Limit. |
C.Bring. |
D.End. |
【推荐3】First it was jogging. Then aerobics (有氧运动). Not too long ago, Americans discovered race walking.
Now Americans are into a new fitness craze. They’re taking up bicycling. Over hills and down mountainsides and across quiet country roads, Americans are busily rolling along.
The number of adults who ride for fitness is around 17 million, an increase of 70 percent over four years ago. Twice as many women as men are coming to the sport. Americans are falling in love with biking because it has speed, the benefits of jogging and beautiful scenery.
Bicycling is a very appropriate sport, which is important to people who injured their knees while jogging or whose joints are aching from aerobics. And biking is a real awakening for people who have been into race walking in the past. Race walking is as dull as watching paint dry.
The most popular kind of bicycle for people who are new to the sport is the mountain bike, which has a fixed frame with wide tires and upright handles.
Mountain bikes also have many gears (齿轮) to make it easier to climb hills. About 5 million Americans ride mountain bikes, compared with 200, 000 who rode them only five years ago.
Costs range from about $130 for a bottom-of-the-line bicycle to more than $2,700 for an expensive bicycle.
Mountain biking has attracted some people who race down the sides of mountains like a bat out of hell. But most riders ride slowly and they rarely venture far from home.
The biking craze has brought an unexpected profit (盈利) to clothing and bicycle accessory (附属品) makers. Last year, bikers paid $630 million for biking clothes and accessories.
Bicycling seems likely to continue its fantastic growth.
1. Why is race walking as dull as watching paint dry?A.Race walking is a slow-moving sport. |
B.The number of adults who ride for fitness has grown 70 percent in four years. |
C.It has speed, the benefits of jogging and beautiful scenery. |
D.Americans are taking up bicycling. |
A.People who want to ride like a bat out of hell. |
B.Bicycle accessory makers. |
C.Race walkers. |
D.Twice as many women as men. |
A.poor | B.modern | C.old | D.cheapest |
A.Riding a bicycle is one of the most dangerous sports in America. |
B.Americans are rolling along. |
C.Bicycling is the latest fitness craze to hit America. |
D.Most people in America want to own a hand-made bicycle that can cost more than $2,700. |