Known as the “First Lady of Physics” and “Queen of Nuclear Research”, Chien-Shiung Wu was born in China in 1912 and went to the United States in 1936 to take part in the doctorate (博士学位) program in nuclear physics at the University of Michigan. After learning that women were disrespected at the University of Michigan, she chose to go to the University of California, Berkeley instead.
During her earlier life in China, she had been an outstanding student whose love of learning had been encouraged by her father. By the time she arrived in the United States, she had already stood out in her undergraduate academic work and later during postgraduate research. At Berkeley, she benefited from working with some of the top physicists in the country at that time. After one year at Berkeley, she received a scholarship (奖学金) to Caltech. She completed her doctorate in 1940 and moved to the east coast. Unable to find a research position at university, Wu became a physics teacher at Princeton University and at Smith College. In 1944, she joined the Manhattan Project where she began work on beta decay and uranium enrichment.
While at Columbia University. Wu began working with two other Chinese American scientists, Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang conducting research in the field of particle physics. Wu developed an experiment disproving (反驳) a hypothetical physical law called the conservation of parity. The experiment smoothed the way for her two colleagues to earn the Nobel Prize, an award for which she was overlooked, she believed, because she is a woman. In 1978, her work was finally recognized when she received the Wolf Prize, a $100,000 international award given to artists and scientists for achievements in the interest of mankind and friendly relations among people, regardless of their nationality, race, color, religion, sex or political views.
She continued advancing her work in nuclear physics for many years and later joined in protecting women’s rights. She died in 1997 from a stroke.
1. Why did Wu choose to study at the University of Caledonia, Berkeley?| A．She needed to join a program. | B．She wanted to be treated equally. |
| C．She could learn physics further. | D．She could get the doctorate easily. |
| A．She had a good performance in study |
| B．She carried out nuclear research in China. |
| C．She couldn’t find her position at university. |
| D．She was the first female to join the Manhattan Project |
| A．Accepted | B．Criticized. | C．Praised. | D．Ignored. |
| A．Modest | B．Responsible. | C．Devoted. | D．Proud. |
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【推荐1】The journey to meet master thatcher (盖茅草屋顶的人) Chris Dodson is notably pleasant. In the Cambridgeshire village where he is currently working, it is easy to spot a thatched cottage.
Chris guides me to a couple of chairs where we can talk. “There is no thatching without mess,” he says cheerfully. “A rethatch takes my assistant and me around 10 weeks, so it’s important that customers feel comfortable having us around,” he says.
Chris is also sensitive to the cultural heritage (遗产) of his craft (手艺). “If you ask tourists to think of traditional English things, they will probably say thatched cottages and afternoon tea.” In the past 200 years, little has changed in terms of technique. “My great-grandfather would recognize the methods we use,” says Chris.
Though the principles of the craft are simple, they are hard to perfect. “Every roof is different; the skill of a good thatcher is adapting the material to a cottage so that it looks neat and smooth.” Individual craftsmen also develop their styles. “I can drive around, see a particular ridge and think, ‘So-and-so did that’,” says Chris.
“One might expect the industry to be in decline. On the contrary, there is a surprisingly healthy demand for new-builds. In addition, 97 percent of thatched properties are listed, so they have to remain thatched and be rethatched. The National Society of Master Thatchers has around 150 members and most of the thatchers who retire are replaced by young thatchers,” Chris adds.
1. Which word can best describe Chris according to paragraph 2?| A．Considerate. | B．Courageous. | C．Cool-minded. | D．Strong-willed. |
| A．They are typically English. | B．They can be built in the pouring rain. |
| C．Their appearance has changed greatly. | D．Their building methods differ from those of the past. |
| A．Craftsmen are not fond of learning. | B．Different thatchers have different styles. |
| C．Thatchers adopt new principles of the craft. | D．Craftsmen make ridges with unique functions. |
| A．It will be embarrassing. | B．It will be uncertain. |
| C．It will be stressful. | D．It will be promising. |
【推荐2】I was doing some Christmas shopping in a toy store and decided to look at Barbie dolls for my nieces. A nicely dressed little girl was excitedly looking through the Barbie dolls as well. As she was looking，a little boy came to the Pokemon toys. He was dressed neatly，but his clothes were obviously old. He was with his father as well，and kept picking up the Pokemon video toys. Each time he picked one up and looked at his father，his father shook his head and said，“No.”
