Honeybees command a lot of attention in insect conservation circles, as they are important for pollinating our food supply. But the findings from researchers emphasize the importance of prioritizing other pollinators or insects like wild bees, moths and butterflies in conservation efforts, too.
For the study, ecologists Joshua Kohn and Dillon Travis from the University of California, painstakingly tracked the pollination of flowers from two plant species in San Diego — white sage and Phacelia distans. Often Travis sat for hours waiting for a single pollinator, honeybees or other insects, to land on a flower. Each time he put a mesh (网状的) bag on the flower to prevent any new visitor, then back to collect seeds from different visitors. Back in the greenhouse, the team grew the seeds, analyzing characteristics that reflected their quality, such as how many seeds grew and survived and how many leaves or flower seedlings (幼苗) grew from them.
They found flowers pollinated by honeybees make fewer and lower-quality seeds than flowers visited by other pollinators. The white sage and Phacelia distans plants produced roughly half the amount of seeds from flowers pollinated by honeybees compared with other pollinators. And Phacelia distans seeds from honeybee-pollinated plants grew into seedlings with fewer flowers.
The researchers also found that honeybees visited about twice as many flowers on one plant before moving to the next than the average of other pollinators, causing honeybees to transfer more pollen in flowers of the same plant, thus resulting in fewer and lower-quality and more inbred (近亲繁殖的) seeds. Other pollinators more often flew between different plants, probably transferring more diverse pollen.
Travis says, “Honeybees’ pollination habit can impact ecosystems and agriculture in the long term. One potential consequence could be that native plant populations decline as next generations become more inbred, reducing biodiversity.”
“It is time to actually shift our dependence for pollination from largely honeybees to other native species as well,” says Jaya Sravanthi Mokkapati, an entomologist at Penn State University.
1. What does paragraph 2 focus on about the research?A.Its procedures. | B.Its members. |
C.Its impact. | D.Its significance. |
A.Honeybees cause big damage to plants’ seeds. |
B.Honeybees are less selective while pollinating. |
C.Honeybees’ pollination efficiency is unexpectedly low. |
D.Honeybees prefer to pollinate flowers of the same plant. |
A.Misleading. | B.Worrying. | C.Creative. | D.Helpful. |
A.Native plant populations are declining at a high speed. |
B.Honeybees’ pollination impacts plant seeds temporarily. |
C.More attention should be paid to protecting other pollinators. |
D.Honeybees’ pollination depends more on other native species. |
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【推荐1】Inside a fishbowl, the goldfish — a species of carp native to East Asia, bred for aesthetic delight and traditionally believed to bring good fortune — is among the easiest of pets to keep. But released into the wild, the seemingly humble goldfish, freed from glass boundaries, can grow to large proportions. They can even kill off native marine wildlife and help destroy fragile and economically valuable ecosystems.
“They can eat anything and everything,” said Christine Boston, an aquatic research biologist with Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Over the past several years, Ms. Boston and her colleagues have been tracking invasive goldfish in Hamilton Harbour, which is on the western tip of Lake Ontario (安大略湖), about 35 miles southwest of Toronto.
Their study, published last month in the Journal of Great Lakes Research, could help pinpoint goldfish populations for culling, said Ms. Boston, who is the lead author. “We found out where they are before they start spawning (产卵),” she said. “That’s a good opportunity to get rid of them.”
The fast-growing female goldfish, Ms. Boston noted, can also reproduce several times in one season. “They have the resources,” she added, “and they can take advantage of them.” Their football-shaped bodies can swell to a size that makes them too large a meal for predators (捕食者) — up to about 16 inches long. The feral goldfish are also destructive, uprooting and consuming plants that are home to native species.
Nicholas Mandrak, a professor of biological sciences at the University of Toronto Scarborough, studies in the “dramatically increase” of the wild population in the past two decades. Their spawning explosion, he said, resulted partly from people in densely-populated areas releasing pets in urban ponds. He added, environmental managers tend to forget the goldfish. “They just assume, ‘It’s been there for 150 years — there’s nothing we can do about it.’”
The problem is not unique to Canada. In Australia, a handful of unwanted pet goldfish and their offspring took over a river in the country’s southwest. And the discovery of football-size creatures in a lake in 2021 even led British officials to beg their citizens: “Please don’t release your pet goldfish into ponds and lakes!”
People wrongly believe that because goldfish are “small and cute” they won’t pose a problem when released into the wild, said Anthony Ricciardi, a professor of invasion ecology at McGill University in Montreal.
Goldfish, he added, are just a small part of a vast invasion of non-native species whose outcomes can be unpredictable, and in some cases, are worsened by climate change.
