A new project in the Caribbean is setting out to save coral reefs(珊瑚礁)- and the world. The Ocean-Shot Project, spearheaded by climate scientist Dr. Deborah Brosnan, launched in 2021 to develop a “massive, first-of-its-kind” coral reef restoration initiative in the Caribbean country Antigua and Barbuda.
“We lose more coral reefs in a day that we can restore in a decade,”Brosnan said. “Our progress towards protecting coral reefs——which ultimately protect us——is too slow. So Ocean- Shot Project is about literally rebuilding the reefs, the architecture of the reefs, for the future. ”
What sets this project apart from other coral reef restoration projects is its focus——the architecture of the reef itself. While many initiatives prioritize saving the corals, Ocean-Shot Project tacks on the additional focus of developing the base for those corals to grow and thrive.
“Coral secretes(分泌) calcium carbonate, creating a sort-of concrete around itself that becomes the structure for the reef. But that process can take hundreds and thousands of years,”Brosnan said. And with coral bleaching(白化) events only predicted to become more intense in the coming decades as global and ocean temperatures warm, this can be a problem for reefs that need to be able to recover.
“What we’re doing is we’re saying, ‘let’s learn from the corals, let’s learn from nature,’”Brosnan said. “And let’s make this happen quickly.”
To make that happen, her team is creating reef structures in a lab and then planting them in the ocean, a process that Brosnan likened to“gardening”. The team is also planting“resilient corals”among the structures that have already survived several bleaching events. Previously, her team deployed their first set of these structures, called modules, into the ocean around Antigua and Barbuda. And it’s already seeing significant success.
“We saw a whole ecosystem start to recognize these reefs as home and just move right on in. So what it told us is that if we provide the living structure, the ecosystem will respond in return,”Brosnan said.
1. What is the purpose of Ocean-Shot Project?A.To restore coral reefs. | B.To build home for corals. |
C.To prevent coral bleaching. | D.To develop a new coral reef. |
A.The whole ecosystem is in great danger. |
B.Coral reefs are easy to lose and tough to restore. |
C.Our progress in protecting nature is too slow. |
D.The focus of the Ocean-Shot Project is to save corals. |
A.Its aim. | B.Its duration. |
C.Its focus. | D.Its influence. |
A.Controllable. | B.Controversial. |
C.Adventurous. | D.Significant. |
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【推荐1】In our human-centric view, the ability to shoot ink or change colors may seem odd, but you know what’s really odd? Menopause (更年期). You can count species other than humans known to experience and outlive menopause on one hand. Only Oracs (虎鲸) and some whale populations have females that live long past their reproductive years to become grandmothers. But a new, landmark study confirms that at least one population of chimpanzees can now be added to the list.
The discovery comes as the result of 21 years’ worth of observing the Ngogo community of wild chimpanzees in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Studying urine from 66 Ngogo females, aged 14 to 67, showed that their hormone levels changed after approaching 50, confirming they were in menopause. Interestingly, 50 is also the age when many people begin to experience menopause. “It’s really cool to finally have that piece of the puzzle come into place,” says Catherine Hobaiter, a primatologist who was not part of the new study.
But Catherine points out that the Ngogo community lives in a chimp paradise: the resource-rich, well-protected Kibale National Park that also lacks leopards, their main predator. And because the Noggo community is found in the heart of the park, its only neighbors are other chimps — not humans who can expose chimpanzees to viruses that have devastated other communities. “The Ngogo population may be an outlier (局外人) when it comes to the rest of the species,” she cautions.
And there is a question concerning “the grandmother effect”, according to which a grandmother has a decidedly beneficial effect on her children and grandchildren. Chimpanzees do not form long-term pair-bonds and females leave in search of new communities when they reach maturity, which means grandmother chimpanzees likely don’t know who their grandchildren are in the same way humans or even orcas do. What they do after the menopause remains a question of interest. “And that’s all future work to be done.” said Catherine.
