A Michigan farmer Bristle was digging with a backhoe (反铲挖土机) in one of his wheat fields when — bang — it struck a large bone.
Bristle contacted Fisher, a paleontology (古生物学家) professor at the University of Michigan. Fisher rushed to the farm and identified the bone as a fossil of an Ice Age mammoth (猛犸象). Since it was harvest season, Bristle gave Fisher and his students only one day to remove the rest of the fossils from the ground. The team found 20 percent of the animal’s bones, including its skull, tusks, pelvis, and shoulder blades as well as some teeth, ribs, and other bones.
The age of a mammoth can be determined by counting the rings in one of its tusks. Like the rings in a tree trunk, each ring stands for one year of a mammoth’s life. Fisher thinks that the bones are supposed to belong to male mammoth around forty years old. It was probably a rare hybrid of a woolly mammoth and a Colombian mammoth that lived between 11,700 and 15,000 years ago during the Pleistocene lee Age, when ice sheets covered much of Earth’s land.
The bones appeared to have been cut up and some of them were missing, leading Fisher to conclude that early humans must have killed the animal and stored its meat so they could return to it at a later time. Some other indications of human activity include a stone flake (薄片) that might have been from a cutting tool and the arrangement of the neck bones in order. If the mammoth had died naturally, its bones would have scattered randomly.
In the US, fossils found on private property belong to the owner of the land. However, Bristle donated the fossils to the University of Michigan for further study. Fisher hopes to display the bones at the University of Michigan Museum of Natural History, possibly combined with fiberglass models of bones from other Michigan mammoths to form a complete Mammoth skeleton (骨架).
1. Why was Fisher’s time limited to one day?A.Because the mammoth was a small one. | B.Because it was easy to remove the bones. |
C.Because it was the time of gathering crops. | D.Because Bristle was busy planting in the field. |
A.By counting the bones. | B.By judging the living age. |
C.By measuring the ice sheets. | D.By numbering the tusk rings. |
A.How the mammoth died. | B.Where the missing meat was. |
C.How the stone flake was made. | D.Whether the neck bones scattered. |
A.To own the fossils. | B.To study the mammoth. |
C.To complete the skeleton. | D.To promote the university. |
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【推荐1】Cuckoos (布谷鸟) are masters of cheating. When it comes to raising young, they don’t spend the energy building a nest, protecting eggs or feeding children. Instead the female passes these roles on to other birds. They don’t raise their own young. Usually, they lay their eggs in the nests of other birds, fooling other birds into thinking the cuckoo eggs are theirs.
To succeed in doing this, a female cuckoo watches over her chosen nest to observe feeding times. When the host parent leaves its nest in search of food, the cuckoo quickly lays her eggs among those already in the nest. Sometimes, she will even destroy and remove one of the host’s eggs to make room for her own.
Cuckoos are medium-sized birds with long tails, and often have gray or brown backs. When they hatch (孵化) and begin to grow in a host’s nest, the difference between the two can be obvious to an onlooker. Often the cuckoo is twice the size of its foster (收养的) parents, but still continues to receive food from them.
The cuckoo imposter (冒名顶替者) is usually the only baby bird that the host parent has to care for. This is because when the cuckoo hatches after around 11 days, it gets rid of all the other eggs in the nest. It will lift each egg onto its back before throwing them one by one over the edge of the nest. Even then, the non-biological parent will continue to treat it as one of its own.
Also, cuckoos have developed to produce eggs that are similar in color to their main hosts’. This reduces the chances of eggs being attacked. Female cuckoos have been known to take host birds’ attention away after laying their eggs by producing a noise similar to Eurasian sparrowhawks, scaring birds away from returning to the nest and allowing time for the cuckoo to make her escape unnoticed.
