We are encountering real-world examples of how AI can harm human relations. As digital assistants such as Alexa or Siri become popular, we become accustomed to talking to them as though they were alive. Writing in these pages several years ago, Judith Shulevitz described how some of us are starting to treat them as friends and therapists. Shulevitz herself says she confesses (忏悔) things to Google Assistant that she wouldn’t tell her husband. If we grow more comfortable talking to our devices about our secrets, what happens to our human marriages and friendships? Designers and programmers typically create devices whose responses make us feel better—but may not help us be self-reflective or think over painful truths. As Al goes deeper into our lives, we must face the possibility that it will prevent our emotions and deep human connects.
Besides, we will fight with some other challenges. The age of driverless cars, after all, is upon us. These vehicles promise to considerably reduce the exhaustion and distraction that put human drivers in danger, thus preventing accidents. But what other effects might they have on people? Driving is a very modern kind of social interaction, requiring high levels of cooperation. I worry that driverless cars, by taking away from us an occasion to exercise this ability, could contribute to its decline.
Not only will these vehicles be programmed to take over driving duties and hence to remove from humans the power to make moral judgments (for example, about which pedestrian to hit when a crash is unavoidable) , they will also affect humans with whom they’ve had no direct contact. For instance, drivers who have steered awhile alongside an autonomous vehicle traveling at a steady, changeless speed might drive less attentively, thus increasing their likelihood of accidents once they’ve moved to a part of the highway occupied only by human drivers. Alternatively, experience may reveal that driving alongside autonomous vehicles travelling in perfect accordance with (按照) traffic laws actually improves human performance.
Either way, we should be careful to launch new forms of AI without first taking such unexpected social effects into account. We must apply the same effort that we apply to the hardware and software that make self-driving cars possible to managing AI’s potential effects on those outside the car. After all, we install brake lights on the back of your car not just, or even primarily, for your benefit, but for the sake of the people behind you.
1. What can be inferred about human relationships from the first paragraph?A.AI will lead to distant inter-personal relationships. |
B.We will feel comfortable speaking to others online. |
C.AI will enable people to communicate more with others. |
D.We will be more self-reflective in interaction thanks to Al. |
A.drivers’ interaction with the cars |
B.drivers’ exhaustion and distraction |
C.our ability to cooperate with others while driving |
D.our ability to deal with emergencies while driving |
A.They may be better at making more judgments than human drivers. |
B.They need to vary their speed to make contact with human drivers. |
C.They may make human drivers in other cars drive more safely. |
D.They need to force human drivers to concentrate in the car. |
A.To present the challenges brought by AI. |
B.To explain the reason why AI may harm human relations. |
C.To put forward how to solve the unexpected effect of AI. |
D.To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of driverless cars. |
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【推荐1】In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity; others say that competition is bad because it sets one person against another and because it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.
I have taught many children who held the belief that their self-worth relied on how well they performed at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded pursuit of success, the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten.
However, while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: “I may have lost, but it doesn’t matter because I really didn’t try.” What is not usually admitted by themselves is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot. Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve (缓解) can we discover a new meaning in competition.
1. What does this passage mainly talk about?A.Failures are necessary experiences in competition. |
B.Competition can help people to set up self-respect. |
C.Opinions about competition are different among people. |
D.Competition is harmful to personal quality development. |
A.It pushes society forward. | B.It builds up a sense of duty. |
C.It improves personal abilities. | D.It encourages individual efforts. |
A.those who try their best to win |
B.those who value competition most highly |
C.those who depend on others most for success |
D.those who are against competition most strongly |
A.One’s success in competition needs great efforts. |
B.One’s success is based on how hard he has tried. |
C.One’s achievement is determined by his particular skills. |
D.One’s worth lies in his performance compared with others. |
【推荐2】When newspapers and radios report the damage caused by a hurricane (飓风)called Hazel,girls named Hazel are probably played a joke on by others.To keep out of trouble,the Weather Bureau says,“Any resemblance(相似)between hurricane names and the names of particular girls is only accidental.”
Some women became angry because hurricanes are given their names,but many other women are proud to see their names make headlines.They don’t even care that they are the names of destructive storms.Because more women seem to like it than dislike it,the Weather Bureau has decided to continue using girls’ names for hurricanes.
In some ways a hurricane is like a person.After it is born,it grows and develops,then becomes old and dies.Each hurricane has a character of its own.Each follows its own way through the world,and people remember it long after it has gone.So it is natural to give hurricanes names,and to talk about them almost as if they were alive.
