James Watt, born in Scotland in 1736, was an engineer, scientist and     1     (invent). As a child he was gifted in the areas of maths and science.

One day when he was 12 years old, he sat in his family kitchen,     2     (watch) a kettle boiling water. As the water boiled, the steam made the top of the kettle bounce     3     and down. He thought deeply about what was happening, as steam was only water     4     seemed to be powerful enough to lift a kettle top. He reflected     5     (far) on the process, estimating how much more power could     6     (create) by a large amount of water. Later he experimented with steam and eventually developed the steam engine. This was     7     great success in improving the Newcomen steam engine,     8     was commonly used at the time.

Watt’s invention changed the course of human history. Steam engines helped to power factories that started the Industrial Revolution. With this     9     (come) new types of jobs and the availability of new products at lower costs. In the area of transportation, steam engines were used     10     (power) trains and boats, helping people to travel greater distance in much shorter times.

Nicolaus Copernicus was very frightened when he found all his calculations led to the same     1     (conclude) that the earth was not the center of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. Yet the     2     (power) church believed God had made the world and     3     that reason the earth must be the center of the solar system.

Copernicus collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge     4     (explain) them. But only his new theory could do that. He worked on his theory, gradually improving it. He placed     5     fixed sun at the center of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun. In 1514 he showed his theory     6     (private) to his friends, who encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious and was afraid of getting     7     (attack) by the Christian Church.

The Christian Church rejected his theory,    8     (say) it was against God's idea. Yet Copernicus' idea is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe     9     (build). His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity,    10     said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the center of the universe.