What are the two different things that make humans different from other animals? One is language, and the other is music. It is true that some animals can sing. However, the songs of animals are very simple. It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments.
Music is clearly different from language. However, people can use music to communicate with others, especially expressing their emotions. When music is combined with speech, it’s a very powerful form of communication.
If music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific studies have proved that it is true. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer, had a stroke (中风) in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He couldn’t speak or understand speech. However, he still could compose music until his death. On the other hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand speech.
Why does music have a strong effect on us physically and emotionally? That’s a hard question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at a university, thinks that music and love have a strong connection. Music requires a special talent, practice and physical ability. For example, playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need good memory to remember the notes. And playing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. Finally, when a man sings to the woman he loves, it may be a way of showing off.
However, Miller’s theory still doesn’t explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply. For scientists, this is clearly an area that needs further research.
1. What is the purpose of the first paragraph?A.To introduce the main topic. |
B.To show the author’s attitude. |
C.To analyse causes. |
D.To describe a process. |
A.is translated into a language |
B.is combined with speech |
C.is sung by some famous musicians |
D.is mixed with the cry of an animal |
A.he is one of the luckiest persons |
B.he is really interested in composing music |
C.the brain processes music and language separately |
D.music and language are two different things for some |
A.The effects of music on humans’ works. |
B.The studies on how music affects our works. |
C.The reasons why music affects us. |
D.The ways of using music in daily life. |
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【推荐1】Listening to music is relatively inexpensive and everyone can do it easily. As is known to all, music has many benefits.
Let music say “Good morning" to you.
Sing aloud with music as often as you can. If you want to take the positive effects of listening to music to another level, try singing. Singing is one of the best ways to regulate breathing and promote relaxation. Sing in the shower; sing in the car.
A.Try waking to a familiar piece of music. |
B.Make movements with music every day. |
C.Spending a few minutes singing aloud is necessary. |
D.Don’t worry if you think that you aren’t a "good" singer. |
E.Find some beautiful and inspiring music while you’ re working. |
F.You can use music in your daily routine to help reduce stress and anxiety. |
G.This can also prevent your mind dragging you back into the worries of yesterday. |
You have probably heard of the Mozart effect. It’s the idea that if children or even babies listen to music composed by Mozart, they will become more intelligent. A quick Internet search suggests plenty of products to assist you in the task. Whatever your age there are CDs and books to help you taste the power of Mozart’s music, but when it comes to scientific evidence that it can make you more clever, the picture is more mixed.
The phrase “the Mozart effect” was made up in 1991, but it was a study described two years later in the journal Nature that sparked real media and public interest about the idea that listening to classical music somehow improves the brain. It is one of those ideas that sound reasonable. Mozart was undoubtedly a genius himself; his music is complex (复杂的)and there is a hope that if we listen to enough of it, we’ll become more intelligent.
The idea got across to the public, with thousands of parents playing Mozart to their children, and in 1998 Zell Miller, the Governor of the state of Georgia in the US, even asked for money to be set aside in the state budget so that every newborn baby could be sent a CD of classical music. It was not just babies and children who were exposed to Mozart’s music on purpose, even an Italian farmer proudly explained that the cows were played Mozart three times a day to help them to produce better milk.
I’ll leave the debate on the impact on milk yield to farmers, but what about the evidence that listening to Mozart makes people more intelligent? More research was carried out but an analysis of sixteen different studies confirmed that listening to music does lead to a temporary improvement in the ability to handle shapes mentally, but the benefits are short-lived and it doesn’t make us more intelligent.
1. What can we learn from paragraph 1?A.Mozart composed many musical pieces for children. |
B.Children listening to Mozart will be more intelligent. |
C.There are few products on the Internet about Mozart’s music. |
D.There is little scientific evidence to support Mozart effect. |
A.the idea was accepted by many people |
B.people were strongly against the idea |
C.Mozart played an important part in people’s life |
D.the US government helped promote the idea |
A.Favorable. | B.Objective. | C.Positive. | D.Doubtful. |
A.Listening to Mozart, necessary? |
B.What music is beneficial? |
C.What is the Mozart effect? |
D.To accept Mozart or not to? |
【推荐3】The first Europeans came to America in 1492 with Christopher Columbus. Since that time people have come to America from all over the world, from Europe, Africa, and Asia, and they have brought their music with them. This mixing of people and music has created American music.
Music is a very important part of our lives. Music is for dancing, drinking, eating, loving and thinking. Some songs remind us of our childhood or youth. Others remind of the people we love. Many important occasions, like weddings and funerals have special music. Every nation has a national song like the American ''The Star-Spangled Banner. '' In the U.S, high schools and colleges have school songs too.