1. What can be learned about menopause?A.It is rare among animals. | B.It is unique to human beings. |
C.It just occurs at the age of 50. | D.It is experienced only by females. |
A.Scientist have found the solution to menopause. |
B.What happens to the 66 Ngogo females remains a puzzle. |
C.There is a puzzle whether chimpanzee females experience menopause. |
D.The latest discovery casts new light on the puzzle of animal menopause. |
A.To stress the importance of protecting chimpanzees from viruses. |
B.To remind researchers of the potential limitation of the new study. |
C.To prove that Ngogo chimpanzees are perfect subjects of the study. |
D.To argue that the discovery of the new study is completely groundless. |
A.By offering a definition. | B.By drawing a conclusion. |
C.By presenting relevant facts. | D.By giving examples and opinions. |
【推荐2】Polar bear mothers invest a huge amount into their cubs (幼兽), isolating themselves in dens (兽穴) dug with great effort into piles of snow to provide care through the unforgiving conditions of Arctic winter. It’s little wonder that the bears are hesitant to leave when disturbed, even when oil drilling equipment is in operation nearby.
“We found that bears wouldn’t abandon their dens even with vehicles driving right overhead,” says Wesley Larson, who worked his way from office assistant to a graduate student position with Utah’s Brigham Young University, monitoring polar bears on Alaska’s North Slope.
Scientists have recorded an increase in human-wildlife conflict in the area, as offshore pack ice has decreased, forcing the bear population to create their dens closer to petrol industry activity. With increased industry interest in oil and gas leasing (租赁) in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, strong evidence to help support and carry out protective measures for the species has never been more important.
Wildlife managers in Alaska depend on a rule that industrial activity and research cannot take place within 1. 6 km of a den with newborn babies in it. Working with 15 years of monitoring records, and 30 years of notes concerning interactions between the industry and the bears, Larson and colleagues were able to confirm that the regulation was sufficient, but that more needed to be done to actively locate dens. He explains that with entrances quickly covered by snow and dens closed-up until spring, they are effectively undetectable to the naked eye.
“While technology such as forward-looking infrared cameras can be used to try to pick up a heat signature inside the den, it only works when conditions are perfect, and they rarely are in Arctic winter,” says Larson. He is now consulting on a project using radar technology to identify dens and ensure protection for the animals symbolic of the Arctic.
1. Why does the author mention polar bear mothers in paragraph 1?A.To attract sympathy for the polar bears. |
B.To condemn human activities that damage nature. |
C.To show the severe environment polar bears live in. |
D.To explain polar bears’ unwillingness to leave their dens. |
A.Pursuit of economic interest threatens polar bears’ existence. |
B.Protective measures were not considered important in the past. |
C.Human activities have led to the reduction of offshore pack ice. |
D.The development of petrol industry has forced the bears to leave. |
A.Approving. | B.Critical. | C.Worried. | D.Hopeful. |
A.Attention should be paid to protecting polar bears. |
B.Technology should be applied to identify polar bears. |
C.More efforts are necessary to monitor polar bear dens. |
D.It’s very difficult to successfully locate polar bear dens. |
【推荐3】Wild elephants wander across the crowded flatland of India; the forested river banks through fields in Brazil; a ribbon (缎带) of green spreads across Europe where the Iron Curtain used to be. Using such wildlife corridors (走廊) to link up larger but isolated (孤立的) protected areas is the most widely used method for stopping biodiversity decline (生物多样性衰退), with millions of dollars spent creating and protecting them every year. But has enthusiasm for a neat idea got ahead of the science?
As wild habitat is broken into isolated parts by farms, roads and settlements, we need to link them up with corridors of green. Then even if the entire habitat can’t be recreated, old migration (迁徙) patterns can be brought back, escape routes created ahead of climate change and — perhaps most importantly — isolated populations can interbreed (杂交), improving their genetic (基因的) diversity and their ability to survive.