The little girl had chosen her Barbie. However，she stopped and was watching them. Rather dejectedly，the boy had to give up the Pokemon toys and choose something else. The little girl put her Barbie back on the shelf，and ran over to the Pokemon toys. She excitedly picked up one and raced towards the checkout. I picked up my purchases and got in line behind them. Then，much to the little girl's delight，the little boy and his father got in line behind me. After the toy was paid for and bagged，the little girl handed it back to the cashier (收银员) and whispered something in her ear. The cashier smiled and put the package under the counter.
I paid for my purchases and was rearranging things when the little boy came up to the cashier. The cashier checked his purchases and said，“Congratulations，you are my hundredth customer today，and you win a prize！” With that，she handed the little boy the Pokemon toys，and he could only stare in surprise. It was exactly what he had wanted!
The little girl and her father had been standing at the doorway during all of this. Then they walked out. As I walked back to my car，I heard the father ask his daughter why she had done that. I'll never forget what she said to him. “Daddy，didn't Grandparents want me to buy something that would make me happy？” He said，“Of course they did，honey.” To which the little girl replied，“Well，I just did！”
I feel very shocked to have witnessed the true spirit of Christmas in that toy store，in the form of a little girl who understands more about the meaning of this festival than most adults I know.
1. The underlined word “dejectedly” in the second paragraph probably means __________.| A．disappointedly | B．delightedly | C．excitedly | D．unexpectedly |
| A．His father bought him the Poknemon toys. |
| B．Fortunately，he was the hundredth customer and won the Poknemon toys. |
| C．The little girl bought the Poknemon toys for him. |
| D．The cashier felt sympathy for the little boy and gave him the Poknemon toys. |
| A．Her Grandparents wanted her to be happy. |
| B．The Poknemon toys made her happy. |
| C．Making the little boy happy made her happy. |
| D．Her Grandparents hoped that she could help others. |
| A．the story happened before Christmas. |
| B．The little boy had not enough money to buy the Poknemon toys. |
| C．The author was deeply moved by the behavior of the little girl. |
| D．Although the little girl liked the Poknemon toys very much，she gave them to the boy. |
【推荐3】I moved to the Phoenix area in my early twenties, and to expand my social life I joined a young adult group at a church. Because I love music, I started singing in the choir (合唱队), where I met Lisa. We were about the same age. Finding people with similar interests helped reduce my feelings of loneliness after moving to a new city.
“Are you going to go on the retreat (静修)?” Lisa asked. Once or twice a year, the young adult group put on a retreat. I hesitated. I had little experience with retreats and I still felt like an outsider. “Come on,” Lisa said. “Everyone goes.” “Okay.” I agreed. After all, some cute guys were in the group. As the retreat weekend approached, I learned that the theme was forgiveness.
In my twenties, the world revolved(旋转)around me and what I wanted. And, as most people do, I learned how to be pleasant enough without giving in and having to apologize any more than necessary. In short, the forgiveness theme made me uncomfortable. I would attend the retreat, but I planned to sit quietly in the background and watch.
The retreat was held at a camp in Prescott, Arizona. The first night we gathered in the common room where we also ate our meals. According to the plan, I found a spot in the back where I could watch, unnoticed. The leader got up and spoke about the healing power of forgiveness. His words were touching. “Now comes the hard part,” he said. “I want to invite you to look into your hearts and if you feel moved to do so, go to a person here in the room and ask to be forgiven for something you’ve done.”
At the beginning, there was total silence. Was he kidding? Then Lisa stood up and made her way through the crowd toward me. Lisa planted her feet firmly in front of me. “Kathleen, I’d like to ask your forgiveness.” I shook my head. Then nodded, not sure how to respond. I felt the heat rise into my cheeks. I could hardly breathe knowing that everyone could hear and see all this. I had no idea what I was forgiving her for. I wanted her to just go away.