Music is a part of the history of America. It expresses the problems and feelings of its people.
As the years pass, the music grows and changes.
Modern science has also changed music. Inventions like records, radios, movies, electric instruments, tape recorders, and videos have changed the way we play and listen to music. They have helped to make music an important form of international communication.
American music, from the earliest folk songs to modern ''pop'', is known around the world. Music is one of America’s most important exports. It brings the people of the world together. Even when people cannot understand the same language, they can share the same music. Many people learn and practice English by singing songs, and understanding American music can help you understand American people. ''Put a dime (10 cents) in the juke box (自动点唱机), baby. '' Let's listen to the music!
1. The article mainly tells us about____.A.how American music developed |
B.when American music developed |
C.what American music is |
D.why American music is so popular |
A.American music is known all over the world |
B.American music began in the 1550s |
C.American music is special |
D.American music has changed modern science in the US |
A.for dancing, drinking, eating, loving and shopping |
B.a mixture of people and music from all over the world |
C.America's most important export |
D.a part of the history of the world |
【推荐1】Scientists test their hypothesis (假设) either through experiment or field work and the process is filled with changes.
Carry out experiments
Conduct field work
In field work, a scientist goes into an uncontrolled environment, a specific place in the world, and records exactly what is observed there at the time.
Scientists are like detectives — they try to solve mysteries. Experiments are part of scientist’s detective kit. When you want to prove a theory true or false, create an experiment that will test one thing you can observe. You have an idea that if you set up a controlled situation and purposely change only one thing, this change will cause something else to happen.
A.Create variables |
B.Watch the process |
C.You are studying a unique situation every time |
D.It is much easier to control things in such environments |
E.And the thing you purposely change is called the changing variable |
F.You focus your attention on just a few things, instead of on everything |
G.Experimental observations are made in a controlled environment that you create |
【推荐2】Most plants you see out in nature are leafy and green, at least for some part of their lives. That’s because they use green pigments, which are called chlorophyll (叶绿素), to harvest energy from sunlight. But the plant Hydnora Africana, doesn’t have leaves or chlorophyll at all.
So, how can it survive? Well, it’s a parasite (寄生), and H Africana attaches itself to other plants’ roots, and begins getting sugars, minerals, and water from its host.
At the same time, the parasite grows a root system, living completely underground, until it’s ready to reproduce. At which point, it grows one of the strangest looking flowers in the world. When the flower’s mature, it breaks the soil from beneath and reaches out in order to be pollinated (授粉).
But just as this plant doesn’t look like the normal flower, it doesn’t smell like one either. It gives out a smell like a rotting (腐烂) animal . The smell attracts insects and flies looking for a delicious meal. But when they get inside the flower and find no tasty treat, they can’t get back out again.
There’s a sort of room inside the flower, and the top of the room closes behind the insects. The walls of the flower are also slippery, making escape even more difficult.
Over the course of about a day, the flower’s male organs mature, and the insects get coated in pollen. And at the end of this transformation, the inside of the plant gets less slippery, and the chamber opens, allowing the insects and flies to escape.
At that point, attracted by a new rotting smell, they might just find another H Africana flower and pollinate it as they fall inside.
1. Why is chlorophyll so important to plants?A.Chlorophyll gives plants green color. |
B.Chlorophyll helps leaves to grow. |
C.Chlorophyll can harvest energy from sunlight. |
D.Plants cannot survive without Chlorophyll . |
A.It’s a parasite without roots. |
B.It gets food through other plants’ root. |
C.It never grows out of the ground. |
D.Its flowers smell sweet. |
A.find tasty treat inside the flower. |
B.never get out of the flower again. |
C.get little chance to pollinate successfully. |
D.escape after being trapped about a day. |
A.What is a parasite. |
B.How a parasite to survive. |
C.How H Africana reproduce. |
D.Why bad smell is so useful. |
【推荐3】In the mid-1980s, a study compared mtDNA from people around the world. It found that people of African descent (后裔) had twice as many genetic differences from each other than as did others. Because mutations (基因突变) seem to occur at a steady rate over time, scientists were able to conclude that modern humans must have lived in Africa at least twice as long as anywhere else. They now calculate that all living humans descend from a single woman who lived roughly 150,000 years ago in Africa, “Eve”. If geneticists are right, all of humanity is linked to Eve through an unbroken chain of mothers. This Eve was soon joined by “Y-Chromosome (染色体) Adam”, the genetic father of us all, also from Africa. DNA studies have confirmed that all the people on Earth, with all their shapes and colors, can trace their ancestry to ancient Africans.
