Young children are always watching-including when people swap spit through actions like food sharing. Such behavior helps babies infer who is in close relationships with one another, a study suggests.
Typically, people are more likely to engage in activities that can lead to an exchange of saliva (唾液), such as kissing or sharing an ice cream, with family members or close friends than with an acquaintance. So saliva sharing can be a marker of “thick relationships, “ or people with strong attachments, says MIT developmental psychologist Ashley Thomas.
To see if young children might use saliva sharing as a social cue for close bonds, Thomas and colleagues ran experiments of people engaging with puppets(木偶). When shown a puppet seemingly crying, kids of 8 months old were more likely to look at an adult who had previously shared saliva with the puppet than an adult who hadn’t, the team reports.
Scientists, of course, can’t know exactly babies’ thought. But tracking where they look offers hints. The team used where the kids looked first when a puppet showed distress as an indicator of their understanding of the relationship.
In some experiments, the team showed 8- to 10-month-olds or 16- to 18-month-olds videos of a woman sharing an orange slice with a puppet. A second video depicted another woman and the puppet playing with a ball. During a final video, which showed the puppet crying while seated between the two women, the kids’ eyes were more often drawn to the woman who had shared the orange.
The team saw similar results in another experiment. One woman stuck her finger in her mouth and then in one puppet’s mouth to share saliva. For the other, she touched only her forehead and then the puppet’s forehead. After the woman showed distress, kids spent more time looking at the puppet that had seemingly swapped saliva.
It’s unclear how the findings relate to children’s daily lives. Future studies could switch out actresses for family members to better understand the role saliva may play in distinguishing relationships. Other cues, such as hugging, may also play a role, Thomas says.
1. What is the main finding of the study?A.Saliva-sharing behavior is a cultural phenomenon. |
B.Saliva-sharing is an indicator of trust between individuals. |
C.Saliva-sharing can help children distinguish close relationship. |
D.Children can understand relationships through saliva-sharing behavior. |
A.It is a natural behavior for young children. |
B.It can be an indicator of strong attachments between people. |
C.It is a cultural behavior young children learn from their parents. |
D.It is a result of the development of young children’s social skills. |
A.Comparison. | B.Reference. | C.Inference. | D.Description. |
A.The limitations of the current study. |
B.The importance of saliva in social relationships. |
C.The role of other cues in distinguishing relationships. |
D.Saliva sharing can affect children’s social development. |
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【推荐1】Small talk, also called chitchat, is short conversations people have with others, while they wait in line at the store, at family events or work. Many people find these small conversations about random topics difficult. Some people say they hate it. Others say small talk is a waste of time. They may even call it idle chitchat or idle chatter, meaning it doesn’t do anything, so they think little of it.
These exchanges can open doors that may lead to larger, more meaningful conversations. When you first meet someone or talk to someone you don’t know well, it would be awkward to begin a conversation about a really deep topic.
Small talk could even help your larger communities----your relationships with neighbors and colleagues. Exchanging a recipe with a neighbor may make her noises upstairs easier to live with.
A.Small talk may make you happier. |
B.So why not try talking to someone? |
C.Small talk can give you the chance to start. |
D.However, some people are not good at small talk. |
E.However, small talk is of great importance to everyone. |
F.Small talk can also increase your feeling of understanding. |
G.It’s easy to start a conversation by sharing the same experience. |
【推荐2】The 30 miles of road winds its way through the mountains of Logan Canyon.It is enough to make most drivers frightened.
But Roger Andersen,a 46-yearold father of four,hadn't expected any trouble on the road on last New Year's Eve when he set off for a ski trip to the Bear River Mountains with his three children.The weather was good for traveling on the slopes(坡),but the higher they drove,the steeper(陡峭的)the roads became.All of a sudden,the car ran toward the cold Logan River out of control and sank into the water.
