The Great Library of Alexandria was a marvel of ancient Egypt. Founded during the Hellenistic period, sometime between 324 and 246 BCE, the Library was reportedly an architectural wonder. More importantly, the Library housed a vast collection of works from all across the ancient world and was a major center of scholarship. The Library shouldered the mission of collecting all of the world’s books, and employed numerous methods to acquire (获得) new works. A well-funded acquisitions department searched the book fairs of Rhodes and Athens, buying individual texts or even whole libraries. Ships that landed at the harbor of Alexandria were searched for books to add to the Library’s collection. The Library also employed a number of scholars who produced original works on subjects such as astronomy, mathematics, and physics.
In addition to collecting books and conducting research, the writers and scholars of the Great Library translated texts from around the world into Greek and collected authoritative versions from different translations. Some of the first translations of Biblical (《圣经》中的) texts into Greek may have occurred at the Library in the time of Ptolemy I. Much work was done to compile (编写) and edit authoritative versions of the Homeric myths for which the Greeks are so well known today, and these were only a few of the great works of translation and editing that took place in Alexandria in the Hellenistic period.
It is ironic that the fate of the Great Library—an institution committed to the collection and preservation of knowledge—is hidden in myth and mystery. Many sources say the Library burned down, but the date is uncertain. It may have burned down more than once, either by accident, or intentionally. Smaller sister institutions may have survived the original library, to be destroyed later.
The Great Library, or some version of it, could have survived for anywhere from 300 to 1, 000 years. However it ended, there can be little doubt that the scholarship of The Great Library had a great and lasting impact on history, and the works that were kept, translated, or created there have had a profound influence on our culture even to the present day.
1. How did they get so many books for the library?A.By sending the ships to search for books. |
B.By translating Greek books into English. |
C.By searching book fairs around the world. |
D.By writing books related to certain topics. |
A.Wonderful. | B.Typical. | C.Strange. | D.Intentional. |
A.It survived for 1,000 years. | B.It had a hidden collection of works. |
C.It burned down on many occasions. | D.It has had a great cultural influence. |
A.To introduce some information about a historic library. |
B.To report the role of great libraries throughout history. |
C.To compare versions of the Great Library’s destruction. |
D.To explain the importance of rebuilding the Great Library. |
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【推荐1】There were many battles that took place during the American Revolutionary War (1775—1783), but perhaps some of the worst battles involved the American Continental Army versus the winter at Valley Forge in 1777 and 1778. Here many people believe was where the American Army was born. Valley Forge is located about 25 miles northwest of Philadelphia in the southeastern corner of Pennsylvania.
General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and he decided to set up winter camp at Valley Forge. It was close to Philadelphia, which was where the British had been camping out for the winter. This allowed him to keep a watchful eye on their movements. There were high areas in Mount Joy and Mount Misery where the army could make fortifications. Nearby was also the Schuylkill River, which was used as a barrier to the North.
The army’s stay at Valley Forge turned into a time of training. Besides Washington, two other leaders included General Friedrich von Steuben and General Marquis de Lafayette.
Steuben was born in Prussia and arrived at Valley Forge with a recommendation letter from statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin. He trained the Continental Army using the daily drill, even in the extremely cold weather. In fact, he was responsible for writing the army’s Revolutionary War Drill Manual, which served as the standard United States drill manual until the War of 1812.
Lafayette was a French military leader, working for no pay, and asking for no special treatment. He later became an important commander in several key battles during the war.
Besides the freezing weather, it was consistently cold, wet, and snowy at Valley Forge. In addition, food was lacking, and there were very few warm clothes, shoes, or blankets. The log cabins they lived in were crowded, cold and damp, and allowed diseases to easily spread. Of the 10,000 men at Valley Forge, 2,500 died before the break of spring mostly from diseases.
Following the winter at Valley Forge, under Washington’s leadership, a better-disciplined, trained, and more powerful army, in high spirits, left on June 19, 1778. Nine days later, their first victory against the British occurred at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey.