1. What happens to the girls named Hazel when hurricane Hazel is reported?A.They suffer from hurricanes. |
B.The Weather Bureau looks for them. |
C.Others often make fun of them. |
D.They can’t find boyfriends. |
A.the reporters |
B.the headlines |
C.some women who become angry |
D.some women who are proud |
A.stop naming hurricanes after women |
B.go on naming hurricanes after women |
C.name hurricanes after men |
D.look for a new method to name hurricanes |
A.Some women feel unhappy because hurricanes are given their names. |
B.All the hurricanes are caused by women. |
C.Many women want to be reported by TV and newspapers. |
D.A hurricane grows and develops in the same way as a person. |
【推荐3】Laughter is a great thing. It has been proved to be physically and mentally effective on people.
To make matters worse, many teens laugh not just at physical accidents, they are also failing to take important topics seriously, such as the government or the state of the world. Children and teens nowadays show alarming indifference and insensitivity towards things that should arouse serious thought and emotion. I believe youth are laughing at serious subjects because they think important topics don’t matter to them anymore.
Teaching youth that violence is okay and entertaining or teaching them that the state of our world is not a big deal is telling them not to be caring and concerned. They are the next generation, and they are not going to be able to contribute to the world if important issues don’t matter to them anymore.
As a whole, society needs to concentrate on bringing back natural human emotion and easing up on (减少) the confirmation of indifference, violence and carelessness.
A.The sad thing is, it’s not their fault. |
B.Search online for videos of some accidents. |
C.Don’t try to laugh by putting someone else down. |
D.However, laughter can be bad, and is increasingly becoming so. |
E.We are humans, not cold machines, and we need to start acting that way. |
F.How can they help others when they don’t take their physical or emotional pain seriously? |
G.The fact that the youth are always laughing at the wrong things has nothing to do with education. |
【推荐1】Is beauty something always positive? Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable jobs. Personal advisors give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive(主管的) circle, beauty can become a disadvantage.
While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman. Handsome male executives were considered having more honesty than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to lead to their success. Attractive female executives were considered to have less honesty than unattractive ones; their success was connected not with ability but with factors such as luck.
All unattractive women executives were thought to have more honesty and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally manly position appears to lack the manly qualities required.
This is true even in politics. “When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently,” says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 college students to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.
The results showed that attractive males completely defeated unattractive men, but the women who had ranked most attractive unchangeably received the fewest votes.
1. In traditionally female jobs, attractiveness ________.A.makes women look more honest and capable | B.strengthens the manly qualities required |
C.is of no importance to women | D.often enables women to succeed quickly |
A.affects men and women alike | B.has as little effect on men as on women |
C.is more of a disadvantage to women | D.turns out to be a disadvantage to men |
A.practical | B.one-sided | C.old-fashioned | D.supportive |
A.the disadvantages of being attractive | B.the advantages of being attractive |
C.equal rights for women | D.the importance of appearance |
【推荐2】As we all know,the best way of learning a language is using it.The best way of learning English is talking in English as much as possible.Sometimes you'll get your words mixed up(混合)and people will not understand you.Sometimes people will say things too quickly and you can't understand them.But if you keep your sense of humor,you can always have a good laugh at the mistakes you make.Don’t be unhappy if people seem to be laughing at your mistakes.It’s better for people to laugh at your mistakes than to be angry with you,because they don't understand what you are saying.The most important thing for learning English is:“Don’t be afraid of making mistakes because everyone makes mistakes.”
1. The writer thinks that the most important thing for you to learn a language is___________.A.reading | B.practising | C.talking about it | D.listening |
A.never make any mistakes again | B.tell others not to make the same mistake |
C.punish yourself for making it | D.keep your sense of humor |
A.It is normal(正常的)that we make some mistakes in learning English |
B.Everyone must make mistakes |
C.We can avoid making mistakes in learning a language |
D.Laughing can help one learn English well |
【推荐3】Do Cyber Schools Make the Grade?
Students in Caldwell, Idaho, can attend class in their pajamas!
At Vallivue Virtual Academy, courses are taught online. Students work at home with parents, who serve as learning coaches. A certified teacher oversees the students' progress.
The cyber school was launched as a free option for students in kindergarten through grade 8 who have trouble succeeding in the district's traditional public school. Supporters of the program say that virtual learning can help students work at their own pace. If students struggle with subjects, they can take those courses online and spend more time on them. Valerie VanSelous, a teacher from Hopewell Township, N.J・,agrees. "Teachers, students, and parents need to accept new technology and not be afraid of it. Offering different teaching aids just might be the key to unlocking a student' s potential. "
Some also believe that attending virtual school can prepare students for college and for work after graduation. "We need to be responsible for working on our own,” says Angela Goscilo, a senior from Pound Ridge, N.Y. "We need to develop technology skills that will help us in whatever we do. Getting an early start is a good idea."