Recently, Paul Beier, a biologist from Northern Arizona University, and his colleague Andrew Gregory, warned that “in spite of much research, there is little evidence that protection corridors work as expected.” There is, they say, plenty of evidence that wild animals will move through corridors. But supporters of corridors want, and claim, much more than this. They say that animals don’t just go for a walk in their protection woods, but that they move in forever and interbreed with neighbouring populations. In this way corridors supposedly linked isolated and endangered populations into an interbreeding — and much more powerful — whole.
Such claims sometimes hold up. In the United Kingdom, the expansion (扩张) of Kielder Forest in the 1960s provided a link between isolated populations of endangered red squirrels. Genes from isolated populations have now “spread through hundreds of forest parts” across 100 kilometers and more. But the Kielder Forest is much wider than an ordinary corridor. Few studies have looked for gene exchange in corridors; even fewer have found it. One study researched the genetic diversity of small marsupials (有袋类动物) in a narrow forest corridor crossing 4.5 kilometers of grassland in Queensland, Australia. It found that genetically distinct populations had kept on staying at either end. Mixing was impossible.
Other studies have shown that protection corridors work. But most have looked at short corridors of 100 meters through largely natural landscape. “That species can travel along short corridors in a natural setting doesn’t mean that they will be successful travelling along much longer corridors which are in a landscape greatly affected by human beings,” says Gregory, “still less that such movements occur frequently enough to allow enough gene exchange to occur so that the connected habitat blocks function as one population.”
Perhaps we shouldn’t make the perfect the enemy of the good. Is any corridor surely better than none? But consider this. The edges of wild areas are known danger zones for wildlife, where enemies and diseases may invade (侵略). Linking two existing protected areas with a long narrow corridor may uncover it to greater danger along these edges. Unless the benefit exceeds (超过) the threat, then there is serious possibility to do harm.
1. We can infer from Paragraph 1 that people might _____.A.pay too much attention to biodiversity |
B.be using wrong ways to protect wildlife |
C.be too idealistic about protection corridors |
D.have given too much protection to wildlife |
A.their isolation | B.human activities |
C.climate change | D.alien animals |
A.We should give up wildlife corridors. |
B.Animals don’t like to walk in corridors. |
C.We need more evidence to support how corridors can work. |
D.Corridors can link isolated animals into an interbreeding whole. |
A.primary corridor |
B.unsuccessful corridor |
C.ordinary corridor |
D.non-typical corridor |
A.Short and set in natural landscape. |
B.Long and set in affected landscape. |
C.Long and set in natural landscape. |
D.Short and set in affected landscape. |
A.Supportive. | B.Doubtful. |
C.Disapproving. | D.Unconcerned. |
【推荐1】Ant Forest, a green initiative by the world’s leading payment and lifestyle platform Alipay, received the “U.N. Champions of the Earth” award, the UN’s highest environmental honor. It was given to Ant Forest for motivating half a billion people to adopt an eco-friendly and greener lifestyle, greatly contributing to ecological protection with the help of digital technology.
Alipay achieved this by inspiring its users to do environmentally-friendly things, such as walking, using public transportation, going paperless in the office and more to earn “green energy points”. These points can then be used to water and grow their own virtual young trees. After the virtual young trees have grown up on line, Ant Forest will plant real trees somewhere in China.
The number of Ant Forest users has reached 350 million, reducing 3 million tons of carbon dioxide. “Such programs are quite attractive to me. I feel satisfied to see a real tree planted just by doing some simple things such as riding bicycles and buying tickets online,” said an interviewee.
This initiative of Ant Forest is in line with the Chinese government’s strategy of a “Green Economy”. The country is taking aggressive actions in expanding its green coverage. Now, its efforts are paying off, with improved biodiversity and a healthier economic growth. Rare animal species have been spotted and forest parks are now popular attractions of tourism.
The planet is at a critical point which could result in natural disasters. It seems clear that unless governments, businesses and people form a focused team, it’s difficult to stop global warming. Fortunately, Ant Forest shows that it is possible to make joint efforts while relying on digital technology. And more initiatives are using technology to contribute to a sustainable future of the planet.