1. Why was Valley Forge chosen as the site of a winter camp?A.It was key to the effective conduct of war. | B.It was an ideal place for military training. |
C.It was very far from the British camp. | D.It was an area with adequate supplies. |
A.Strange. | B.Tough. | C.Favorable. | D.Relaxing. |
A.It was taken over by the American Army. | B.It won more support from the people. |
C.It had many more soldiers. | D.It became a stronger army. |
【推荐2】The Beijing Winter Olympics and Paralympics saw many excellent athletes compete on the ice and snow, prompting an enthusiasm for winter sports in China. In fact, the country has had a deep relationship with winter sports since ancient times, with skiing originating in the Altay prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region.
In 2005, cave paintings of Altay people hunting on skis with poles were discovered, which archaeologists estimated could be more than 10,000 years old. Since then, Altay has been recognized by many as one of the birthplaces of skiing, according to Xinhua.
As one of the richest collections of ancient rock art in China, there are herds of camels, sheep, wolves and human figures. The painting on the roof of a cave in Dundebulake village of Altay prefecture depicts humans on skis, bending their knees as they travel alongside animals, including deer and moose.
The rock art in Dundebulake is well preserved because the pictographs (象形文字) are well hidden in the cave.
Additionally, Alta’s dry climate has been a useful preserving agent, according to a 2016 research paper published by the Hebei Normal University.
Unique geographical and climatic conditions make skiing an indispensable part of local people’s lives. The climate in Altay is mild and not too windy, so skiers are less affected by weather conditions, allowing them to safely move faster.
Unlike the modern skis we use nowadays, fur skis have been used as a means of transportation for the snowfield inhabitants of Altay for more than 100 centuries, according to rock carvings uncovered in the area.
Making skis has been a traditional skill. The handmade skis have a layer of horse skin. The fur on the horse skin can help decrease friction (摩擦力) when they slide down the hill, while the skis also prevent skiers from falling when they walk up. At the same time, they have a wooden stick in hand to keep balance, according to China Daily.
Fur ski competitions have been held annually by the local government. Many locals would display their maneuvers (高超的移动) at the competitions.
1. Which of the following is evidence that Altay is one of the birthplaces of skiing?A.Altay people wore skis to hunt animals. | B.The modern skis are very similar to fur skis. |
C.Local people have used fur skis for a long time. | D.Humans on skis were depicted in cave drawings. |
A.Hunting. | B.Transportation. | C.Competition. | D.Entertainment. |
A.It helps them better control directions. | B.It makes them slide more comfortably. |
C.It helps them slide down smoothly. | D.It helps them keep steady while sliding. |
A.The origins of skiing in Altay. | B.The ancient rock art found in Altay. |
C.The development of skiing in China. | D.The current popularity of skiing in Altay |
【推荐3】The flag, the most common symbol of a nation in the modern world, is also one of the most ancient. With a clear symbolic meaning, the flag in the traditional form is still used today to mark buildings, ships and other vehicles related to a country.
The national flag as we know it today is in no primitive (原始的) artifact. itis, rather, the product of thousands of years’ development. Historians believe that it had two major ancestors, of which the earlier served to show wind direction.
Early human beings used very fragile houses and boats. Often strong winds would tear roofs from houses or cause high waves that endangered travelers. People’s food supplies were similarly vulnerable. Even after they had learned how to plant grains, they still needed help from nature to ensure good harvests. Therefore they feared and depended on the power of the wind, which could bring warmth from one direction and cold from another.
Using simple piece of cloth tied to the top of post to tell the direction of the wind was more dependable than earlier methods, such as watching the rising of smoke from a fire. The connection of the flag with heavenly power was therefore reasonable. Early human societies began to fix long pieces of cloth to the tops of totems (图腾) before carrying them into battle. They believed that the power of the wind would be added to the good wishes of the gods and ancestors represented by the totems themselves.