1. What do mother cuckoos usually do when it comes to raising their young?A.Attend to eggs. | B.Build a new nest. | C.Depend on other birds. | D.Learn feeding skills. |
A.Other cuckoos. | B.Baby cuckoos. | C.Birth parents. | D.Host parents. |
A.It usually hatches out earlier than the other eggs in the nest. |
B.It throws all the other eggs out of nest with its mother’s help. |
C.It often makes a noise to scare other birds away from the nest. |
D.It looks much larger than other eggs in the nest before hatching. |
A.How cuckoos fool other birds. | B.How cuckoos protect their children. |
C.How cuckoos destroy others’ nests. | D.How cuckoos produce eggs in host nests. |
【推荐2】New research led by scientists at the University of Massachusetts Amherst has revealed that the spiny pollen (带刺花粉) of plants in the sunflower family can reduce infection of a common bee parasite (寄生生物) by up to 94 percent. The sunflowers'spiny pollen can destroy a parasite called C. bombi (熊蜂短膜虫), which has been significantly reducing bumblebee populations.
To investigate how sunflowers help bumblebees resist C. bombi, the researchers separated the spiny outer shell of the pollen from the chemical metabolites (代谢物) in the pollen’s core. They then mixed the spiny pollen shells of sunflowers, with the chemistry removed, into the pollen fed to one group of bees.
Another group was fed wildflower pollen with sunflower metabolites and no sunflower shells. The researchers discovered that the bees that ate the spiny sunflower pollen shells had the same response as bees feeding on whole sunflower pollen. These bees had a markedly reduced risk of C. bombi infection compared to those fed sunflower metabolites.
Bumblebees, which are vital pollinators of crops and wildflowers, are experiencing a rapid decline in their populations worldwide. Habitat loss due to urbanization and agricultural intensification is the greatest threat to bumblebees. Climate change is also taking a toll on bumblebees. As temperatures rise, bumblebees are forced to move further north to cooler climates, which can affect their ability to find food and nesting sites. Pesticide use is another significant threat to bumblebees. These chemicals are harmful to them and can damage their navigation and immune systems, leading to reduced reproductive success. Bumblebees play a vital role in maintaining healthy and diverse ecosystems. Understanding how sunflowers protect bees from disease could help us identify other flowers that have similar protective properties. Through this, researchers can work towards developing new strategies to help conserve bumblebees.
1. How does the spiny pollen of sunflowers benefit bees?A.It protects them from predators. | B.It improves their sense of smell. |
C.It can be used for their nest building. | D.It helps them resist parasite infections. |
A.By collecting data. | B.By making comparisons. |
C.By referring to previous studies. | D.By surveying experienced farmers. |
A.Habitat loss. | B.Climate change. | C.The use of pesticides. | D.Environmental pollution. |
A.It offers a way to increase sunflower yield. |
B.It draws public attention to the role of ecosystems. |
C.It provides a new idea for protecting bumblebees. |
D.It allows people to distinguish between different plants species. |
【推荐3】Dogs are man's best friend. If you plan on buying a dog, try to put in a little bit of research. You will find out that there are plenty of dog breeds(品种)to choose from, but some are more expensive than others. Not just in terms of the purchase price, but also grooming(动物美容)and medical expenses.
In this list, we will cover the most expensive dog breeds in the world that you can buy. We’ll even include the dog's price tag, grooming expenses, and average health care costs.
Kerry Blue Terrier
With a purchase price at $ 600 this dog might be inexpensive. However, due to their many health concerns, health care costs can reach up to $ 7, 000. If taken care of, they can live up to 15 years.
Great Dane
The Great Dane breed is a big dog with an average price of $ 800. This breed has a life expectancy of 7 to 10 years. The average health care costs are expected to be around $7, 100.
Bernese Mountain Dog
The purchase price for one of these huge 120-pound dogs is around $800. This breed has a life expectancy of 9 to 12 years. This breed has many health concerns like elbow and hip dysplasia(髓关节发育不良)which will cost you around $ 6, 500.
German Shepherd
Known for their cleverness as a sheepherder, the purchase price for one is around $ 800. Although they can live for up to 13 years, their health care costs up to $20, 500. What causes their health care to be expensive is treating common health conditions such as hip dysplasia.