Not everyone gives cyber schools a passing grade, however. Some educators argue that online learning makes it hard for students to make friends. Payton Mcdonough, 13, a seventh grader from Glencoe, m., agrees. " I don't know how I could sit at a computer all day without actually interacting with my peers and teachers," he says.
In addition, virtual schools don’t have enough structure. Students who take online courses can set their own schedules, which will cause problems for students who have trouble staying motivated.
Many parents also feel that cyber schools put unrealistic time demands on them because they have to oversee their kids' daily work. Many of them have full-time jobs. How are they going to run their children's education, excel in their jobs, and take care of their other responsibilities at home?
1. What is the cyber school intended for?A.Reducing the time students spend online. |
B.Helping those who struggle in traditional schools. |
C.Allowing teachers to work at their own pace. |
D.Encouraging students to learn about technology. |
A.Not everyone approves of cyber schools. |
B.Not everyone has attended a cyber school. |
C.Not everyone has given cyber schools a test. |
D.Not everyone cares about students in cyber schools. |
A.It's worthwhile. |
B.It's unnecessary. |
C.It's demanding. |
D.It's discouraging. |
A.Students in Caldwell can attend class at home every day. |
B.There are various arguments for and against virtual schools. |
C.It's important for students to learn to work in the virtual world. |
D.Cyber schools are better than traditional schools in many ways. |
【推荐1】You might think a computer would be a fair judge, but a new study from MIT finds it might be better for you to leave yourself in the hands of humans. AI won’t let people off easily when they break the rule!
This study, conducted by a team at MIT, examined how AI would interpret perceived violations (违反) of a given code. They discovered the most effective data for AI training is normative data, where humans determine whether a rule has been violated. However, data used to train machine-learning models are typically labeled descriptively — meaning people label the factual features of a situation, and AI determines whether a code has been broken.
The team gathered images of dogs that could potentially violate an apartment rule banning aggressive animals. Labelers were then asked to provide normative and descriptive responses. The descriptive team wasn’t informed about the policy on dogs, and was asked to identify whether elements, such as the dog’s aggression, were present. Their responses helped to form judgments. If a user said the photo described an aggressive dog, the policy was considered to be violated. On the other hand, the normative group was informed about the rule and was asked to determine whether each image violated the rule.
Participants were 20 percent more likely to identify a violation using the descriptive method. If the descriptive data on dog behavior had been used to program an AI model, it would be more likely to issue severe punishment. These inaccuracies could be a real-world concern. For instance, if a descriptive model is used to predict whether a person may commit the same crime more than once, it may result in longer criminal sentences.
The researchers advocate for increased data transparency (透明性) to understand how data is collected. And their future work is to investigate the impact of having experts, such as lawyers and doctors, participate in data entry to see if it will lead to the same result. “Generally, normative decisions tend to be more lenient (宽容的),” says lead author Aparna Balagopalan. “Perhaps the way people think about violations differs from how they think about descriptive data.”
1. What can we learn about descriptive data?A.They’re usually used to train AI. | B.They lead to more accurate judgment. |
C.They consist of causes of a situation. | D.They’re gathered to identify rule violation. |
A.To present a fact. | B.To highlight a problem. | C.To introduce a topic. | D.To oppose an opinion. |
A.Use more normative data. | B.Seek advice on data entry from experts. |
C.Find new ways to gather data. | D.Conduct studies with professional labelers. |
A.AI: rule defender or breaker? | B.Data set: decisive part of AI |
C.AI judge: stricter than humans | D.Better data: descriptive or normative? |
【推荐2】There’s a new AI bot: ChatGPT, and you’d better pay attention, even if you aren’t into artificial intelligence. The tool is an AI chatbot system that OpenAI released in November 2022 to show off and test what a very large, powerful AI system can achieve.
ChatGPT remembers the thread of your dialogue, using previous questions and answers to inform its next responses. It derives its answers from huge volumes of information on the Internet. ChatGPT is built on top of the OpenAI GPT-3 family of large language models and is fine-tuned (a method of transfer learning) using both supervised and reinforcement learning (监督和强化学习).
