The “Bystander Apathy Effect” was first studied by researchers in New York after neighbours ignored — and in some cases turned up the volume on their TVs — the cries of a woman as she was murdered (over a half-hour period). With regard to helping those in difficulty generally, they found that:
(1) women are helped more than men;
(2) men help more than women;
(3) attractive women are helped more than unattractive women.
Other factors relate to the number of people in the area, whether the person is thought to be in trouble through their own fault, and whether a person sees himself as being able to help.
According to Adrian Furnham, Professor of University College, London, there are three reasons why we tend to stand by doing nothing:
(1) “Shifting of responsibility” — the more people there are, the less likely help is to be given. Each person excuses himself by thinking someone else will help, so that the more “other people” there are, the greater the total shifting of responsibility.
(2) “Fear of making a mistake” — situations are often not clear. People think that those involved in an accident may know each other or it may be a joke, so a fear of embarrassment makes them keep themselves to themselves.
(3) “Fear of the consequences if attention is turned on you, and the person is violent.”
Laurie Taylor, Professor of Sociology at London University, says: “In the experiments I’ve seen on intervention, much depends on the neighborhood or setting. There is a silence on public transport which is hard to break. We are embarrassed to draw attention to something that is happening, while in a football match, people get involved, and a fight would easily follow.”
Psychotherapist Alan Dupuy identifies the importance of the individual: “The British as a whole have some difficulty intervening, but there are exceptional individuals in every group who are prepared to intervene, regardless of their own safety: These would be people with a strong moral code or religious ideals.”
1. Which factor is NOT related with intervention according to the passage?A.Sex. | B.Nationality. |
C.Profession. | D.Setting. |
A.When one is in trouble, people think it’s his own fault. |
B.On hearing a cry for help, people keep themselves to themselves. |
C.In a football match, people get involved in a fight. |
D.Seeing a murder, people feel sorry that it should have happened. |
A.to explain why bystanders behave as they do |
B.to urge people to stand out when in need |
C.to criticize the selfishness of bystanders |
D.to analyze the weakness of human nature |
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【推荐1】Today’s grandparents are joining their grandchildren on social media, but the different generations’ online habits couldn’t be more different. In the UK the over-55 s are joining Facebook in increasing numbers, meaning that they will soon be the site’s second biggest user group, with 3.5 million users aged 55-64 and 2.9 million over-65s.
Sheila, aged 59, says, “I joined to see what my grandchildren are doing, as my daughter posts videos and photos of them. It’s a much better way to see what they’re doing than waiting for letters and photos in the post. That’s how we did it when I was a child, but I think I’m lucky I get to see so much more of their lives than my grandparents did.”
Interestingly, Sheila’s grandchildren are less likely to use Facebook themselves. Children under 17 in the UK are leaving the site - only 2.2 million users are under 17 -but they’re not going far from their smartphones. Chloe, aged 15, even sleeps with her phone. “It’s my alarm clock so I have to,’ she says. “I look at it before I go to sleep and as soon as I wake up.”
Unlike her grandmother’s generation, Chloe’s age group is spending so much time on their phones at home that they are missing out on spending time with their friends in real life. Sheila, on the other hand, has made contact with old friends from school she hasn’t heard from in forty years. ”We use Facebook to arrange to meet all over the country,” she says. “It’s changed my social life completely.”
Parents have an important role to play if they want their kids to spend more time in real life. Peter, 38, who spends most of his time in front of a screen, is recently determined to set a better example to his kids. In the evening or at weekends, he would leave his smartphone home and take his kids out to nature.
1. What can we learn from Paragraph 1?A.Older people have difficulty using social media. |
B.Children spend more time with their grandparents. |
C.More and more elderlies begin to use social media. |
D.Social media have become more friendly to the elderly. |
A.Worried. | B.Satisfied. | C.Excited. | D.Disappointed. |
A.People tend to have less social life as they get older. |
B.Young people are getting away from their smartphone. |
C.More young people choose to meet their friends in person. |
D.Social media actually help old people to meet their friends. |
A.Different Online Habits Across Generations | B.The Good Old Days Without Smartphones |
C.The Next Generation of Social Media | D.The Use of Smartphones at School |
【推荐2】China’s popular “Singles’Day”, better known as “Double Eleven”, started out as a day to celebrate singles symbolized by the four number ones on the date of November 11.
With time that meaning has changed. In 2009, China’s e-commerce leader Alibaba set the day as a lucky shopping day for online sales as the date was both easy to remember and perfectly timed as it hit between the consumer spending lull (间歇) between National Day and Chinese New Year. It soon became a hit, and Double Eleven became a buying frenzy (疯狂) spread across the world’s second largest economy.