“I have been angry at how easily you joined our group. Even though you became my friend when we worked on music together, I still thought you were doing it for yourself. I’ve held that against you and I’m sorry.” “It’s okay,” I choked out. Stunned, I stood up, gave her an awkward hug and then sat back down. Lisa turned and went back to her seat. Lisa’s bravery broke the ice and everyone started to ask forgiveness for various injuries, some big, some small.
The world began to change for me. I learned empathy the day that Lisa asked my forgiveness. I had read To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee several times. But I realized that I had never understood the message Atticus Finch taught his children: “You never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them.” Through the years my friendships were better, stronger and deeper. I apologized and forgave quickly. Lisa allowed me the gift of friendship because her example taught me to forgive.
1. The author joined the adult group because she wanted to .| A．have a better social life | B．practice singing with her friends |
| C．learn the importance of forgiveness | D．get to know more about her neighbors |
| A．Self-confident. | B．Dishonest. |
| C．Responsible. | D．Self-centered. |
| A．The writer didn’t want to join the retreat at first. |
| B．The writer thought Lisa should say sorry to her. |
| C．The writer thought the leader of the retreat was funny. |
| D．The writer knew Lisa before she moved to the new city. |
| A．Scared. | B．Curious. |
| C．Stressed. | D．Satisfied. |
| A．That she made the writer feel lonely. |
| B．That she was envious of the writer. |
| C．That she once took advantage of the writer. |
| D．That she refused to make friends with the writer. |
| A．try to apologize and forgive others | B．get to know people’s true face |
| C．value the friendship with others | D．place oneself in others’ position |
【推荐1】Gerty Cori, the first American woman to win the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, was born Gerty Theresa Radnitz in Prague in 1896. Gerty decided at the age of sixteen to study medicine. She entered the Realgymnasium at Tetschen, from which she graduated in 1914, and then went to the Medical School of the German University of Prague. While in medical school, Gerty met Carl Cori, a classmate who shared both her love of skiing and mountain climbing and her interest in laboratory research. In 1920, the two published the results of their first joint research, received their medical degrees, and married each other.
Gerty’s first research position was as an assistant in the Karolinen Children’s Hospital in Vienna. In 1922, Carl Cori moved to the United States to join the staff of the New York State Institute for the Study of Malignant Diseases in Buffalo, New York. Gerty Cori moved a few months later, starting as an assistant pathologist (病理学家) at the Institute and later rising to an assistant biochemist. In 1928, the Coris became US citizens.
In 1931, Carl Cori accepted the position of chairman of the Department of Pharmacology of the Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), while Gerty Cori was hired as a research fellow. In the early 1940s the Coris moved to the Department of Biological Chemistry. Gerty Cori was made an associate (副) professor of Research Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology in 1943. She was elevated to the rank (级别) of professor of Biological Chemistry in July 1947, the same year she and her husband were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work on the metabolism of glycogen (糖代谢).
In 1947, Gerty Cori began showing the signs of myelofibrosis (骨髓纤维瘤), an unusual blood disease. She fought the disease for ten years, refusing to give up her research until the last few months of her life. Gerty Cori died on October 26, 1957.
1. What can we learn about Gerty’s husband?| A．He shared the same interests with Gerty. |
| B．He moved to the USA later than Gerty. |
| C．He married Gerty while in medical school. |
| D．He studied pathology under the influence of Gerty. |
a. She moved to the USA．
b. She won the Nobel Prize.
c. She met her husband Carl.
d. She got a job in the WUSM.
e. She received her medical degree.
| A．e, a, c, b, d | B．c, e, a, d, b |
| C．e, c, a, d, b | D．c, a, e, b, d |
| A．She was satisfied with her later life. | B．She was in poor health all her life. |
| C．She died of a common disease. | D．She was very mentally strong. |
【推荐2】As the Chinese saying goes, a seed can change the world; a variety can benefit a nation. Zhang Daorong, who has spent the last 26 years cultivating 13 new varieties of wheat and contributing to national food security efforts, has done both.