“Under human influence, beasts are moving faster farther in greater numbers, reaching parts of the planet they could never reach before,” he said. “We’re talking about the redistribution of life on Earth.”
1. Which of the statements about the goldfish is correct?A.Their place of origin is Canada. | B.They are capable of reproducing. |
C.They will grow well over 16 inches. | D.They only invade Lake Ontario. |
A.Killing | B.Controlling | C.Catching | D.Observing |
A.Citizens wrongly set free the fish. | B.Climate change has a negative impact. |
C.The environmental management is absent. | D.The food increases in habitats. |
A.Now goldfish are turning into wild monsters. |
B.Now goldfish are on the way to become a global issue. |
C.Now goldfish are attracting scientists to study in. |
D.Now goldfish are threatening the Great Lakes. |
【推荐2】During the last week of Fu Bao’s public viewing earlier this month, visitors endured waiting for 5—6 hours just to give a glance at the panda for only five minutes, as Everland Panda World restricted viewing time to manage the flood of visitors.
Born to parents Ai Bao and Le Bao in July 2020, Fu Bao is South Korea’s first naturally-born panda. In the days following her birth, Everland’s social media channels offered fans a steady diet of Fu Bao videos, pulling in more than 1.2 million subscribers and, as of February, over 500 million accumulated views. The most recent videos are now filled with warm and sincere messages from viewers.
Thanks to Fu Bao’s widespread popularity, her zookeeper has also found himself in the spotlight, becoming a bit of a social media star himself. Often referred to as her grandpa, Kang Chul-won offered hi own farewell message to Fu Bao, noting that the South Koreans’ special love for her all began with social media videos shared during the pandemic when the zoo was closed. She brought help and happiness to a society in many ways that was having a difficult time due to the virus. He said people visited the social media sites every day so it felt like he was raising her together with them. They cared so much for her and shared the same emotions of raising a baby panda together during such difficult times.
Fu Bao will be transferred to China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda in Sichuan Province. Everland says that she will be kept alone at Everland Panda World for a month to prepare her to adjust to her new environment before her overseas transfer, which will be carried out in accordance with international rules.
1. What can we learn about Fu Bao from the first two paragraphs?A.She has a balanced diet. | B.She is five years old. |
C.She is very popular in South Korea. | D.She came from Sichuan, China. |
A.She is a live symbol of luck and fortune. |
B.She is an animal who can resist any virus. |
C.She is an inspiration to overcome difficulties. |
D.She is their common possession and business. |
A.She will go on show in Everland. | B.She will be separated for adjustment. |
C.She will leave Everland Panda World. | D.She will be moved to a research center. |
A.On behalf of. | B.In terms of. |
C.In company with. | D.In agreement with. |
【推荐3】The zebra belongs to the horse family. One of nature’s great mysteries is why the zebra has stripes. One theory is that the stripes help the zebra cool down. On hot days the black stripes get a lot hotter than the white area of the zebra and under the black stripes there are special layers of fat for protection. Hot air then rises off the black stripes, forcing colder air down around the white areas, cooling the zebra down This, however, is just a kind of theory. The stripes can also confuse predators when zebras stay with other animals in great numbers.
Zebras have excellent hearing and eyesight and can run at speeds of up to 56 kilometers per hour. They also have a powerful kick that can cause serious injury to a predator, like a lion, or an African wild dog. Usually the lead male of the herd stays at the back of the group to defend against predators if necessary, while the females and youngsters escape danger.
Zebras are herbivores that feed only on plants and lives mostly by eating grasses, although they also might eat a bit of the leaves and stems of bushes. They eat grasses for many hours each day, using their strong teeth. Spending so much time chewing wears the zebras’ teeth down, so their teeth keep growing all their lives. As the dry season arrives and the grasses die back, zebra herds travel to find more food and water holes for drinking. Most zebras have no specific territories. They travel from place to place, never staying in one area very long.
1. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that ________.A.there are different opinions about why the zebra has stripes |
B.the black stripes help the zebra live through cold days |
C.the zebra can be easily attacked by predators |
D.the zebra always travels with other animals |
A.have specific territories | B.only eat plants |
C.kill and eat other animals | D.live in groups |
A.only chew soft grasses | B.are used all day |
C.are always growing | D.are kept clean |
【推荐1】Food waste is a serious problem. In 2010, nearly 133 billion pounds worth of food was transported to U.S. landfills. Food waste is truly a waste to all of humanity. That’s because when you throw out a rotten apple or a moldy container of leftovers, you’re not just throwing away the food, but all the resources that went into producing it.