1. How long can a Kerry Blue Terrier live?A.7 years. | B.15 years. | C.10 years. | D.12 years. |
A.Kerry Blue Terrier. | B.Great Dane. |
C.Bemese Mountain Dog. | D.German Shepherd. |
A.Where to buy a great dog. | B.How to take care of a dog. |
C.What to know in choosing a dog. | D.How to make friends with dogs. |
【推荐1】As more and more people speak the global languages of English, Chinese, Spanish, and French, other languages are rapidly disappearing. In fact, half of the 6,000-7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
In an effort to prevent language loss, scholars (学者) from a number of organizations-UNESCO and National Geographic among them-have for many years been documenting (记录) dying languages and the cultures they reflect. Mark Turin, a scientist at the Macmillan Centre Yale University, who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas, is following that tradition. His recently published book, A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture, grows out of his experience living, working, and raising a family in a village in Nepal.
Documenting the Thangmi language and culture is just a starting point for Turin, who seeks to include other languages and oral traditions across the Himalayan reaches of India, Nepal, Bhutan, and China. But he is not satisfied to simply record these voices before they disappear without record. At the University of Cambridge Turin discovered a wealth of important materials, including photographs, films, tape recordings, and field notes, which had remained unstudied and were badly in need of care and protection. Now, through the two organizations that he has founded, the Digital Himalaya Project and the World Oral Literature Project, Turin has started a campaign to make such documents, for the world available not just to scholars but to the younger generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected. Thanks to digital technology and the widely available Internet, Turin’s notes, the endangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities.
1. Many scholars are making efforts to .A.save global languages |
B.search for new languages |
C.rescue disappearing languages |
D.set up language research centers |
A.Writing books on language teaching. |
B.Having full records of the languages. |
C.Telling stories about language users. |
D.Living with the native speaker. |
A.His experience in Nepal. |
B.The documents available at Yale. |
C.His language research in Bhutan. |
D.The cultural studies. |
A.Write, sell and donate. |
B.Record, repair and reward. |
C.Design, experiment and report. |
D.Collect, protect and reconnect. |
【推荐2】I think a close friend is someone you get on really well with, who helps you when you have problems, who gives you advice, and who always has time for you. I didn’t have many close friends when I was at school or at university, for I was very shy, but now I have several. They are all women—I think it’s difficult to make a close friend with the opposite sex (异性) .
—Marie
I don’t really have any close friends. I know a lot of people but mainly through work, and the kinds of social occasions (场合) when we meet are business dinners and evening parties. I think if you come from a really close family, then friends are a bit unnecessary. I like spending my free time with my family.
—Richard
I think a close friend is someone who you’ve known for a long time, and who you still get on with. They probably share similar hobbies with you so you can do things together. I’ve got three close friends who I was at high school with and we often go away together (without our parents of course). We always go camping, play football, or walk outside in the open air.
—David
For me close friends are the people you spend your free time with. I go out at weekends with a group of people—there are about seven of us, and I’d say we are all close friends. We also live near each other. I don’t think you can have close friends far away from you; you need to be able to see each other often. But I don’t think you need to be doing the same things. I mean I’m at university but none of my friends are.
—Ana
1. Who has more friends now than before?A.Ana. | B.David. |
C.Richard. | D.Marie. |
A.It’s hard to make friends at work. |
B.They’re less important than family. |
C.Friends need to have a lot in common. |
D.Women and men can’t be close friends. |
A.Physical activities. |
B.Parentchild camps. |
C.Going to evening parties. |
D.Playing out in the open air alone. |
【推荐3】ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence(AI)-powered chat robot that creates surprisingly intelligent-sounding text in response to user prompts(提示), including homework assignments and exam-style questions. The replies are so clear, well-researched and properly referenced that some academics are calling ChatGPT the death ring for conventional forms of educational assessment. How worried should professors and lecturers be? Dan Gillmor, a journalism researcher at Arizona State University in Tempe, told The Guardian that he had fed ChatGPT a homework question that he often assigns his students, and the article it produced in response would have earned a student a good grade.