What seems certain is that at a remarkably recent date—probably between 50,000 and 70,000 years ago—one small group of people, the ancestors of modern humans outside of Africa, left Africa for western Asia, either by migrating around the northern end of the Red Sea or across its narrow southern opening.
Once in Asia, genetic evidence suggests, the population split. One group stopped temporarily in the Middle East, while the other commenced a journey which would last tens of thousands of years. Moving a little further with each new generation, they followed the coast around the Arabian Peninsula, India, and Southeast Asia, all the way to Australia. ''The movement was probably unnoticeable,'' says Spencer Wells. ''It was less of a journey and probably more like walking a little farther down the beach to get away from the crowd.''
Although archaeological evidence of this 13,000-kilometer (8,000-mile) migration from Africa to Australia has almost completely disappeared, genetic traces of the group that made the trip do exist. They have been found in the DNA of native peoples in the Andaman Islands near Myanmar, in Malaysia, and in Papua New Guinea, and in the DNA of nearly all Australian aborigines (土著). Modern discoveries of 45,000-year-old bodies in Australia, buried at a site called Lake Mungo, provide some physical evidence for the theories as well.
People in the rest of Asia and Europe share different but equally ancient mtDNA and mutations. The mutations which they possess show that most are descendants of the group that stayed in the Middle East for thousands of years before moving on. Perhaps about 40,000 years ago, modern humans first advanced into Europe.
1. What can be inferred from the first paragraph?A.Mutations occasionally take place over time |
B.Modern humans probably have only one ancestor. |
C.Modern humans must have lived in Africa for a shorter time than anywhere else. |
D.Scientists confirm all of humanity is linked to Eve with physical evidence . |
A.Most of the migrants turned back into Africa. |
B.They separated into two groups. |
C.Most of the migrants moved directly into Europe. |
D.They stayed in the Middle East for tens of thousands of years. |
A.Discovery of human remains in Australia | B.DNA of people in Southeast Africa |
C.DNA of immigrants to Australia | D.Discoveries from modern societies in Asia |
A.Finding Y-Chromosome Adam | B.Who were the First Humans? |
C.The Discovery of DNA in Africa | D.Migrating Out of Africa |
【推荐1】Have you ever had the urge to open a book and stick your nose straight into the pages? The smell of old books can refresh any book lovers. We don’t know why, but it is just pleasant to us.
Describing the smell can be a challenge. And mere adjectives will likely be of little use to future generations of historians trying to document, understand or reproduce the scent of slowly decaying books. Now, that task may have just gotten easier thanks to the Historic Book Odor Wheel.
In one experiment, researchers asked visitors at the historic library to characterize the scents they smelled. All the visitors selected words like “woody”, “smoky” and “earthy” from the list, and described the smell’s intensity and perceived pleasantness. In another experiment, the study authors presented visitors to the Birmingham Museum with eight smells — one of which was an unlabeled historic book scent and seven were non-bookish, such as coffee, chocolate, fish market and dirty clothes. The researchers then had those museum goers describe the historic book smell.
The top two responses? Chocolate and coffee. “You tend to use familiar associations to describe smells when they are unlabeled,” study author Cecilia Bembibre says.
The team even analyzed the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (挥发性有机化合物) in the book and the library. Using the data from the chemical analysis and visitors’ smell descriptions, the researchers created the Historic Book Odor Wheel to document the “historic library smell”. Main categories, such as “sweet/spicy”, fill the inner circle of the wheel; descriptors, such as “chocolate/cream”, fill the middle; and the chemical compounds likely to be the smelly source, like furfural, fill the outer circle. The researchers want the book odor wheel to be a tool that “untrained noses” can use to identify smells and the compounds causing them, which could address conservators’ concerns about material composition and historic paper conservation. And hopefully, smells of the past can be reproduced in the lab someday and museums and historians can use it to reconstruct a past we can no longer smell.
1. What is mainly talked about in the first paragraph?A.An strange reading habit. | B.Fascination for smells of books. |
C.Addiction to reading books. | D.A dislike for smelling books. |
A.By referring to familiar items. | B.By using adjectives to label them. |
C.By analysing chemical compounds. | D.By connecting them with food smells. |
A.To record historic library smells. | B.To identify smells and compounds. |
C.To remove the conservators’ worries. | D.To put different scents into different libraries. |
A.Creating a whole new scent. | B.Improving the people’s sense of smell. |
C.Restoring smells of historic documents. | D.Extracting components of “old book smell”. |
【推荐2】The deaths of 27 firefighters and three local residents who were engulfed by a burst of explosive fire on April 1st 2019 in Southwest China’s Sichuan province have touched people’s hearts.
