How would you like it if you are able to go to your local park and pick some tomatoes, potatoes or even bananas for dinner. Sounds too good to be true, right? For residents of Andernach, a German city, it’s not just a Utopian dream — it’s the reality. In 2010, Andernach began its “edible city” project, planting 101 varieties of tomatoes in public green spaces around the city centre. Its 30,000 residents are free to help themselves to whatever grows, as are any other visitors. Every year a new type of plant is introduced. In 2021, 100 types of beans were planted, while 2022 saw the introduction of 20 onion varieties. The town’s motto (座右铭) is, “Picking is encouraged — help yourself!”
It’s a community effort, as local citizens are encouraged to help plant and maintain the gardens. This offers an opportunity to socialize as well as to learn about planting, cultivating and harvesting food. “I often drop by to pick some herbs that I’m missing at home. Everything is easily accessible. There aren’t any fences. You just take what you need. The only thing is you have to be quick once the fruits are ripe or they’ll all be gone!” said a local historian.
Andernach may be the first, but it isn’t the only edible city. It’s part of the Edible Cities Network, an EU-funded project connecting green urban food initiatives around the world. Other edible cities include Carthage in Tunisia, Havana in Cuba and Šempeter-Vrtojba in Slovenia. In February 2022, the first Edible Cities Network Conference took place. Dr. Ina Säumel, director of the Edible Cities Network, called it “a unique opportunity to invite researchers and people involved of Edible City Solutions to the same table and unite theory with practice”.
Ultimately, the Edible Cities Network aims to create “greener, more edible and, above all, more livable cities”. It is a response to the pressures of climate change, and a cause for hope.
1. What is paragraph I mainly about?A.The development of a German city. |
B.The popularity of Andernach’s city design. |
C.Approaches of planting vegetables. |
D.The green food project in Andernach. |
A.Satisfied. | B.Ignorant. | C.Doubtful. | D.Discouraged. |
A.Edible cities hold meetings on a regular basis. |
B.German rural areas will also follow the steps. |
C.Asia will join the Edible Cities Network soon. |
D.Green urban food is in the upward trend. |
A.Start a green food campaign now | B.Gain easy access to German food |
C.Make your cities edible as well | D.Respond quickly to climate change |
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【推荐1】As the new year approaches, crowds around the world may be expecting whizzes and bangs to light up the sky. The appeal of fireworks could fade out with the growing use of drones (无人机)for light shows, though.
Ollie Howitt, a leader of Sky Magic, which used a team of 300 drones to create a display for London’s new year celebration last year, said the demand had increased dramatically. “We do think it’s going to be something ever-eye catching rather than being a short-lived sort of fashion people have suddenly got interested in. Drones are reusable and there’s no fallout. In that sense, they’re a very good, sustainable option.” she said.
But not everyone agrees. A spokesperson from the British Fireworks Association said drones could also pose environmental problems. “Drones have less an impact on the environment, but we have serious concerns about electrical demand and the use of lithium batteries which are known not to be much that ‘green’,” they said.
An RSPCA spokesperson said that while drones tried to reduce the impact of displays on animals, there were downsides. “Drones are not without their own negative issues such as scaring horses or crashing into birds, and can cause disturbance to animals and members of the public. Therefore, it’s important for their effects to be fully considered and measures taken to minimize the chance of accidents.” they said.
Some express the opinion that the use of fireworks and drones don’t conflict with each other. The sight, sound and gunpowder smell of fireworks will always provide its own unique thrill.
“We find fireworks work really well when teamed up with drones. But we don’t really see it as a one-replacing-the-other at all. We feel as if it’s merely another tool to light the sky.” said Howitt, noting that while fireworks give a loud, emotive, big performance, drones offer the chance to tell stories in the sky by using a series of images.