There was no time to tell the kids what to do.Within seconds,the car was filled with water."It was frightening that we were completely underwater so fast,remembers Andersen.Confused about the directions,Andersen began to search the freezing water for the kids,but however hard he tried he couldn't find them."If I don't get out,maybe none of us are able to get out."Andersen got out of his seat belt,swam through a broken window to the surface.That was when he saw a group of men,about ten in all,appear on the road.One after another,they raced down and jumped into the water,shouting,"Who else is in the car?"Andersen says thankfully,"It was like the sight of angels."
As the kids fully recovered in the following weeks,Andersen felt eager to thank the men who had saved them.He was surprised to learn that the group was a search-and-rescue team,who knew how to help the kids stay alive.
"It's just unbelievable that you'd have so many people there who knew how to do it,"says Andersen."Many people have asked me,'Did you witness a miracle(奇迹)there?' I always say,'I witnessed dozens.'"
1. At the beginning of the ski trip,Roger Andersen .A.started his travel with a good feeling |
B.was too tired to drive his car |
C.was afraid of driving on the steep road |
D.prepared for the possible trouble on the way |
A.the broken car | B.his carelessness |
C.the bad weather | D.the dangerous road |
A.How Andersen ran into danger. |
B.What Andersen saw underwater. |
C.What the children did to help Andersen. |
D.How Andersen tried to save his children. |
A.stress the frightening accident |
B.express his thanks to the rescue group |
C.show the danger of driving on mountains |
D.show his wish to help those people in need |
【推荐3】Everyone has one or more talents. Bringing out the best in others can gradually change the world.
Giving is a good way to find out the good qualities in others. Being kind doesn’t just mean helping someone financially. You can assist them with your advice, talents and so on.
Talents adopt several forms and they put people in different circumstances. Thus, you need to be flexible to discover good qualities in others. Some people you come across may have different attitudes towards life from you.
Nobody is perfect and everyone has some shortcomings. However, these are useful to you.
A.Develop an interest in others. |
B.Live in the present to spot others’ talents. |
C.Knowing one’s weaknesses is a great way to understand them. |
D.For that, you need to learn to explore good qualities in others. |
E.Discovering the good in others can bring out the best in yourself. |
F.During this process, you will know what difficulty they are facing now. |
G.Your biggest challenge is to put aside your own mind and see the bright spot of them. |
【推荐1】Almost a decade ago, researchers at Yale University launched a global database called Map of Life to track biodiversity distributions across the planet. Now, the team added a new feature to the database that predicts where species currently unknown to scientists may be hiding.
In 2018, ecologist Mario Moura of the Federal University of Paraiba in Brazil teamed up with Yale ecologist Walter Jetz, who took the lead in the initial creation of the Map of Life. The pair set out to identify where 85 percent of Earth’s undiscovered species may be. For two years, the team collected information about 32,000 vertebrate (脊椎动物)species. Data on population size, geographical range, historical discovery dates and other biological characteristics were used to create a computer model that estimated where undescribed species might exist today.
The model found tropical environments in countries including Brazil, Indonesia, Madagascar, and Colombia house the most undiscovered species. Smaller animals have limited ranges that may be inaccessible, making their detection more difficult. In contrast, larger animals that occupy greater geographic ranges are more likely to be discovered, the researchers explain.
“It is striking to see the importance of tropical forests as the birthplace of discoveries, stressing the urgent need to protect tropical forests and address the need of controlling deforestation rate if we want a chance to truly discover our biodiversity,” said Moura.
The map comes at a crucial time when Earth is facing a biodiversity crisis. It was reported that there was a 68 percent decrease in vertebrate species populations between 1970 and 2006 and a 94 percent decline in animal populations in the America’s tropical subregions. “At the current pace of global environmental change, there is no doubt that many species will go extinct before we have ever learned about their existence and had the chance to consider their fate,”Jetz said.