These flags developed very slowly into modern flags. The first known flag of a nation or a ruler was unmarked: The king of China around 1000 B. C. was known to have a white flag carried ahead of him. This practice might have been learned from Egyptians even further in the past, but it was from China that it spread over trade routes through India, then across Arab lands, and finally to Europe, where it met up with the other ancestor of the national flag
1. The best title for the passage would be ________.A.Development of the National Flag |
B.Power of the National Flag |
C.Types of Flags |
D.Uses of Flags |
A.they could tell wind direction |
B.they could bring good luck to fighters |
C.they were handed down by the ancestors |
D.they were believed to stand for natural forces |
A.He knows when it was sent to Europe. |
B.He believes it was made in Egypt. |
C.He thinks it came from China. |
D.He doubts where it started. |
A.The role of China in the spread of the national flag. |
B.The second ancestor of the national flag. |
C.The use of modern flags in Europe. |
D.The importance of modern flags. |
【推荐1】Fossilized (化石的) footprints found on a beach in southern Spain reveal what may have been a nursery for an extinct species of elephant.
The track-rich coastal site is typically covered by 1 1/2 meters of sand. Storm surges (风暴潮) in the spring of 2020 washed away much of that sand and exposed the preserved footprints of ancient elephants, cattle, deer, pigs, and so on. The sandy-clay sediments (沉淀物) hosting this treasure of tracks were probably laid down about 106,000 years ago, previous studies suggest.
Among the newly uncovered tracks are the first-of-their kind footprints of newborn straight-tusked elephants, an extinct species that probably died out during the last ice age. The teeny tracks — which measure 9.6 centimeters across, about the size of a drink coaster — suggest that the petite, possibly 2-month-old elephants stood about 66 centimeters tall at their shoulders and weighed around 70 kilograms, slightly heavier than a Newfoundland dog. Based on previous finds elsewhere of actual bones, adult straight-tusked elephants may have weighed 5.5 metric tons for females and 13 tons for males.
The mix of elephant tracks at the site suggests that family groups including newborns, youngsters and adult females frequented the area and possibly used it as a nursery, the researchers say. Other fossils found at the site, including those preserving traces of ancient roots, indicate that the area was rich in vegetation and lakes and ponds.
The team’s findings “are a thrilling study,” says Anthony Martin, a trace fossil expert at Emory University in Atlanta, Series of footprints show how the ancient elephants were moving, offer insight into their social structure and even provide a sight of their reproductive ecology, he says, If newborns were part of the family group and “if they were acting anything like modern elephants, the mother had to be nearby,” Martin says.
What’s more, the presence of preserved Neandertal footprints at the site suggests that the ancient people hunted young elephants or other creatures, Martin says. The Neandertals “probably were not foolish enough to take on a full-sized elephant.”
1. What helped the discovery of elephants’ footprints in southern Spain?A.People’s farming. | B.The researchers’ efforts. |
C.The bad weather. | D.Records about the place. |
A.The extinction of the elephants. | B.Inferrence about the elephants. |
C.The course of the new discovery. | D.Weigh of straight-tusked elephants. |
A.The site was suitable for animals’ living. |
B.Volcanoes must have happened in the site. |
C.These tracks indicated the danger of the site. |
D.Elephants’ enemies must have lived in the site. |
A.The slow growth of the elephants. |
B.The movements of the elephants here. |
C.The development of elephant species. |
D.The living style of the local people. |
【推荐2】Sleep is widely recognized as one of life’s necessary processes. But do you know that sleepless nights can also lead to selfish behavior? Insufficient sleep affects how likely a person is to help someone, according to new research published in the journal PLOS Biology.
Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, conducted three studies looking at this “selfish” effect, analyzing changes in neural (神经系统的) activity and behavior that benefit others, and found it was common even after a small loss of sleep.
Research scientists Eti Ben Simon and Matthew Walker told that this finding was most surprising. “Even if we lose just one hour of sleep, it is enough to influence the choice to help another and hit our natural human kindness and our motivation to help other people in need,” said Ben Simon.