1. What does Howitt think about a drone display in paragraph 2?A.It’s definitely an upward trend. |
B.It’ll get us to reflect on energy crisis. |
C.It’s nothing but a temporary phenomenon. |
D.It’ll excite the public curiosity about science. |
A.Promoting the production of drones. |
B.Diversifying the functions of drones. |
C.Prohibiting the displays of fireworks. |
D.Staging drone shows as an alternative. |
A.prospect | B.puzzles |
C.weaknesses | D.benefits |
A.Advertisement. | B.Business. |
C.Entertainment. | D.Environment. |
【推荐2】In the past 50 years,the amount of water in the open ocean with zero oxygen has gone up more than fourfold.In coastal water bodies,including river mouths and seas,low-oxygen sites have increased more than tenfold since 1950.Scientists expect oxygen to continue dropping even outside these zones as Earth warms.
“Oxygen is fundamental to life in the Oceans,” said Denise Breitburg,a marine ecologist with the Smithsonian Environmental Research Centre.“The decline in ocean oxygen ranks among the most serious effects of human activities on the Earth’s environment.Actually,it’s a great loss to all the support services that rely on recreation and tourism,including hotels and restaurants and taxi drivers and everything else.The reverberations(严重影响) of unhealthy ecosystems in the ocean can be extensive.”
In areas traditionally called “dead zones”,like those in Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf of Mexico,oxygen plummets(大幅下跌) to so low levels that many animals die.As fish avoid these zones,their habitats become smaller and they’re easier to be attacked or caught.But the problem goes far beyond “dead zones”.Even smaller oxygen decline can prevent growth in animals,hinder reproduction and lead to disease or even death.It can also cause the release of dangerous chemicals such as nitrous oxide,a greenhouse gas up to 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide.While some animals can boom in “dead zones”,overall biodiversity falls.
Climate change is the key criminal in the open ocean.Warming surface waters make it harder for oxygen to reach the inside of the ocean.Furthermore,as the ocean as a whole gets warmer,it holds less oxygen.In coastal waters,too much nutrient pollution from land creates algal blooms,which use up oxygen as they die and break down.
People’s livelihoods are also on the line,the scientists reported,especially in developing nations.Smaller fisheries(渔场) may be unable to relocate when low oxygen destroys their harvests or forces fish to move elsewhere.So we humans have to carry on a war now and win the war.
1. What does the first paragraph mainly talk about?A.The ocean has been losing its oxygen. |
B.The amount of sea water is increasing. |
C.The coastal water bodies are dangerous. |
D.Earth becomes warmer and warmer. |
A.Different oceans have different levels of oxygen. |
B.The decline in ocean oxygen has great influences. |
C.The future of tourism relies on the levels of ocean oxygen. |
D.The decrease in ocean oxygen is the most serious environmental problem. |
A.It offers more food. |
B.It forms dangerous gas. |
C.It reduces their living areas. |
D.It produces more carbon dioxide. |
【推荐3】Climate change has been a long-standing issue that continuously drives scientists to find green, sustainable fuels. The universe's most abundant element, hydrogen(氢), has grabbed their attention and is now on its way to becoming the future of green fuel.
More than $150 billion worth of green hydrogen projects were announced globally in 2020. Airbus, a European multinational aerospace corporation, has taken the lead in the new sustainable fuel industry. It has designed self-contained hydrogen fuel cell pods(燃料电池舱)that can be attached to the underside of airplane wings, promoting the use of hydrogen fuel for long-distance flights, which aim to achieve zero emissions. The company plans to launch hydrogen-powered aircraft in 2035, according to Daily Mail.
Compared to fossil fuels, hydrogen is a much more eco-friendly fuel. When hydrogen burns, the only by-product is water. However, the traditional way to extract(提取)hydrogen from natural gas or coal generates considerable carbon emissions. The greenest way is to obtain hydrogen from water using electrolysis(电解)powered by renewable energy, although this process requires so much electricity that it is quite expensive. The key to making hydrogen competitive with fossil fuels is to lower the production cost to under $1.50. This would require lowering around 50 percent of renewable power costs and 75 percent of electrolyzer costs, according to Australia's renewable energy agency.