ChatGPT is the brainchild of AI firm OpenAI, based in San Francisco, California. In 2020, the company unleashed GPT-3, a type of AI known as a large language model that creates text by scanning through billions of words of training data and learning how words and phrases relate to each other. GPT-3 is in the vanguard(先锋)of a revolution in AI, raising philosophical questions about its limits and prompting a host of potential applications, from summarizing legal documents to aiding computer programmers. ChatGPT is fine-tuned from an advanced version of GPT-3 and is optimized(优化)to engage in dialogue with users.
“Essays are used to test both a student’s knowledge and their writing skills. ChatGPT is going to make it hard to combine these two into one form of written assignment,” says Arvind Narayanan, a computer scientist at Princeton University in New Jersey. “But academics could respond by reworking written assessments to prioritize critical thinking or reasoning that ChatGPT can’t yet do. This might ultimately encourage students to think for themselves more, rather than to try and answer essay prompts,” he says.
The situation both worries and excites Sandra Wachter, who studies technology and regulation at the Oxford Internet Institute, UK. She’s hopeful that education providers will adapt. “Whenever there’s a new technology, there’s a panic around it,” she says. “It’s the responsibility of academics to have a healthy amount of distrust— but I don’t feel like this is an undefeatable challenge.”
1. What did Dan Gillmor do with ChatGPT?A.He criticized it on newspaper. |
B.He encouraged his students to use it. |
C.He tested it with one of his assignments. |
D.He used it to grade his students’ homework. |
A.It can built a large language model. |
B.It can make conversations with its users. |
C.It can offer a host of potential applications. |
D.It can look through a large number of documents. |
A.Writing skills. | B.Critical thinking. |
C.Answering essay prompts. | D.Testing professional essays. |
A.Favorable. | B.Doubtful. | C.Discouraged. | D.Indifferent. |
【推荐1】Recently according to a new research,humans have had a link to starches (含淀粉的食物) for up to 120,000 years — that’s more than 100,000 years longer than we’ve been able to plant them in the soil during the time of the Ice Age’s drawing to an end. The research is part of an ongoing study into the history of Middle Stone Age communities.
An international team of scientists identified evidence of prehistoric starch consumption in the Klasies River Cave, in present-day South Africa. Analyzing small, ashy, undisturbed hearths (壁炉) inside the cave, the researchers found “pieces of burned starches” ranging from around 120,000 to 65,000 years old. It made them the oldest known examples of starches eaten by humans.
The findings do not come as a complete surprise — but rather as welcome confirmation of older theories that lacked the related evidence. The lead author Cynthia Larbey said that there had previously only been genetic (基因的) biological evidence to suggest that humans had been eating starch for this long. This new evidence, however, takes us directly to the dinner table, and supports the previous assumption that humans,digestion genes gradually evolved in order to fit into an increased digestion of starch.
Co-author Sarah Wurz said, “The starch remains show that these early humans living in the Klasies River Cave could battle against their tough environment and find suitable foods and perhaps medicines. And as much as we all still desire the tubers (块茎), these cave communities were grilling starches such as potatoes on their foot-long hearths. They knew how to balance their diets as well as they could, with fats from local fish and other animals.”
As early as the 1990s, some researchers started to study the hearths in the Klasies River Cave. Scientist Hilary Deacon first suggested that these hearths contained burned plants. At the time, the proper methods of examining the remains were not yet available. We now know human beings have always been searching for their desired things.
1. When did humans begin to farm starches?A.After the Ice Age. |
B.After the Middle Stone Age. |
C.About 20,000 years ago. |
D.About 100,000 years ago. |
A.South Africa once had rich soil to grow crops |
B.hearths were widespread in early human history |
C.early humans possibly drove away animals by fire |
D.settlers there might have used fire to cook starches |
A.Starch diet promoted food culture. |
B.Starch diet shaped humans’ evolution. |
C.Starches had a variety of functions. |
D.Starches offered humans rich nutrition. |
A.They were smart and tough. |
B.They preferred plants to meat. |
C.They were generally very healthy. |
D.They got along with each other. |
【推荐2】Several cultural relics unearthed from the Haihunhou tomb in Nanchang have been confirmed to be official documents presented to the imperial court. The three pieces already released were all written with ink, according to the Nanchang Evening News.