After graduating from the Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University in Daqing, Heilongjiang province, in 1996, Zhang has been working as a researcher at the Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei province. Though the working conditions and incomes she received at that moment were not satisfying, she ploughed on and devoted herself to the research of wheat varieties.
Agricultural research work was hard and complicated. First she led her colleagues to suitable parental types for a specific cultivation purpose. Then, the team tried a hybrid combination. After several generations of trial and selection, and when characteristics remained steady, they began a two-year process of yield testing and disease identification. After several more rounds of tests, an application for evaluation and approval was made to provincial or national authorities for market production.
The wheat varieties developed by Zhang and her colleagues have been grown on 2 million hectares of farmland and have generated net profits of over 100 million yuan. One of them produces large seed heads and is highly resistant to stripe rust; another is highly resistant to pre-harvest sprouting, which results in a decrease of the grain yield.
Today, the 50-year-old, known as the “mother of wheat”, still works on the land. She considers it her responsibility to work hard and contribute to food safety, especially when the domestic and global economy still face headwinds from the COVID-19 pandemic. “Agricultural research work is hard and complicated. All we can do is think more, discuss more, ask more questions and find answers on the land.” she said.
1. What can we learn about Zhang Daorong?| A．Her work is important and demanding. |
| B．She got highly paid when she worked in Hubei. |
| C．She retired after being titled “mother of wheat”. |
| D．Her wheat varieties have high production but low disease resistance. |
| A．What difficulty Zhang met in the research. |
| B．How Zhang and her team did agricultural research. |
| C．What contributions Zhang made to Chinese agriculture. |
| D．Why Zhang and her team developed a hybrid wheat type. |
| A．Generous and caring. | B．Determined and honest. |
| C．Responsible and devoted. | D．Modest and knowledgeable. |
| A．To introduce a great scientist. |
| B．To advertise some high-profit wheat varieties. |
| C．To state the importance of agricultural research . |
| D．To encourage young people to work on agriculture. |
【推荐3】Katherine Johnson, a brilliant mathematician at NASA (美国宇航局), began working on the space program in the 1950s. Many of NASA’s first missions were made possible by her amazing calculations (计算).
As a child, she loved to count. Her father placed great importance on education and insisted all four of his children go to college, working overtime to pay for it. Johnson said this atmosphere was important to her success. “I was always around people who were learning something. I liked to learn.” She said.
Johnson graduated from high school at 14 and college at 18. In 1953, Johnson started to work for NASA, doing the math that powered engineers’ work. Then, because of her outstanding talent, she was moved to work on rockets with an all-male flight research team. As for Johnson, her calculations contributed to many of NASA’s most important projects. In 1961, with the help of Johnson’s work, Alan Shepherd became the first American to go into space. Johnson also lent her unbelievable talent to the success of the Apollo 13, which had trouble getting back to earth. She worked hard to calculate a safe path back to Earth for the astronauts.
Johnson retired in 1986, but her huge contribution to the space program has only been reaching the public attention for the past few years. Part of that is because, as she is the first to admit, science is based on collaboration. “I never took any credit because we always worked as a team, it was never just one person,” she said in a 2010 interview.
Earlier this year, NASA named a new data center after her. She was also given a Silver Snoopy award, which recognizes “outstanding performance, contributing to flight safety and mission success.”
1. The author explains Johnson 's help to NASA by ________.| A．comparing differences | B．providing examples |
| C．showing numbers | D．giving reasons |
| A．Experience. | B．Research. |
| C．Teamwork. | D．Talent. |
| A．She travelled to space with the Apollo 13. |
| B．She lived a rich life when she was young. |
| C．She has been widely-known since her retirement. |
| D．She used to be the only lady in the research team. |
| A．Johnson’s great contribution to NASA. |
| B．Respectable awards honored to Johnson. |
| C．The importance of education for Johnson. |
| D．NASA’s achievements in exploring space. |