1. What can be learned about the Map of Life?A.It only tracks biodiversity distributions. |
B.It was initially created by Mario Moura |
C.It predicts where undiscovered species minht |
D.It managed to locate 85% of the undiscovered specties. |
A.Location. | B.Species. | C.Size. | D.Population. |
A.Tackle. | B.Ignore. | C.Maintain. | D.Postpone. |
A.Tropical animal populations have slightly declined. |
B.The Map of life is significant to protecting biodiversity. |
C.Tropical forests are the birthplace of many extinct species. |
D.Many species will undoubtedly go extinct even if discovered. |
【推荐2】Everyone loves a holiday! A little time off for some much-needed R&R (rest and relaxation) can be exactly the thing to rejuvenate and refresh from work. So if you’re struggling to think of your next destination (目的地) then look no further. Don’t waste time debating where to go, but let your blood decide.
Everybody has a lineage (家系). Recently, finding out more about our family origins has become popular. By the start of 2019, 26 million people had taken an ancestry DNA test at home, according to a report by MIT Technology Review. They believe by 2021 this number will have risen to 100 million.
This trend has been noticed by opportunistic travel operators (旅行社). Some are looking to provide a service that both allows people to track their family roots and travel to the destinations where their ancestors originated from.
Airbnb, an online boarding marketplace, recently partnered with 23andMe, a DNA testing company, to offer recommendations that encourage travellers to walk in the footsteps of their forefathers. And they aren’t the only ones.
The Shelbourne hotel in Dublin has its own “genealogy butler (宗谱管家)”. Hellen Kelly offers advice to help guests track their Irish lineage using official records. This allows them “to fill in the blanks of their Irish ancestry”, she told Good Morning America.
The Conte Club, a luxury travel company, offers custom routes of travel based on DNA tests. “These experiences are about going deeper into who we really are.” says Conte Club CEO Rebecca Fielding in an article in the Condé Nast Traveller. “It might be the most meaningful trip we can take.”
So next time you think of going on vacation, why not take a DNA test first? Once you know how far your family has come, take the time to holiday back.
1. What does the underlined word “rejuvenate” in Paragraph 1 mean?A.Take a holiday. | B.Feel lively again. |
C.Do a DNA test. | D.Return to work. |
A.The creativity of travel agency. |
B.The report by MIT Technology Review. |
C.The competition of the boarding market. |
D.The rising number of people tracking their lineage. |
A.By making comparisons. | B.By analyzing information. |
C.By giving examples. | D.By offering reasons. |
【推荐3】When you look up and around, you are likely to be surrounded by architecture. Unique among creative and artistic professions, architecture always reflects the age and culture that produced it. Designing and building architecture takes time, money and cooperation. Architects work with dozens to shape their buildings, and along this chain, a deeper and richer set of values are transmitted — ones that define exactly how cultures see their world and how people see each other.
Beyond providing shelter, architecture becomes the stage set for our life. It’s the reason we feel empowered on the roof deck of an 80-story building that is connected with a busy public square. Communities form within architecture and take on their buildings’ characteristics. Architecture connects to economics and the sciences, and the people that practice it can both be careful technicians and poets of space and form.
Defining architecture only in terms of other professions does harm to it, and there is a lot of knowledge within architecture that is separated from the practical concerns of building. Looking at the built world critically, instead of considering it a set of established traditions, shows that architecture is an entirely human creation, which can take nearly any shape we want it to. Patterns we see everywhere don’t spring from wisdom about how things should look. They are actually the result of special accumulations of cultural values, the materials available, economics, geographic location and climate. Most of these factors are changeable, so while architecture changes slowly compared to other artistic mediums, it still develops.
Architecture is futurism. Each time it offers a critique (评论) that suggests new ways to live, work or play, it becomes a feat of world-building that makes it hard to distinguish from science fiction. Architecture is interested in the future, and architects are trained to imagine the world not as it is, but as it could be.
1. What’s special about architecture?A.It helps people live at ease. | B.It’s aimed at showing values. |
C.It can reflect the culture clearly. | D.It shows man’s wisdom directly. |
A.It makes us feel powerful. |
B.It’s a great project for humans. |
C.It’s connected with many aspects in life. |
D.It provides a stage for other art forms. |
A.The world. | B.The architecture. |
C.The creation. | D.The tradition. |
A.Why architecture is important. |
B.How architecture affects the future. |
C.How architecture reflects man’s talent. |
D.Who regards architecture as a special art form. |