In 2019, the Double Eleven Shopping Festival entered its eleventh year. During this decade, Alibaba, Chinese e-commerce giant, and other e-commerce platforms, together with consumers, have co-created a very big shopping event whose heat has swept the world. Foreign readers share their ideas on Singles’ Day in China:
GhostBuster (UK) I think Double Eleven is unbelievable. It is not a religious festival that people of the same religion but living in different countries share. As an e-commerce faithful fan, I really love the shopping festival.
Emanreus (Australia) I work in Shanghai. Many of my young female colleagues are still single. They simply haven’t time to date, as they tend to work long hours then travel two hours by subway to get to and from work. Single’s Day is a day when they give themselves a treat with online shopping.
BlondeAmber (Ireland) There is not hing to be proud of to be in a country that spends so much online on a particular day. It does nothing more than show the superficiality (肤浅) of the temporary pleasure of shopping, and produces nothing more than a mountain of environmental waste. I bet there is plenty of buyers’ deep regret after this day.
Ionstar (US) Singles Day became a big deal for Valentine’s Day not for the singles! Well, Alibaba’s 11. 11 has become more famous and important than that of Black Friday and Cyber Monday!
1. Alibaba set the festival on November 11 mainly because ________.A.it is a traditionally lucky day |
B.it is a time for people to stay single |
C.many foreigners like shopping on this day |
D.it comes right between two consumer spending festivals |
A.It is a festival that people living in different countries share. |
B.It is a day for the singles to date. |
C.People will certainly regret buying anything on this day. |
D.Alibaba has made it as famous as Black Friday and Cyber Monday. |
A.Ghost Buster. | B.Emanreus. |
C.BlondeAmber. | D.Ionstar |
【推荐3】Be black or white, the exact color of a person’s skin is determined by a combination of his parentage and random chance and it affects how every single person treats you. You can’t take your skin off, even if you’re terrified or ashamed to wear it, even if you’re sick and tired of wearing it.
Freddie Gray, who was arrested in 2016 for possessing a legal knife and died in police custody(拘留), was born Black. Tamir Rice , who barely lived more than one being Black, was shot at the age of 12 for playing with a toy gun in 2014. Breonna Taylor, who was shot and killed in March when two plainclothes police officers entered her apartment unannounced, didn’t choose to be Black. But the police officers who shot her chose their careers. They chose to shoot her, too. Police across America also chose to shoot 336 other unarmed Black people from 2013-2019.
Each of these victims did not possess a weapon at the time of their murder, and in all but few of the cases they lost their lives because someone "thought" they were reaching for a gun that turned out to be a wallet, cell phone or nothing at all. This is absolutely unacceptable. We're not saying they shouldn't have been captured with all necessary force and imprisoned accordingly. A criminal is a criminal and should be handled as such. But even a criminal, as long as he lives in this great country, is an American worthy of justified handling and a fair trial.
Black people don’t get to sign up for lives of discrimination and terror. They often found themselves moving through wave upon wave of white faces that usually mirrored the same emotions—shock, disbelief and anger. It is the fear of black skin that plays a part in each of these murders. African Americans can no longer tolerate the unjustified killings of their loved ones. As a country, it’s time to start effective dialogues to end this pitiless trend. It has to be a long struggle and pain before Black people overcome prejudice to win the chance of being understood by white ones.
1. What is the author’s purpose of mentioning the murders in Paragraph 2?A.To provide examples of unjustified killings of Black people. |
B.To give an explanation why police officers choose to shoot black people. |
C.To offer a description of Police officers’ hatred towards black people. |
D.To make an analysis of how hard lives black people were living. |
A.Forgiving. | B.Cautious. |
C.Disapproving. | D.Indifferent. |
A.The process of overcoming prejudice towards the black is on its way. |
B.Black people are ashamed to wear their skin color which leads to injustice. |
C.Black people will turn to violence to stop the unjustified killings among them. |
D.The police should have chosen a proper way to treat black “criminals”. |
A.Prejudice from Whites |
B.Blacks Call for Justice |
C.Policemen’s Fair Trial |
D.Fight for Mutual Trust |
【推荐1】Why do people seek out information about an ex's new relationships, read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans are born with the need to resolve uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will seek to avoid their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will hurt.
In a series of four experiments, the students were tested on their willingness to expose themselves to disgusting stimuli(刺激物)in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one trial, each participant was shown a pile of pens, half of which would deliver an electric shock when clicked. Twenty-seven students were informed of the exact pens; another 27 were told only that some were electrified. When left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and brought more shocks than the students who knew what would happen. The following experiments copied this effect with other stimuli, such as the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.