1. What was Ant Forest given the award for?A.It brings convenience to people’s lives. |
B.It is run by the world’s leading payment platform. |
C.It technically assists many people to protect ecology. |
D.It has made the greatest contribution to global development. |
A.How Alipay makes profits. |
B.How Ant Forest is carried out. |
C.What a low-carbon life is like. |
D.Why Alipay takes up the initiative. |
A.350 million people have planted real trees. |
B.Promoting tourism can help save animals. |
C.China keeps a balance between economy and ecology. |
D.The expansion of green coverage mainly results from Ant Forest. |
A.By criticizing natural disasters. |
B.By stopping the global warming. |
C.By providing a platform to make joint efforts. |
D.By encouraging people to donate money to plant trees. |
【推荐2】Eradajere Oleita thinks she may have a partial solution to two of our country’s persistent problems: garbage and poverty. It’s called the Chip Bag Project. The 26-year-old student and environmentalist from Detroit is asking a favor of local snack lovers: Rather than toss your empty chip bags into the trash, donate them so she can turn them into sleeping bags for the homeless.
Chip eaters drop off their empty bags from Doritos, Lay’s, and other favorites at two locations in Detroit: a print shop and a clothing store, where Oleita and her volunteer helpers collect them. After they sanitize the chip bags in soapy hot water, they slice them open, lay them flat, and iron them together. They use padding and liners from old coats to line the insides.
It takes about four hours to sew a sleeping bag, and each takes around 150 to 300 chip bags, depending on whether they’re single-serve or family size. The result is a sleeping bag that is “waterproof, lightweight, and easy to carry around,” Oleita told the Detroit News. Since its start in 2020, the Chip Bag Project has collected more than 800,000 chip bags and, as of last December, created 110 sleeping bags.
Sure, some people believe it would be simpler to help the homeless by raising money to buy new sleeping bags. But that’s only half the goal for Oleita — whose family moved to the United States from Nigeria a decade ago with the hope of attaining a better life — and her fellow volunteers. “We are dedicated to making an impact not only socially, but environmentally,” she says.
And, of course, there’s the symbolism of recycling bags that would otherwise land in the trash and using them to help the homeless. It’s a powerful reminder that environmental injustice and poverty often go hand in hand. As Oleita told hourdetroit.com, “I think it’s time to show connections between all of these issues.”
1. What’s Oleita’s solution to the problem of garbage and poverty?A.Talking people out of eating chips. |
B.Conducting garbage classification. |
C.Buying sleeping bags for the homeless. |
D.Recycling chip bags to make sleeping bags. |
A.Clean. | B.Displace. |
C.Classify. | D.Analyze. |
A.Costly and time-consuming. | B.Complex and fireproof. |
C.Functional and light. | D.Fancy and environmentally friendly. |
A.Environmental protection comes first. |
B.Poverty results in environmental issues. |
C.Garbage and poverty could be dealt with together. |
D.The homeless should help each other hand in hand. |
【推荐3】Not long ago, my wife and I tried a new diet—not to lose weight but to answer a question about climate change. Scientists have reported that the world is heating up even faster than they predicted just a few years ago. The consequences, they say, could be severe if we don’t keep reducing emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases that are trapping heat in our atmosphere. But what can we do about it as individuals? And will our efforts really make any difference?
We decided to try an experiment: For one month we would track our personal emissions of CO₂ to see how much we could cut back. The average U.S. household produces about 80 kilos of CO₂, a day by doing commonplace things like turning on air conditioning or driving cars. This is more than twice the European average and almost five times the global average. But how much should we try to reduce?
I checked with Tim Flannery, author of The Weather Makers: How Man Is Changing the Climate and What It Means for Life on Earth. In his book, he challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reaching critical tipping points, such as the melting of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica. “To stay below that limitation, we need to reduce CO₂ emissions by 80 percent,” Tim Flannery said. “That sounds like a lot,” my wife said. “Can we really do that?”