Water plays a major role in food production, and as a result, food waste translates to a large amount of water wastage. All foods have a water footprint, the direct and indirect water that goes into producing a certain food, although some footprints are larger than others. In general, meats tend to need the most water for production, primarily because of the amount of food the animal needs. Also, larger animals aren’t as efficient in terms of meat production as smaller animals like chickens or turkeys, and the bigger beasts therefore have a larger water footprint.
Food waste has environmental impacts, too. “If you put all the food waste into one country, it would be the world’s third largest greenhouse gas emitter,” says Brian Lipinski, an associate in the World Resource Institute’s Food Program. Decomposing (分解) food that makes its way into landfills releases methane (甲烷), which is significantly more harmful to the environment than carbon dioxide.
All is not lost, however. There are many efforts underway to cut food loss at every level. The U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency recently called for a 50 percent reduction in food waste by 2030. Meanwhile, Portland launched a citywide composting (堆制肥料) program a few years ago. And at the retail (零售) level, the former president of Trader Joe’s recently opened a store near Boston that sells surplus food donated by grocery stores at low prices.
Still, waste can’t be avoided. There’s never going to be some ideal or perfect way to eliminate it all. Fortunately, change at any level, whether it’s as a supplier, retailer or consumer, will help ease the impact of food waste on natural resources.
1. Why is wasting food a waste of water resources?A.Food waste contains a lot of water. |
B.Food waste causes water pollution. |
C.Food production needs plenty of water. |
D.Dealing with food waste consumes much water. |
A.It smells rather terrible. |
B.It poisons the soil severely. |
C.It carries a lot of bacteria. |
D.It releases a greenhouse gas. |
A.Strategies for ensuring food safety. |
B.Measures for reducing food waste. |
C.Benefits of the composting program. |
D.Causes of monitoring food production. |
A.Better late than never. |
B.Content is better than riches. |
C.Many hands make light work. |
D.Make hay while the sun shines. |
Scrambled Eggs | |
Utensils | Ingredients |
a frying pan a spatula(刮勺) 1 tea spoon a fork or spoon a small bowl | eggs 2 tablespoons of milk or butter salt pepper(胡椒) |
1) Melt the butter in a frying pan over medium(适中的)heat.
2) In a small bowl, mix the eggs and the milk. Use the fork (or the spoon) to mix these well.
3) Pour this mixture into the pan.
4) Stir the eggs from time to time with the spatula. Continue until the eggs are no longer liquid.
5) Add salt and pepper, Add a little or a lot, as you like.
1. For this recipe, you do not need __________.
A.a knife | B.a spatula | C.a bowl | D.a fork |
A.Stir the eggs with the spatula. |
B.Eat the eggs for breakfast. |
C.Add salt and pepper. |
D.Mix the eggs and the milk. |
A.pour | B.melt | C.stir | D.scramble |
A.Step 2 | B.Step 3 | C.Step 4 | D.Step 5 |
【推荐3】Gardening is a very popular hobby. And it is one that produces wonderful results — food for your dinner table and flowers for your home! Here we want to introduce some expressions in English about garden.
Gardens themselves can be very beautiful. So you would think that a garden path is a great place to be. Well, in conversation, it is not. Leading someone up the garden path means you are trying to trick them. You are not trying to show them your beautiful flowers.
Speaking of beautiful flowers, gardeners love to see small buds (芽) forming on their plants. Besides plants and flowers, people can bud, too. If a child is good at drawing and painting, we can call him a budding artist. So “budding” describes something that is beginning to develop.
On the opposite end, you stop something from growing if you nip (掐) it in the bud. This is a common expression when we talk about stopping something bad and preventing it from continuing. It’s good to nip small problems in the bud before they turn into big problems.
Now flowers that bloom are beautiful to see — even garden-variety flowers. “Garden-variety” describes anything that is common and not so special. You can have a garden-variety cold — not a serious illness. You can have a garden-variety problem at work—nothing special, just a common problem with a colleague.
Now, a problem that many gardeners have is weeds (野草). Weeds grow easily and can quickly take over a garden. In conversation, we sometimes use “weeds” to mean too many details. So, if you are in the weeds, you are taken over by too many details.
As we said, weeds grow quickly. So do children. So, we like to say a child grows like a weed. This expression compares a child’s fast growth to that of a weed. You can use it with family, friends or even at work as you talk about your boss’s child.