Also, shipping liquid hydrogen is challenging, given that needs to be chilled to -253℃ to do so. Japan's Kawasaki Heavy Industries is set to complete the construction of the world's first liquefied hydrogen carrier by early 2021. Most of the world's big hydrogen export projects are looking to ship hydrogen in the form of liquid ammonia(氨), which can be converted to hydrogen and needs to be chilled to only -33℃.
With more and more countries aiming to cut down carbon emissions to tackle the issue of global warming, green hydrogen will help them hit the targets by decarbonizing industries that cannot be electrified.
"We could use these circumstances, where loads of public money are going to be needed into the energy system, to jump forward towards a hydrogen economy," said Diederik Samsom, the leader of the European Commission's climate cabinet.
1. What do we know about the hydrogen fuel cell pods?A.They have little by-product. |
B.They are inconvenient to carry. |
C.They are environmentally friendly. |
D.They allow for long-distance flights. |
A.Its lower performance. | B.Its high production cost. |
C.Its high carbon emissions. | D.Its complex extracting process. |
A.The required temperature. |
B.The expensive shipping cost. |
C.The building of professional carriers. |
D.The changing from ammonia to hydrogen. |
A.Those powered by fossil fuels. |
B.Those depending on electricity. |
C.Those funded by public money. |
D.Those with an improved system. |
【推荐1】Happy news arrived from Colorado this week as Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) announced that two wolves, John M2101 and Jane F1084, had been spotted with multiple pups (幼崽). The gray wolves and their pups were first sighted by a wildlife biologist and CPW district wildlife manager. The good news follows the decision to reintroduce gray wolves to the state just last year.
To gain further confirmation, CPW staff conducted three separate observations to see what was happening at the den (窝) from a safe distance. This confirmed the presence of the collared wolves John and Jane, who were joined by three pups. The true group size remains to be seen, however, as it’s possible there may be more that have not yet been spotted. Gray wolf dens usually contain around four to six pups.
“Colorado is now home to our first wolf den since the 1940s,” said Governor Jared Polis in a statement. “We welcome this historic den and the new wolf family to Colorado. With voter passage last year of the project to require reintroduction of the wolf by the end of 2023, these pups will have plenty of potential mates when they grow up to start their own families.”
“It’s incredible that these two adult animals have traveled the distance and overcome the challenges they have to get here, and to now have pups in Colorado,” said Kris Middledorf, area wildlife manager for CPW. “Our first duty is to ensure that they have the chance to boom, so even as we have exciting news, we want to remind everyone that these animals remain endangered in Colorado.”
The status of gray wolves is backed up by law in the western state, where killing an endangered species can result in the removal of hunting privileges, a fine of $100, 000, and even jail time. It’s also prohibited to hunt wildlife in the state— but with acute hearing and excellent eyesight, leaving these smart animals should be easy enough if you don’t go looking for them.
1. What made CPW researchers happy recently?A.They found gray wolf pups in Colorado. |
B.Two gray wolves were released to the wild. |
C.The state decided to reintroduce gray wolves. |
D.They discovered a few groups of wolves and pups. |
A.Gray wolves are welcome back to Colorado. |
B.Colorado voted for the introduction of the wolf. |
C.Colorado is the best place for gray wolves to survive. |
D.Gray wolves have lived in Colorado for over 80 years. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Worried. |
C.Supportive. | D.Uncaring. |
A.Wildlife diversity in the Colorado Parks. |
B.The research of gray wolves in the CPW. |
C.The habitats of gray wolves and their pups. |
D.The reintroduction of gray wolves to Colorado. |
【推荐2】Zoologists track animals using global-positioning-system(GPS)tags(标签) which then return their data via satellite. Marine(海洋的)biologists have a harder time of it, though, because radio signals can’t pass through seawater. This makes it impossible either to receive GPS signals or to send any data collected back to base.
That does not stop people tagging sea creatures. Data collected and stored in a tag can be sent to a satellite in bursts if the species in question is one that comes to the surface from time to time. A tag may also be recovered if the animal carrying it is caught by a fishing boat. Fisherfolk are typically paid a few hundred dollars per tag returned to its home laboratory.