Based on the analysis by Zhang Yuzheng, an expert at Beijing Union University, the relics may be the oldest original copies of senior official documents in the Han Dynasty (BC 206-AD 220), which have great value for the study of ancient official documents.
Among the three publicly released relics, two of them remain fairly intact with exact date information, though the handwriting is partly damaged. Chinese characters meaning “concubine (妾)” and “Haihunhou He” can be seen on the relics, which show that they were written by the Marquis of Haihun Liu He and his concubine.
Zhang Yuzheng suggested that according to Haushu, the documents presented to the imperial court should be in two copies, with the original copy submitted to the emperor and the copy to the minister. The minister would first review the contents and then decide whether it was appropriate to be submitted to the emperor. The system was ended during the reign of Emperor Hanxuan in the Han Dynasty. The unearthed relics from Haihunhou tomb are believed to have been written on the fourth year of Yuankang during the reign of Emperor Hanxun when the system was already ended.
Therefore, Zhang holds that the unearthed relics written with date information “fourth year of Yuankang” were very likely the original copies of official documents, instead of copies.
The whole structure and content are also complete, the handwriting is quite neat, and the format (格式) is strict, consistent with the features of an original copy, according to Zhang.
1. What can we know about the three released relics?A.They were official documents by senior officials. |
B.They proved to be the oldest documents in the Han Dynasty. |
C.They were recognized as Liu He and his concubine’s handwriting. |
D.They were publicly released as early as on the fourth year of Yuankang. |
A.Complete. | B.Meaningful. | C.Organized. | D.Reliable. |
A.The valuable relics kept until today. |
B.How the relics were presented to the imperial court. |
C.What information should be included in the official document. |
D.Something about document presentation system in the Han Dynasty. |
A.Entertainment. | B.Sports. | C.Health. | D.History. |
【推荐3】On Wednesday, a search team called Endurance 22 announced that it had located the wreck (沉船) Endurance. The Endurance was found 1. 87 miles below the ocean’s surface, about four miles south of its last known location near Antarctica. The ship sank after it got trapped in the ice in the Weddell Sea in 1915.
The discovered ship is still in excellent shape. The name can be clearly read on the back of the ship. Its wheel looks ready to be turned. Even though the ship is made of wood and is over 100 years old, it has survived with little damage. Scientists say that the small organisms (微生物) that normally break down wooden objects underwater don’t live in cold water around Antarctica.
The Endurance 22 is led by the Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust. The team ran the project from an ice-breaking ship which was able to handle the difficult conditions of the Weddell Sea. To locate the Endurance, the team used two underwater robots called Sabertooths, which were especially useful, since they could travel under the ice and go where the ship could not. The robots were looking for anything sticking up above the seafloor. For the last two weeks, the Sabertooths robots have been scanning the seafloor in a 150-square mile area around the Endurance’s last known location. Last Saturday, the ship was found. After the ship was located, the Sabertooths used high-quality cameras and scanners to record the Endurance in detail.
The Endurance is expected to remain untouched. Antarctica’s waters are protected by an international agreement, which means the ship can’t be disturbed. The Endurance 22 team plans to create a digital 3D model of the wreck site, using a careful scan they made. This will allow scientists to study the ship in detail without disturbing it.
1. What helped to keep the Endurance in good shape?A.Sea sand. | B.Cold water. | C.Fine weather. | D.Special wood. |
A.The Endurance sank in the 1920s. |
B.The Endurance was damaged seriously. |
C.The Sabertooths found the Endurance last Saturday. |
D.Scientists will not study the ship because they can’t touch it. |
A.Technology. | B.Patience. | C.Weather. | D.Luck. |
A.Study the Endurance. | B.Explore the Weddell Sea. |
C.Locate the Endurance. | D.Scan the Seafloor. |