You can ask ChatGPT anything, like explaining physics, asking for birthday party ideas and getting programming (编程) help. Perhaps it’s not smart enough to replace all humans yet, but it can be creative, and its answers can sound downright authoritative. A few days after its launch, more than 1 million people were trying out ChatGPT. UBS analyst Lloyd Walmsley estimated in February 2023 that ChatGPT reached 100 million monthly users in January, accomplishing in 2 months what took TikTok about 9 months and Instagram two and a half years.
ChatGPT is free to use at the moment because it is still in its research phase. But when too many people hop onto the server (服务器), it overloads and can’t process your request. It just means you should try visiting the site at a later time when fewer people are trying to access it. If you want to skip the wait and have reliable access, there is an option for you. As of Feb. 1, 2023, OpenAI has a ChatGPT pro plan, ChatGPT Plus, which allows users to have general access even during peak times. This service does come at a cost of $20/month.
However, ChatGPT can not replace Google. ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence bot that provides solutions to your questions, but Google is a search engine in which you can search for as much information as possible. ChatGPT has limited knowledge due to its programming but Google has unlimited knowledge which is updated every day.
1. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about ChatGPT?A.Its language model. | B.Its working theory. |
C.Its design inspiration. | D.Its development process. |
A.To show the popularity of ChatGPT. |
B.To stress the high cost of inventing ChatGPT. |
C.To present the creativity of artificial intelligence. |
D.To prove the necessity of developing tools for chatting online. |
A.Guiding users to experience free services. |
B.Allowing net surfers to skip advertisements. |
C.Helping researchers detect the failure of the system. |
D.Offering consumers priority access during peak hours. |
A.It operates based on limited data. |
B.It takes more time to search for solutions. |
C.It can only update information at a fixed time. |
D.It may provide replies unrelated to the questions. |
【推荐3】Beethoven wrote many famous pieces of music, but he’s probably best known for his nine symphonies. A symphony is a long, complicated piece of classical music, usually divided into four parts. The four parts are often linked by “themes” — repeated musical ideas that tie the whole piece together.
When Beethoven died in 1827, he had some ideas for a 10th Symphony. But all that he left behind were some notes about the piece and a few “sketches” — short bits of written music.
In 2019, a special team of musicians, computer scientists, and historians was formed. Their goal: to try to complete Beethoven’s 10th Symphony to celebrate his 250th birthday. The team didn’t just want to complete the symphony, they wanted to come as close as possible to producing the symphony that Beethoven meant to write. That’s where deep learning came in. Deep learning — sometimes called Artificial Intelligence (AI) — describes computer programs that sort deeply through huge amounts of information. This allows them to find patterns humans may not have noticed. The programs can then use those patterns in new and surprising ways.
To train an AI to help with the symphony, the team turned every piece of music that Beethoven ever wrote into a form the computer could understand.
By feeding the program all of Beethoven’s music, the AI could look for patterns in the way Beethoven wrote. This included, for example, how he re-used simple melodies all through a piece to create a theme, or how he moved between different parts of the symphony.
Other members of the team studied Beethoven’s notes and sketches, and worked to figure out what Beethoven was planning to do. Where in the symphony did he plan to use each little bit of music that he left?
________. They played a few minutes of music created by the AI for Beethoven experts, musicians, and reporters. No one could tell which parts had been written by Beethoven and which parts the AI made up.
Finally, the AI had the challenge of trying to connect the little musical bits into a symphony. It took over two years, but the team was able to complete Beethoven’s 10th Symphony. Not simply a melody, but 40 minutes of music for a full orchestra — a large group of musicians playing everything from string instruments, like violins, to trumpets, flutes, drums, and piano. So Beethoven now has a 10th Symphony. And though Beethoven didn’t write it all, the team feels sure that the music is very much like what he might have written, if he’d had the chance.
1. What does “That” in Paragraph 3 refer to?A.How to improve Beethoven’s symphonies. |
B.How to celebrate Beethoven’s 250th birthday. |
C.How to restore Beethoven’s original thought accurately. |
D.How to complete Beethoven’s 10th Symphony efficiently. |
A.The test showed the team was on the right track. |
B.The newly created music was beyond comparison. |
C.The 10th Symphony was presented to be successful. |
D.The first attempt proved the symphony was a masterpiece. |
A.They trained an AI to follow every note that Beethoven wrote. |
B.Computer programs were written to turn these patterns into notes. |
C.They taught AI to figure out how the music was played by Beethoven. |
D.The AI managed to discover the patterns after processing the programs. |
A.AI Is Applied to Playing Classical Music. |
B.AI Is Used to Finish Beethoven’s Music. |
C.The Process of Beethoven’s Creation of Music. |
D.Beethoven’s Last but the Most Famous Symphony. |