None of these methods, though, keeps accurate track of where the animal carrying the tag has been. For these and other reasons, it would therefore be useful to have a marine equivalent of GPS. And one is now being employed. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, in Massachusetts, hopes to fill the seas with sonic beacons(声波信标) that will play the role of GPS satellites.
The sea is divided into distinct layers that have different temperatures. During the Second World War, American scientists showed that some of these layers act as sonic waveguides. They called them “sound fixing and ranging” (sofar) channels. Sound sent out in one of these channels echoes(回响) between the layers above and below, thus staying in the channel. Thus constrained(被约束),a sound wave can travel hundreds of kilometers before it becomes too weak to detect.
The sofar transmitters from Woods Hole are usually at an appropriate depth for the channel concerned. Every 12 hours they broadcast a 32-second-long location signal known as a pong. Pongs are so called because they are similar to sonar “pings”, but of lower frequency. In typical conditions a pong can be picked up 1,000 km away. By listening to the pongs from several beacons a receiver can calculate its location. Existing receivers for the two sofar transmitters are currently carried on free-floating instrument packs. But the plan is to have two more transmitters this year, and more in future years.
1. Which sea creatures can GPS tags be applied to?A.Those feeding on other sea animals. |
B.Those following fishing boats constantly. |
C.Those coming out of the sea sometimes. |
D.Those swimming deep under the water. |
A.The echoes among them are weak. |
B.The water has a high temperature over there. |
C.The layers among them are quite similar. |
D.The sound remains there and stays strong for a while. |
A.Pings are of higher frequency. |
B.Pings can travel faster than pongs. |
C.Pings can be received 1,000 km away. |
D.Pings are broadcasted every 32 seconds. |
A.Tags for sea creatures |
B.“GPS” for the oceans |
C.Strange deep sea creatures |
D.Data from distant satellites |
【推荐3】Following efforts to limit plastic bags, the push by environmentalists against straws (吸管), has gained attention in recent months, partly because they're seen as unnecessary for most. Companies including Starbucks and Disney are promising to get rid of plastic straws which can be difficult to recycle because of their size and often end up as trash in the ocean. A handful of U.S. cities recently passed or are considering bans. And the push may bring attention to other items people may not have considered — like festive balloons.
“The issue of balloons has really broadened the marine debris (海洋垃圾) issue,” says Emma Tonge of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “People might not realize balloons are a danger”, she says, “because of their ‘light’ image”. Balloons are not among the top 10 kinds of debris found in coastal cleanups, but Tonge says they're common and especially dangerous to marine animals.
Already, a few states restrict balloon releases to some extent, according to the Balloon Council, which represents the industry and advocates for the responsible handling of its products. That means never releasing them into the air, and ensuring the strings have a weight tied to them so the balloons don't accidentally float away. Lorna O'Hara, executive director of the Balloon Council, agrees that marine creatures might mistake balloons for jellyfish and eat them. But she says that doesn't mean balloons are necessarily causing their deaths.
Some states such as California ban balloon releases for other reasons. Pacific Gas & Electric, which serves northern and central California, says metallic balloons often get caught in power lines and have caused 203 power cuts in the first five months of this year, up 22 percent from a year ago.
1. Why does the author mention plastic bags and straws in Paragraph 1?A.To investigate the cause of plastic pollution. |
B.To bring up the topic of balloon pollution. |
C.To call on people to use less plastic products. |
D.To make a comparison between balloons and straws. |
A.They are a threat to land animals. |
B.They are too light-colored to be noticed. |
C.They can be a cause of coastal pollution. |
D.They rank among the top 10 kinds of marine debris. |
A.Balloons do little harm to fishes. |
B.Balloons should be made stronger. |
C.The sale of balloons should be banned. |
D.It is irresponsible to release balloons into the air. |
A.Balloons waste electric power. |
B.Balloons contribute to air pollution. |
C.Balloons affect people's normal lives. |
D.Balloons do more harm than plastic bags. |