Animal care activists have urged in recent years to discourage keeping elephants in zoos, largely because of the lack of space and small numbers of animals that can be kept in a group.
The researchers found that the median life span for African elephants in European zoos was 16.9 years, compared with 56 years for elephants who died of natural causes in Kenya’s Amboseli Park. Adding in those elephants killed by people in Africa lowered the median life expectancy there to 35.9 years. For the more endangered Asian elephants, the median life span in European zoos was 18.9 years, compared with 41.7 years for those working in the Burma Timber Enterprise. Median means half died younger than that age and half lived longer.
There is some good news, though. The life expectancies of zoo elephants have improved in recent years, suggesting an improvement in their care and raising, but “Protecting elephants in Africa and Asia is far more successful than protecting them in Western zoos.”
There are about 1,200 elephants in zoos, half in Europe, researchers concentrated on female elephants, which make up 80 percent of the zoo population. One amazing thing was that Asian elephants born in zoos had shorter life spans that those brought to the zoos from the wild.
Zoos usually lack large areas that elephants are used to in the wild, and that zoo animals often are alone or with one or two other unrelated animals, while in the wild they tend to live in related groups of 8 to 12 animals. In Asian elephants, baby death rates are two to three times higher in zoos than in the Burmese logging camps, and then, in adulthood, zoo-born animals die young. People are not sure why.
1. What is argued about in this passage?
A.Zoo elephants don’t live as long as those in the wild. |
B.Elephants should not be on display. |
C.Asian elephants are in danger. |
D.Asia is far more successful in protecting elephants in zoos. |
A.Average | B.Longest. | C.Shortest. | D.Ordinary. |
A.Limited number of relatives. | B.Lack of space. |
C.Shorter life expectancy. | D.Less attention. |
A.Zoologists. | B.Animal care activists. |
C.Zoo visitors. | D.The public. |
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【推荐1】On a college camping trip, curiosity about waves and sand caused Rob Thieler to study shorelines around the world. Thirty years later and now a U. S. Geological Survey research geologist, Thieler, is combining science and smartphone technology to help study a bird, which is dying out, the Atlantic Coast piping plover.
The piping plover is a shorebird that lives along the Atlantic Coast, the Great Lakes and the Great Plains. Rising sea level associated with climate change, as well as increased development of their beach habitats(栖息地), threatens the species. To help track changes in piping plover habitats, Thieler developed a free app called iPlover in 2012. This is a marked change from the typical way scientists collect data.
Since releasing iPlover, scientists have gathered data across 1,500 km of breeding range. That equals about a third of the distance across the U. S., which is a large area to cover for only two thousand breeding pairs of piping plovers on the east coast. Instead of having to travel and spend days at each site, a number of cooperators in the field use the app to collect and send data, allowing scientists to gather data more efficiently. It also allows them to collect data at the same time during each breeding season, providing a better picture of changes that happen over longer periods of time. And fast, centralized access means scientists can look at data quickly to get a real-time idea of where and how piping plovers are using their habitats.
While iPlover is used by trained field staff, other apps like the U. S. Geological Survey’s web-based “iCoast — Did the Coast Change?” invite citizen scientists to identify coastal changes by comparing aerial(从飞机上的)photographs taken before and after storms. All the information scientists and citizen scientists alike collect helps federal and state agencies create policy plans for addressing climate change impacts(影响)worldwide.
1. What can we know about the piping plover?A.Its behaviour is changing. |
B.Its habitat is growing bigger. |
C.Its living environment is becoming worse. |
D.Its breeding range is limited to the Atlantic Coast. |
A.To study shorelines across America. |
B.To advance information technology. |
C.To study global climate change. |
D.To monitor changes of piping plover habitats. |
A.The camping equipment. | B.Research on smartphones. |
C.The changeable coast. | D.Progress in technology. |
A.Protecting Endangered Shorebirds | B.Rob Thieler, a Creative Scientist |
C.iPlover, a Tool for Training Field Staff | D.Differences Between iPlover and iCoast |
【推荐2】All animals play. Running and rolling are ways for them to have fun. But it also seems to be how they communicate and strengthen bonds with each other.
When a dog comes up to another dog, front legs bowed or his tail high or wagging, his friend knows he wants to play. But new research shows that this play behavior is surprisingly similar when horses and dogs play.