It seemed unlikely to me, too. How close could we come to a lifestyle the planet could handle? Finally, we agreed to aim for 80 percent less than the U.S. average: a daily diet of about 13 kilograms of CO₂. Our first challenge was to find ways to convert our daily activities into kilos of CO₂ so that we could change our habits if necessary.
To get a rough idea of our current carbon footprint, I put numbers from recent bills into several calculators on websites. The results that came out were not very flattering. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website figured our annual CO₂ emissions at 24,618 kilos, 30 percent higher than the average U.S. family with two people. Clearly, we had further to go than I thought.
1. Why did the author try a new diet?A.He intended to lose pounds. |
B.He tried to lead a healthy life. |
C.He was devoted to saving the world. |
D.He decided to perform an experiment. |
A.melting points. | B.freezing points. |
C.burning points. | D.boiling points. |
A.fairly satisfied. | B.not very pleased. |
C.not very confident. | D.greatly enthusiastic. |
A.In a novel. | B.In a magazine. | C.In a biography. | D.In a diary. |
【推荐1】Dry Ice is a unique substance which has many uses. Essentially, dry ice is frozen CO2. The first report of what we now call dry ice came from the French chemist Charles Thilorier in 1834. In 1924, the Drylee Corporation of America named the solid form of CO2 as "Dry Ice", which is what it is popularly called today.
At normal atmospheric pressure, CO2changes directly from solid to gas. It skips the liquid phase(阶段)which makes regular ice wet. Frozen CO2is also much colder than regular ice. But regular ice freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, CO2 changes from gas to solid at -109.3 degrees Fahrenheit. This extremely cold temperature makes it very dangerous to handle with bare hands. It can cause frostbite in a very short period of time.
Dry ice has been used for a variety of purposes throughout the past century. Its primary use is to refrigerate food when electrical refrigeration isn't available. Through the process of sublimation (when CO2 changes from solid to gas), it can maintain cold food for a long time.
If you've ever been to a play and seen heavy fog on the ground, it is likely that you have seen dry ice in action. This effect can be achieved because CO2 is heavier than air, so evaporated (挥发的)CO2 will sink and accumulate on the ground.
Another interesting use for this substance is to bait(诱杀)insects like mosquitoes. These insects have sensors which guide them to CO2. They find the high concentration of CO2 in dry ice quite attractive.
Mars has long been a mystery for human beings. We have been looking for evidence of life on Mars. In the 1960s scientists guessed that the polar ice cap of Mars was made of frozen CO2. More recent observations have shown that while the topmost layer consists of frozen CO2, the most of it is probably regular frozen water.
1. Frozen CO2 gets its name of "Dry Ice" mainly because______.A.it is very easy to make it dry |
B.we can't melt it and it doesn't get wet |
C.it looks like ice at a low temperature |
D.it is solid like ice at -109.3 degrees Fahrenheit |
A.the shakes caused by cold |
B.damage caused by freezing |
C.a fever caused by being cold |
D.a sharp pain caused by bums |
A.freeze most of food in the next century |
B.increase the production of farming |
C.make a vivid fog effect on stages |
D.help to improve the environment |
A.Dry ice on Mars is near the polar. |
B.Not much dry ice has been found on Mars. |
C.The polar ice cap of Mars is unique. |
D.No frozen CO, on Mars can be melt. |
【推荐2】Plants may tell us when they’re in trouble. Thirsty tomato and tobacco plants make clicking sounds, researchers have found. The sounds are ultrasonic (超声波的), meaning they are too high-pitched for human ears to hear. But when the sounds are transformed to lower pitches, they sound like popping bubbles (爆破的泡泡). Plants also make clicks when their stems (茎) are cut.
“It’s not like the plants are screaming,” says Lilach Hadany, an evolutionary biologist working at Tel Aviv University in Israel. “Plants may not mean to make these noises. We’ve shown only that plants create informative sounds.”
