On January 1st, 2018, “gaming disorder” — in which games are played uncontrollably, despite causing harm — gained recognition from the World Health Organization (WHO). Last year, China, the world’s biggest gaming market, announced new rules limiting children to just a single hour of play a day. Clinics are appearing around the world, promising to cure patients of their habit.
Are games really addictive? Psychologists have different opinions. The case for the defence is that this is just another moral panic. Similar warnings have been given about television, rock and roll, jazz, comic books, and even novels. As the newest form of mass media, gaming is merely enduring (忍受) its own time before it finally stops being debatable.
However, some argue that unlike rock bands or novelists, games developers have both the motive and the means to engineer their products to make them addictive. For one thing, the business-model has changed. In the old days games were bought once and for all. But these days, games are free and money is earned from purchases of in-game goods, which ties playtime directly to developers’ income. For another, games makers combine psychological theory and data, which helps them maximize the playtime. Smartphones and modern video game machines use their permanent Internet connections to send gameplay data back to developers. That allows products to be constantly adjusted to increase spending on games.
The gaming industry should realize that, in the real world, it has a problem, and that problem is growing. Now that gaming addiction comes with an official WHO recognition, diagnoses (诊断) become more common. Clinics are already reporting booming business, as lockdowns have given games more time to spend with their hobby. And being put together in the public mind, fairly or not, with gambling (赌博) will not do the industry any favours.
1. What is the purpose of Paragraph 1?A.To inform the readers of the harmful effects of games. |
B.To arouse the readers’ interest about the topic. |
C.To show growing public concern about the problem of games. |
D.To discuss whether it is necessary to panic about games. |
A.To show that they are as highly addictive as games. |
B.To prove that the panic over games will fade away. |
C.To argue that these media forms are not harmful at all. |
D.To compare the differences among these media forms. |
A.They adjust products based on received data. |
B.They don’t charge players for in-game goods. |
C.They keep players’ video game machines updated. |
D.They reward top players with more playtime. |
A.Make a prediction. | B.Offer a suggestion. |
C.Put forward a solution. | D.Give a warning. |
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【推荐1】People consistently underestimate how much others in their social circle might appreciate an unexpected phone call, text or email just to say hello, and the more surprising the connection, the greater the appreciation, according to a new study.
In the study, researchers from the University of Pittsburgh conducted some experiments involving more than 5, 900 participants. In one experiment, half of the participants were asked to recall the last time they reached out to someone in their social circle after a prolonged (长期的) period of not interacting with them. The rest were asked to recall a similar situation where someone reached out to them. Participants were then asked to indicate on a 7-point scale how much either they or the person they reached out to appreciated. People who recalled reaching out thought the gesture was significantly less appreciated than those who recalled receiving a communication.
In other experiments, participants sent a short note, or a small gift, to someone in their social circle with whom they had not interacted in a while. Similar to the previous experiment, participants who initiated (发起) contact were asked to rate on a 7-point scale the extent to which they thought the recipient would appreciate or feel grateful for the contact. After the notes or gifts were sent, researchers also asked the recipients to rate their appreciation.
Across all experiments, those who initiated the communication significantly underestimated the extent to which recipients would appreciate the act of reaching out. Besides, the researchers found that people receiving the communication placed greater focus than those initiating the communication on the surprise element, and this heightened focus on surprise was associated with higher appreciation. “We also found that people underestimated others’ appreciation to a greater extent when the communication was more surprising, as opposed to part of a regular communication pattern, or the social ties between the two participants were weak,” added lead author Peggy Liu.
Initiating social contact after a prolonged period of disconnection can be daunting because people worry about how such a gesture might be received. But these findings suggest that their hesitations may be unnecessary, as others are likely to appreciate being reached out to more than people think.
1. How did the researchers conduct the experiments?A.By listing arguments. | B.By giving examples. |
C.By making assumptions. | D.By making comparisons. |
A.To rank their appreciation. | B.To make an unexpected call. |
C.To express their thoughts. | D.To do the same experiments. |
A.One receiving a gift of great value. | B.One often contacted by a close friend. |
C.One connected quite unexpectedly. | D.One making regular contacts with others. |
A.Unbearable. | B.Discouraging. | C.Illogical. | D.Immoral. |
【推荐2】In an age where convenience beats sentiment (情感), we’re settling for “the bare minimum” when it comes to communication and emotional expression. There is a reason why your mother always made sure you wrote thank-you notes after every birthday. There’s a reason why getting a letter in the mail is so exciting. Writing someone a letter is a truly unique way to show how much they mean to you.
The great thing about handwritten notes or letters is that they don’t have to be anything fancy to be meaningful. A messily written note on a piece of scratch notebook paper can mean just as much as a beautiful, calligraphic letter written on the finest stationery (信笺). They both say, “You’re important to me, and I wanted to take the time to write down these thoughts so that you can hold onto them forever.”
One of my favorite things about handwritten letters is that you can keep them for however long you want, and revisit them at any time. A screenshot of a sweet text doesn’t quite measure up. There is emotion behind handwritten sentences. With every line of ink, you can feel the essence of its writer.