“Up to now, most studies have focused on dog-human play due to the important implications that such studies have in understanding the special relationship we establish with our pets,” researchers from Italy wrote in the journal Behavioural Processes. “Here, we focused on social play between dogs and horses.”
To study communication among different species, Elisabetta Palagi and her colleagues from the University of Pisa found 20 YouTube videos of dogs and horses playing where their interactions lasted at least 30 seconds. They analyzed the videos, looking for specific patterns of play.
They found that while playing, both dogs and horses often had relaxed, open mouths, which is a common playful facial expression in animals. Some also copied each others' movements, like pretending to bite, playing with an object, or rolling on their backs on the ground. The team also found that the dogs and horses copied each other's facial expressions. This behavior, called rapid facial mimicry, has been seen before in dogs and sun bears, points out National Geographic. But it has never been documented between animals of different species.
“A 2000-pound horse can play with a relatively tiny dog because the two are able to communicate their intentions. It's an important study because it shows how two animals who look and behave so differently can manage to discuss how to play in a way that's comfortable for both,” Barbara Smuts, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Michigan, told National Geographic.
1. How does a dog express his intention to play?A.By bowing his back legs. | B.By crossing his legs. |
C.By waving his tail high. | D.By raising his head. |
A.By referring to some books about animal species. |
B.By analyzing videos of dogs playing with horses. |
C.By playing with some dogs and horses separately. |
D.By conducting an experiment on dogs and sun bears. |
A.Dogs like to play with horses best. |
B.Dogs and horses imitate each other's actions. |
C.Animals show happiness by opening their mouths. |
D.Different animals have different patterns of play. |
A.Supportive. | B.Doubtful. | C.Opposed. | D.Unconcerned. |
【推荐3】Animals can move from place to place,but plants cannot.When an animal is under attack,it can run away or fight back.Plants certainly cannot run away,and they lack teeth and claws.
Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away.For example,the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines(刺) that discourage grass-eating animals.Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches.
Some plants,such as the oak tree,have thick and hard leaves that make it difficult for the animals to eat.Some grasses may contain a sandy material.
Many plants also have chemical defenses.
A.Animals are good at protecting themselves. |
B.Eating such grasses wears down animals’ teeth. |
C.Many plants depend on both physical and chemical defenses. |
D.Plants have more ways to defend against the enemies than animals. |
E.This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach. |
F.Some plants produce chemicals that taste bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. |
G.But plants can defend themselves by using both the physical and chemical means. |
【推荐1】Many years ago, I bumped into an old friend of mine. He had devoted his life to acting but had never been quite successful. In his middle age, he seemed defeated and sad.
I thought of his dogged perseverance. Was it smart or foolish? What could he have achieved? Had he quit his dream of acting and moved on? Our culture does not look kindly upon quitting. Failure is perfectly acceptable as long as it eventually results in success.
We chant “Winners never quit” and “If at first you don’t succeed, try again.” We lap up stories of persistence, of the author who submitted stories for years before her novels were published or of the athlete who trained since childhood to win gold at the Olympics.
Persistence pays off when it is rewarded with success, but it does not reward every person. For every JK Rowling, there are thousands of aspiring writers who will never get published. For every Olympic athlete, there are innumerable others who trained every day of their lives and never made the cut.
We all agree that doing the same things and expecting a different result is unwise. So why do we believe that persevering through failure after failure is a good idea? We consider quitting in the face of failure to be weak. We believe that perseverance is the key to success. Perseverance is only one part of success. You need talent or skill, as well as passion and drive. Luck and timing are also key to any great success.
Our society believes that anything is possible, as long as you “believe”. But not everyone can make it. Quitting when you’ re not ahead is sometimes the smartest thing to do. Obviously, if you enjoy a pursuit, regardless of its outcome, you should continue. If you knew your novel would never be published, would you want to write? If you could never be a champion swimmer, would you still train? Sometimes, it is wise to put your energy into something else.
Failure is not always the path to success. Sometimes, failure is the door to something new.