In the first study, by looking at a database of 3 million charitable donations between 2001 and 2016, Eti Ben Simon, Matthew Walker and their colleagues saw a 10% drop in donations following Daylight Saving Time (夏令时). This drop was not seen in states that don’t follow the one-hour forward. In the second study, the researchers looked at the brain activity of 24 people after eight hours of sleep and after a night of no sleep. The areas of the brain associated with theory of mind were less active after sleep loss, this study found. In the third study, which measured the sleep of more than 100 people across three to four nights, researchers unexpectedly found that sleep quantity and quality both typically influenced emotional and social behavior. “These findings could suggest that once sleep time rises above some basic amount, sleep quality is the most critical factor that influences desire to help other people,” Dr. Ivana Rosenzweig, asleep physician said.
Ben Simon and Walker hope their research will allow people to regain a full night of sleep if necessary. “Sleep loss fundamentally changes the way we are social and emotional creatures,” Walker said.
1. What will happen if people lack sleep according to the researchers?A.It makes them kind and motivated |
B.It will cause damage to their health. |
C.It will increase their choices to help others. |
D.It may discourage them from doing good deeds. |
A.It was based on a database from advertisers. |
B.It didn’t see a 10% drop in donations in all states. |
C.It focused on the donation behavior of people. |
D.It discovered the brainless active after sleep loss. |
A.Boring | B.Systematic. | C.Unrealistic | D.Subjective. |
A.Three Important Studies |
B.The Less Sleep, the More Selfish? |
C.A Delightful Finding about Sleep Loss |
D.Sleep Quality or Sleep Quantity Matters More? |
【推荐3】Eco-friendly replacement products for single-use plastic are appearing everywhere. But have you heard of edible (可食性的) straws?Now EQUO, a new eco-friendly company in Vietnam has come up with a natural edible solution to plastic or paper straws. The edible straws are completely plastic free, nontoxic, chemical free, and 100 percent biodegradable (可生物降解的) according to a company press release.
“It’s well-known that plastic straws are harmful to the environment. Most of the 500 million used every day in America end up in oceans where they pollute water and harm marine life. Currently, over eight billion straws create pollute to the world’s beaches,” said Marina Tran-Vu in the press release. “Although there are some plastic and paper straw alternatives on the market, most are environmentally harmful, but we were also unsatisfied with the quality and lasting of paper straws.”
All of the materials are locally from regions that support sustainable farming according to the company’s website and they struggle to have zero-net influence by “using the power of mother nature”. The name of the company was created by combining “ECO” — meaning environmentally friendly — with “STATUS QUO” — meaning the existent state. EQU stands for creating products that have minimal influence on the environment. The company was first shown on Kickstarter on May 18 and hit their funding goal in only 30 days.
Many counties are banning single-use plastics. The EU banned 10 single-use plastic products including straws that will take effect in 2021. Other items that will no longer be made of plastic include cutlery (餐具), and balloon sticks. These 10 items make up a large percentage of ocean waste that harms marine life.
So do your part, use biodegradable cutlery — you can carry your own edible straws, and reusable water or coffee cups. These small items can contribute to buffering plastic waste.
1. What does ECO stand for?A.It means the original aim. | B.It means the existent state. |
C.It means how to create products. | D.It means being nice to the environment. |
A.Plastic straws will be forbidden. |
B.Ocean waste can be removed completely. |
C.Edible straws will be sold cheaply and widely. |
D.Single-use plastic products will disappear completely. |
A.Preventing. | B.Causing. | C.Reducing. | D.Transforming. |
A.Plastic Straws Do Great Harm to the Environment |
B.Single-use Plastic Straws Are to Be Prohibited Since 2021 |
C.Everyone Can Make a Difference to Declining Plastic Waste |
D.Scientists Have Developed Edible Straws to Replace Plastic Straws |