Unfortunately, this method of communication is seriously underrated today. We’re saving screenshots to our camera roll instead of precious letters in a shoe box. We re replacing thoughtful little notes with emojis (表情符号) or icons and telling ourselves that the sentiment is the same. But, to be honest, sometimes you have to slow down to show someone how much you care.
Want to show your significant other how much you love him or her? Write down how you feel about them in a letter and seal it with a kiss. Mail a funny card to your friends who live across the state/ country/ world just to let them know you’re thinking about them. I promise you it will mean much more than you know.
1. Which of the following can be regarded as “the bare minimum”?A.Writing a thank you note. | B.Mailing a card with handwritten wishes. |
C.Expressing your love with text messages. | D.Delivering a letter of apology. |
A.Ridiculous. | B.Worthwhile. | C.Formal. | D.Simple. |
A.Covering up our abundant sentiment with general icons. |
B.Slowing down the process of showing our care. |
C.Shortening messages into different icons. |
D.Hurting the other’s sentiment in a way. |
A.Writing someone a letter will be laughed at |
B.People usually hide their true emotions now. |
C.Handwritten letters are rarely thrown into shoe boxes. |
D.People tend to store a screenshot of a sweet text now. |
【推荐3】Have you always wanted to visit Disney World or Disneyland, but were waiting for different reasons?
When Disney World opened, staying at the Bora Bora Bungalows cost $29 per night. Now it can cost as much as $3,400!
To occupy the market
Since Walt Disney World opened in Orlando in 1971, Disney has expanded faster and faster, with new parks and attractions, pulling ahead of the competition and attracting double the visitors of its closest competitor.
Disney has also increasingly attracted people with more money to spend, with private tours dinners with princesses, and the opening of a five-star hotel. “They know that the money is in the upper class, the top 10 percent, the top 1 percent.” Niles says. “They’ve created a wide variety of new products to try and, honestly, earn more money from the rich people.”
A.To attract wealthier customers |
B.How does Disney make money |
C.This is a rather large price increase |
D.To earn more money from different people |
E.So why are the tickets getting so expensive |
F.The happiest place on earth isn't far out of reach |
G.Disney gets bad fame for raising their ticket prices often |
【推荐1】The world is a stage, and now men and women aren’t the only players. A Microsoft researcher’s analysis using artificial intelligence to break down Shakespeare is a great trick showing off some shiny software. But it’s also a reminder in an increasingly automated age of what exactly makes us human.
The Microsoft project uses natural language-processing techniques to map out emotions in William Shakespeare’s text. The test is designed to prompt people who already (at least sort of) understand Shakespeare to consider his works in new ways, and to help those who have trouble understanding his works, to become better in interpreting their complexity. Romeo, it reveals in colorful graphs, feels everything more keenly than his Capulet lover Juliet, despite prevailing stereotypes of stoic masculinity (斯多葛派的男子气概). King Lear tells a story of steady decline, whereas Coriolanus has highs and lows to signal its twisty narrative-driven ride.
As useful an educational tool as this system might be, the Bard’s greatest admirers may be unable to resist raising an eyebrow. Do readers really need an algorithm (算法) to tell them that Romeo is eye-rollingly mopey (无精打采) or that things go more or less right for Macbeth until they start going very wrong? Isn’t it part of the point of studying Shakespeare today that it’s overwhelming and foreign until, suddenly, it’s familiar? These objections might all be secondary to a more powerful fear: The thought that a computer can read Shakespeare just as well as we can seems to take the human out of the humanities.
Therefore, it is reassuring to learn that, advanced as machine-learning has become and as far- reaching as the implications of the technology may be, Microsoft’s tool thought that The Comedy of Errors was, well, a tragedy. That’s because the slapstick physicality in the play confused it. Algorithms have trouble distinguishing friendly teasing from cruel mockery (嘲弄), which would puzzle any computer that tried to make sense of Mercutio. Sarcasm is an ongoing computational dilemma. None of this should surprise anyone who follows social media sites losing battles against racist trolls, whose tendency to mask racism in irony makes their posts difficult to delete through the use of automated content moderation tools. In that context, algorithmic shortcomings are a burden.
Balancing the benefits more humanlike AI could bring with the risk for abuse is a tough task from a practical point of view. From a more human one, however, it can be hard not to hope the tide of technological change will roll in slowly. Those hidden meanings, mystifying relationships and even groan-worthy puns (双关) that beat machines are what make Shake-speare Shakespeare. They’re also what make us us.