1. What do we know about the author’s old friend?A.He was dissatisfied with his acting performance. |
B.He switched his dream of acting to something else. |
C.He failed in acting because of a lack of persistence. |
D.He failed in all attempts to become a successful actor. |
A.explain how she achieved success in writing |
B.show that success doesn’t happen to everyone |
C.prove that success favors those who are perseverant |
D.encourage readers to pursue their dream until they succeed |
A.Held on to their dreams. |
B.Met the required standard. |
C.Improved their performances. |
D.Promised to be good players. |
A.Make an effort to try new things. |
B.Stick to your goal until we succeed. |
C.Wait for the right time and good luck. |
D.Ask friends or family members for help. |
A.Stick to your dream--anything is possible |
B.Perseverance: the secret to success |
C.Flexibility vs. Perseverance |
D.Perseverance-the only access to success? |
【推荐2】Have you ever been faced with trying to stay positive when others around you are negative? A negative person can bring you down and throw your positive plans out of the window. Whether you deal with a family member, friend or co-worker who is negative, there are things you can do to remain positive in the face of negativity?
Whatever you do, don’t argue with a negative person. Arguing only adds fuel to the fire. I have noticed when my children are crabby, it is best to avoid trying to convince them to analyze and adjust their attitude. As soon as I take the approach of being in opposition to them, the situation gets worse before it gets better. Sometimes the best thing to do is remain silent and let negativity pass.
You know how difficult it can be to give love and positive attention to negative people. Unfortunately, that is often exactly what they need. A negative person is usually afraid he is unlovable. How do you show love when someone is negative? You must listen to what he is trying to tell you. Acknowledge the feelings he has by saying something like, “You sound very angry right now.” How might you help a negative person? Offer a hug even if you get rejected. A negative person often has difficulty accepting love from others.
If you have negative people on your life who are affecting your mental and physical health, you need to decide whether or not you want these people in your life. Some people are so negative that you have no other choice but to remove them from your life. However, some people, such as your children, are difficult to remove from your life, in this case, professional counseling(咨询) may be the answer.
1. What does the underlined word “crabby” in Para.2 mean?A.Quite excited. | B.Very lonely. |
C.Easily annoyed. | D.Highly optimistic. |
A.Negative people need care. |
B.Negative people make us happy.. |
C.Negative people can be hurt easily. |
D.Negative people are hard to get along with. |
A.Focusing on positive things. |
B.Trying to change negative thoughts. |
C.Controlling our own negative thoughts. |
D.Staying away from some negative people. |
A.Health | B.Relationships |
C.Lifestyles | D.Entertainment. |
【推荐3】To be a good teacher, you need some of the gifts of a good actor; you must be able to hold the attention and interest of your audience; you must be a clear speaker, with a good, strong, pleasing voice which is fully under your control; and you must be able to act what you are teaching, in order to make its meaning clear.
Watch a good teacher, and you will see that he does not sit still before his class:he stands the whole time he is teaching; he walks about, using his arms, hands and fingers to help him in his explanations, and his face to express feelings. Listen to him, and you will hear the loudness, the quality and the musical note of his voice always changing according to what he is talking about.
The fact that a good teacher has some of the gifts of a good actor doesn’t mean that he will indeed be able to act well on the stage, for there are very important differences between the teacher’s work and the actor’s. The actor has to speak words which he has learnt by heart; he has to repeat exactly the same words each time he plays a certain part, even his movements and the ways in which he uses his voice are usually fixed beforehand. What he has to do is to make all these carefully learnt words and actions seem natural on the stage.
A good teacher works in quite a different way. His audience takes an active part in his play:they ask and answer questions, they obey orders, and if they don’t understand something, they say so. The teacher therefore has to meet the needs of his audience, which is his class. He cannot learn his part by heart, but must invent it as he goes along.
I have known many teachers who were fine actors in class but were unable to take part in a stage-play because they could not keep strictly to what another had written.
1. What is the text about?A.How to become a good teacher. |
B.What a good teacher should do outside the classroom. |
C.What teachers and actors could learn from each other? |
D.The similarities (相似处) and differences between a teacher’s work and an actor’s. |
A.students | B.people who watch a play |
C.people who not on the stage | D.people who listen to something |
A.knows how to hold the interest of his students | B.must have a good voice |
C.knows how to act on the stage | D.stands or sits still while teaching |
A.The teacher must learn everything by heart. |
B.He knows how to control his voice better than an actor. |
C.He has to deal with unexpected situations. |
D.He has to use more facial expressions. |
A.students can move around in the classroom |
B.students must keep silent while theatre audience needn’t |
C.no memory work is needed for the students |
D.the students must take part in their teachers’ plays |