Hadany and her colleagues first heard the clicks when they set microphones next to plants on tables in a lab. The microphones caught some noises. But the researchers needed to make sure that the clicking was coming from the plants. So, the scientists placed plants inside soundproof boxes in the basement, far from the noise of the lab. There, microphones picked up ultrasonic pops from thirsty tomato plants. Though it was outside humans’ hearing range, the clicking made by plants was about as loud as a normal conversation.
Cut tomato plants and dry or cut tobacco plants clicked, too. But plants that had enough water or hadn’t been cut stayed mostly quiet. Wheat, corn and grapevines also made sounds when stressed out.
The researchers don’t yet know why plants click. Bubbles forming and then popping inside plant tissues that transport water might make the noises. But however they happen, pops from crops could help farmers, the researchers suggest. Microphones, for example, could monitor fields or greenhouses to detect when plants need to be irrigated (灌溉).
Hadany wonders whether other plants and insects already tune into plant pops. Other studies have suggested that plants respond to sounds. And animals from pests (害虫), moths to mice can hear in the range of the ultrasonic clicks. Sounds made by plants could be heard from around five meters away. Hadany’s team is now studying what the living things near the plants will do after hearing the sounds.
1. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?A.Interpreting plant sounds isn’t easy. |
B.Plants sound off when they’re in trouble. |
C.It’s interesting to hear the sounds of plants. |
D.Plants make sounds in a different way from humans. |
A.To enjoy the sounds made by the plants. |
B.To have a better conversation with the plants. |
C.To find out whether the plants did make sounds. |
D.To keep the plant sounds within their hearing range. |
A.Weed prevention. | B.Pest control. |
C.Temperature monitoring. | D.Timely irrigation. |
A.Whether the sounds of plants can travel far. |
B.Whether animals can hear the sounds of plants. |
C.How the neighbors of plants respond to their sounds. |
D.How plants and animals communicate with each other. |
【推荐3】A couple carved out a life on a small rock island, among the seabirds. The Bass Rock is a small volcanic island just off the east coast of Scotland. Remarkable in the Scottish imagination for its landform and location in the Firth of Forth near Edinburgh, the island has had a thin and intermittent(断断续续)human population across the centuries. Its most notable and sustained inhabitants are the northern gannets that have lived on the island throughout recorded history. With a population of roughly 150,000 birds, their home is the largest in the world.
The English naturalist June Nelson is one of the few people who have lived on the Bass Rock. For three years in the early 1960s. she and her late husband, the ornithologist Bryan Nelson. who was researching gannets at the University of Oxford, made the island their temporary home. Living and working out of a small church, they devoted themselves to observing and recording the behaviors and ecology of the birds. The then-newly-married had little contact with the outside world, but led a happy life together.
In the short documentary Life on the Rocks, Nelson revisits her full and focused years on the Bass Rock. Combining cinematic black-and-white shots of the island with music. the UK director George Pretty creates a vivid account of Nelson’s unforgettable time there, as well as her emotional return. Mining Nelson’s memories and old photographs, the film explores how the husband-and-wife team found happiness on this unique patch of Earth, and among its many birds. But, more than just a fondness for the past, Nelson communicates an urgency to protect the plummeting(暴跌)global sea-bird population, which has declined by 70% in her lifetime, asking “What right have we to deprive(剥夺)future generations of this wonderful place?”
1. What do we know about the Bass Rock from Paragraph 1?A.It is owned by a couple. | B.It is heavily populated. |
C.It is gannets’ largest habitat. | D.It is famous for its scenery. |
A.To research birds. | B.To make their home. |
C.To live a happy life. | D.To stay away from the outside. |
A.Nelson’s research about the birds. | B.The couple’s fondness for the past. |
C.Nelson’s description of the island. | D.Nelson’s concerns about the birds’ situation. |
A.Tough but worthwhile. | B.Dangerous but admirable. |
C.Smooth and fruitful. | D.Inspiring and lucky. |