The drive to discover is deeply-rooted in humans, just like the basic drive for food, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago, a co-author of the paper. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct(本能)—it can lead to new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such inquiry can backfire. “The insight that curiosity can drive you to do self-destructive things is a profound one,” says George Loewenstein, a professor of economics and phychology at Carnegie Mellon University who has pioneered the scientific study of curiosity.
Morbid(病态的)curiosity is possible to resist however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to predict how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to choose to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the outcome of following through on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine whether it is worth the risk. “Thinking about long term consequences is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words, don't red online comments.
1. Why do people read negative internet comments according to the passage?A.To broaden the horizon. | B.To ease their pain. |
C.To preserve their reputation. | D.To satisfy their curiosity. |
A.Giving examples. | B.Describing facts. |
C.Making comparisons. | D.Explaining causes. |
A.Add fuel to the fire. | B.Cause a sudden explosion. |
C.Produce an opposite effect. | D.Provide approval and support. |
A.By predicting potential outcomes. |
B.By participating in more experiments. |
C.By reading negative online comments. |
D.By considering the positive consequences. |
【推荐2】The culture of newspaper reading in the United Kingdom started in the19th century. The number of the newspapers circulated daily peaked during the early 21st century. Here are four well-known ones.
The Sun
The Sun is a popular newspaper, which was established in 1964 and bought by Rupert Murdoch’s News International Company in 1969. It is filled with the jokes about heads of state and major events both inside and outside Britain such as mayor’s trousers not being tied properly, politicians sleeping during conferences and so on. Its lively and popular style just meets the taste of the lower classes. The majority of The Sun’s readers are in the age group of 15-34 years. Now its annual circulation has reached 23,100,000 copies.
Metro
Metro is a free tabloid (小报) newspaper distributed from Monday to Friday, which was established in 1999. Metro is published by NMG group and is distributed throughout the United Kingdom. It has gained popularity over time and also has a digital platform. The features section covers a variety of articles including lifestyle, home, science, and health. This variety of content attracts readers from various walks of life.
Daily Mail
Daily Mail, compared to The Sun, is a little more serious. It was established in 1896. Reading Daily Mail can not only understand major political and economic events, but also read some relaxing and helpful contents. Well-known for female favorite topics, it is extremely popular with middle-class housewives.
The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper that was founded in 1821 in London, UK. The Guardian receives average daily readers of about 1.03 million with 126,879 in daily newspapers circulated. The paper focuses on politics, policy, business, and international relations. Their coverage includes News and Opinion, Sports, Culture, Lifestyle, Podcasts, and more.
1. Who may be the target readers of The Sun according to the text?A.Elderly people. | B.Middle-class men. | C.Lower classes. | D.Scientists. |
A.The Sun. | B.Daily Mail. | C.The Guardian. | D.Metro. |
A.World Cup finals. | B.Jogging methods. |
C.Sino-France relations. | D.Gossip news. |
【推荐3】Visiting Alaska’s distant Adak Island
Halfway between the United States and Japan is Alaska’s Adak Island. It is a place known for its natural beauty. The coast is home to rich wildlife. People visit Adak to hunt, watch birds, or climb mountains.
At Horseshoe Bay, brave people can climb down a rope to the coast below and nearby hot springs. At Clam Lagoon you can watch sea otters, harbour seals and sea lions playing in the water and warming themselves on the rocks.
Locals
In town, fewer than 100 people live full-time in old military houses. These houses sit in mostly empty neighborhoods with other buildings in need of repair. So why do people stay? Some love the quiet. Others say they feel safe from the coronavirus (冠状病毒). Some get extra pay for remote work.
People who work there often do many different jobs. One man who serves drinks at a bar also works at the airport.
Supplies are limited
Adak locals learn to live with very limited supplies. The only food store is in the old day care centre. It is open just a few hours on some evenings. A drink store that was once a gas station sells a case of beer for $50. In most states, a case of beer is only $20.
Food choices are limited. Restaurants and stores are often closed. One restaurant in Adak does not open often, but when it does, it serves a large pizza for $28. It was surprisingly tasty considering how far the tomat o sauce and cheese had to travel.
Charge:
7 days $1,432/per person (accommodation and air tickets included)
For more information:
Call 01223 810080
Visit https://www.vacationsbyrail.com/united-states/alaska-adak-island
1. Which place can offer visitors the view of wild sea animals?A.Finger Bay. | B.Clam Lagoon. |
C.Horseshoe Bay. | D.Lake Bonnie Rose. |
A.Doing various jobs. | B.Avoiding city noises. |
C.Earning more money. | D.Feeling safe from the coronavirus. |
A.$20. | B.$28. | C.$50. | D.$60. |