Yet while mourning the dead, we should not ignore the fact that lessons need to be learned from the tragedy and that it is necessary to find out whether there was any mistake in directing the firefighting efforts that contributed to the loss of so many lives.
Of course, the bravery of the firefighters and local residents is worth our admiration and there is reason enough to regard them as heroes. However, if the authorities had taken into consideration a number of what-ifs before sending the firefighters into the forest, their lives might have been spared and their efforts might have been more effective.
Plans should have been made to deal with any contingency(意外). At an altitude of 3,800 meters, in which direction the wind blows is a factor that has to be taken into account, along with what might happen if it should suddenly change direction. And since the mountain is very rough and there is hardly any access to the forest where the fire broke out, there should have been a clear plan for how the firefighters would retreat if necessary.
Thus, it is necessary for the local governments and relevant experts to discuss what lessons can be learned from this tragedy and what kind of plans should be made for fighting forest fires in different places.
With little rain for nearly six months in many parts of the country, most parts of North China face the risk of forest fires. And with the greater frequency of extreme weather conditions because of climate change, the importance of preparations cannot be overemphasized.
The professional training of firefighters should be increased and more advanced equipment should be provided. This would not just upgrade the efficiency of fighting forest fires but it would also protect the lives of firefighters.
1. Which is not the possible reason that caused the deaths of the thirty firefighters and local residents?A.The authorities hadn’t made full preparations before sending the firefighters into the forest. |
B.The firefighters may not have made careful plans to deal with any contingency. |
C.There has been little rain in many parts of the country for six months. |
D.There may have been mistakes in directing the firefighting. |
A.You cannot emphasize the importance of preparations too much. |
B.The importance of preparations has been overemphasized. |
C.You should not overemphasize the importance of preparation. |
D.The importance of preparations has been emphasized enough. |
A.Extreme weather conditions |
B.Dry climate with little rain |
C.Rough mountains |
D.Strong wind |
A.Supportive | B.Dissatisfied |
C.Approval | D.Ambiguous |
【推荐3】Each year, as many as one billion birds are killed in the US from collisions (相撞) with glass windows and buildings every year. Birds that crashed into Philadelphia buildings began to be collected in the 1890s. Nearly 100 species of birds are known to have died out from crashes with buildings and other structures in Philadelphia. Many other species are probably affected in the city.
Called Lights Out Philly, the voluntary program in Philadelphia encourages buildings to turn out or dim unnecessary external and internal lights between midnight and six o’clock early in the morning to protect birds as they pass through during migration seasons.
Bird migration seasons are from April l to May 31 in spring and from August 15 to November 15 in fall. Each year, millions of birds pass through Philadelphia along a migration route known as the Atlantic Flyway. Bird-glass crashes are very common for migrating birds, most of which travel at night. Glass is difficult for them to recognize as hard surfaces, and artificial light can fool them into crashing with buildings and outdoor structures. Turning off lights between midnight and sunrise helps minimize the effect of artificial light when most birds are migrating.
On Oct. 2, 2020, a stormy and foggy day, Philadelphia had its largest mass collision event in more than 70 years with an estimated 1,000 birds crashing with buildings in one 3.5-square block area in just one day. Paired with a terrible storm of weather and fog conditions, the bright city and building lights attracted and confused the migrating birds, causing them to crash with buildings and outdoor structures.
Even if you don’t play a part in managing the lights of a big building, you can help birds avoid crashes by making the glass opaque to reduce the amount and intensity of artificial light at night, changing the color of lighting to blue or green, shortening the duration lights are on, directing the lighting downward or screening lighting.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.The rich biological diversity in Philadelphia. |
B.Great efforts to protect migrating birds in Philadelphia. |
C.The present and the past of the bird conservation in America. |
D.The serious consequence of bird-glass crashes in Philadelphia. |
A.Bad weather conditions. | B.Traveling in the day. |
C.The mistaken route. | D.Too many buildings. |
A.Light-reflecting. | B.Delicate. | C.Lightproof. | D.Clean. |
A.It Is Difficult to Save the Migrating Birds |
B.Philadelphia Turns out Lights to Save Migrating Birds |
C.External and Internal Lights Affect the Bird Migration |
D.Lights Out Philly Program Helps Save Endangered Birds |