1. In paragraph 2, the writer mentions Romeo, Juliet, King Lear and Coriolanus in order to ________.A.highlight Al’s different understanding of Shakespeare |
B.prove that there are various ways to understand Shakespeare |
C.illustrate the complexity in understanding Shakespeare |
D.show how technology may help us better understand Shakespeare |
A.Because AI can only read more familiar literary works. |
B.Because reading Shakespeare is like a walk in the park. |
C.Because human beings are a must in literature analysis. |
D.Because computers often misinterpret how a character feels. |
A.It is quite uncertain whether technological change will occur. |
B.We should take Al’s advantages and disadvantages into account. |
C.That the Al wrongly classified The Comedy of Errors is fearsome. |
D.Algorithms often fail to identify the true intentions behind human language. |
A.Interpretation of Shakespeare Suffers-Is There Any Fix? |
B.Machines Can’t Quite Crack Shakespeare-That’ s a Relief! |
C.Shakespeare No Longer Exists in Automation-Is That True? |
D.AI Revitalizes Shakespeare—What an Amazing Breakthrough! |
【推荐2】What is a book nowadays in a world of Kindles and iPads? Traditional publishers are traveling a long and confusing road into the digital future. Here's the conventional wisdom about publishing: People expect e-books to be cheaper than physical books, and that drives down prices. But the story's not that simple. For one thing, digital publishers have the same problem that traditional publishers do:piracy(盗版).
It turns out, though, that some publishers are doing pretty well despite the piracy problem. "We've had an amazing year," says Sourcebooks President Dominique Raccah. "Last year was the best year in the company's history. This year we beat that, which I didn't think was even possible." Raccah adds that her company is doing well because of digital publishing.
It turns out there are some huge advantages-at least for publishers. A big one: The price of an e-book isn't fixed the way it is with physical books. Ten years ago, a publisher would have sent out its books to the bookstore with the price stamped on the cover. After that, it was done - the publisher couldn't put a book on sale to sell more copies.
"The exciting thing about digital books is that we actually get to test and price differently, " Raccah says. That's what American publisher Little, Brown and Company did with Robert Dallek's book An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy. In the middle of November, Little, Brown and Company dropped the price from $ 9. 99 to $ 2. 99 for 24 hours. That sparks sales; it gets people talking about it," says Terry Adams, a publisher with Little, Brown and Company.
If you read the new e-book 40 Years of Queen, you will find it full of links. Links to iTunes, where you can buy the music you've been reading about. That's another huge advantage of e-books:Publishers can sell you things inside your book.
There's still one big problem putting pressure on publishers. "We actually don't have a good gifting tradition yet for e-books," says Raccah. Despite all the advances in reading technology, physical books are still the best Christmas presents.
1. How does Raccah feel about her company's achievement this year?A.It's really disappointing. | B.It's less than satisfactory. |
C.It's just what she predicted. | D.It's far beyond her expectations. |
A.To stress it had its own advantage. |
B.To show its marketing was not flexible. |
C.To complain about the changing prices of books. |
D.To indicate the unpopularity of physical books. |
A.It was written by John F. Kennedy. |
B.It caused disagreements among buyers. |
C.It was sold at a huge discount for one day. |
D.It was sold at a different price every week. |
A.Buy items mentioned in the book. |
B.Find links to other relevant books. |
C.Get some background information. |
D.Listen to music in the book for free. |
If you want a quick look into the influence of Alibaba on daily Chinese life, take my experience. I moved to Beijing a year ago and quickly got tired of visiting small stores across the crowded, polluted city of 20 million people in search of new electronics, bathroom furnishings, and anything else my wife wanted. “You’re looking for what exactly? Why not try it? ” my Chinese teacher asked me one day. With that, my wonderful new relationship with Alibaba began.
Alibaba’s original business-to-business model now is second to consumer buying. Chinese retail (零售) buying makes up 80% of Alibaba’s profit, and leading that group is Taobao, with 800 million items for sale and the most unbelievable selection of things you’ll ever find. TMall.com is Alibaba’s other big site, where you can find brand name goods from Nike and Unilever near the lowest prices.
What I have a hard time explaining to friends and family back in the U.S. is how China has gone beyond traditional shopping — big-box retailers especially —in favor of online purchases on Taobao and a few other sites. In smaller towns than Beijing, where big retailers have not yet traveled, shopping online is shopping, and shopping is Taobao.
I have a list of some of my recent purchases on Taobao for a sense of how wide the marketplace is. Almost everything arrived a day or two after ordering with free shipping. I’m not even a big buyer, because I need friends to help me search the Chinese-language site. When I was searching my purchase history on my Chinese teacher’s iPad, which helps me buy goods, I looked through with great difficulty about 10 of her purchases for every one of mine.
1. Alibaba’s advantage mainly lies in .
A.its low price |
B.its big size |
C.its not charging small sellers |
D.its business-to-business service |
A.Alibaba will continue to develop. |
B.Alibaba stands out as the best online site. |
C.Alibaba acts as a bridge between the buyers and sellers. |
D.Alibaba is of middle size among all the online sites. |
A.TMall.com provides more profit than Taobao. |
B.The author’s Chinese teacher is also an online purchase lover. |
C.Taobao has no obvious advantage over other similar online sites. |
D.Alibaba’s business-to-business service earns more money than retail. |
A.Shopping online in China is TaoBao. |
B.How the author purchases online in China. |
C.Shopping online goes beyond traditional shopping. |
D.Alibaba influences people’s daily purchase in China. |