1. What do you mean to do if you lead a man up the garden path?A.Act as a guide. | B.Cheat him. |
C.Teach him to work. | D.Show him your garden. |
A.Treat it as a garden-variety matter. | B.Lead him up the garden path. |
C.See him budding. | D.Nip it in the bud. |
A.You meet a garden-variety problem. | B.You are budding in your career. |
C.You are in the weeds. | D.You grow like a weed. |
A.Proud. | B.Angry. | C.Discouraged. | D.Grateful. |
【推荐1】When people think of a typical mineral mine, it’s probably underground. It is unlikely that the imagery of plants and soft greenery would cross their minds. Now, new explorations into phytomining may change that thought. Instead of traditionally mining metals like nickel (镍) and iron from rocks, phytomining uses plants as an alternative source for minerals. Using plants to extract (提取) metals can have significant environmental benefits over rock mining.
Phytomining was first studied in 1983 but it wasn’t adapted by the mining industry. In 2004, Indonesian soil scientist Aiyen Tjoa from Tadulako University in Central Sulawesithe, took her research to Sorowako, a small town in Indonesia with one of the largest nickel mining areas, to look into plants that survived years of mining. She brought samples back to her lab and found that these super plants were more than just surviving, they were growing in their glory.
The plants were absorbing and storing nickel from the soil. Large amounts of metals killed most plants, but these, known as hyperaccumulators, were learning to adapt. If these plants were containing metals, that meant that science could find a way to extract the minerals for use and quite frankly, scientists easily did. When the shoots were harvested and burned, the metals were separated from the plant material in the ashes.
Tjoa returned to Sorowako and spent years searching for new hyperaccumulator species. After a plant was considered a possibility, there was a test paper that turns pink when placed against the leaf of a hyperaccumulator plant. Two local Indonesian plants, sarcotheca celebica and knema matanensis, were found and there’re many others still to be discovered.
Tjoa’s research caught the attention of Satria Bijasksana, a professor of rock magnetism. Together, they designed an experiment to understand magnetic susceptibility (磁化率) when plants gather more nickel, which led to the discovery of more new species of hyperaccumulators. Their research serves as the basis for the potential that plants can give to the mining industry, offering great advantages to our ecosystem and towards building a more sustainable future.
1. Why did Aiyen Tjoa go to Sorowako in 2004?A.To continue her college education. | B.To carry out mining underground. |
C.To improve the soil of a small town. | D.To study the plants surviving mining. |
A.They are rich in minerals. | B.They are free of metals. |
C.They are very easy to discover. | D.They are too fragile to survive. |
A.To enable more plants to survive. | B.To test out the mining industry. |
C.To help find more hyperaccumulators. | D.To improve the extraction speed. |
A.A New Creative Mining Way Meets Challenges | B.Phytomining Will Take the Place of Old Mining |
C.Extracting Minerals From Plants Becomes Possible | D.Many Plants Can Act as Sources of Many Metals |
【推荐2】“How many of us as children have stared up at a church-like top of a giant tree and climbed it in wonder, which is a rally special part of our lives?” asks Bill Laurance, a tropical ecologist at James Cook University. “The leaves of big trees in forests are spreading out in all directions. We’re faced with organisms that have evolved for long periods of ecological stability.”
“There’s a lot to discuss on the issue,” says David Lindenmayer, a conservation ecologist at the Australian National University. “Climate change will mean that, in some forests, big trees won’t reach the same sizes they used to.” The effects of climate change, including long droughts, more invasive species and so on increase the simple physical challenges that big trees face in pulling water from their roots to their leaves and withstanding windstorms.
Lindenmayer and Laurance define “large, old trees” as the largest five percent mature trees within a species. The flexible definition means that in some forests, the large, old trees might be only 20 meters tall and 100 years old.
These large, old trees control the surrounding plant communities, affect water and nutrient distribution, and provide food and shelter for wildlife. “They’re really the breadbaskets of the forest,” says Laurance. “This is a very environmentally and ecologically important group of organisms, and they need special care and handling.” Determining the distribution and habitat requirements for large, old trees in the landscape is the first step towards ensuring their survival, “We have to ensure that what we’re thinking is long-term, to match the way these trees have existed for hundreds or even thousands of years,” says Laurance. “It’s going to be a real challenge to keep some places where there is still wildlife and the big church-like trees that we all really care about.”
1. How does the author lead in the topic of the text?A.By definition. | B.By quoting someone's words. |
C.By comparison. | D.By drawing some conclusions. |
A.They have become shorter but thicker. | B.They easily pull water from their roots. |
C.They are affected by various factors. | D.They grow taller because of climate change. |
A.Planting big trees is the first step in forest protection. |
B.The plants around control trees survival. |
C.Big trees mainly depend on wildlife for survival. |
D.It is necessary to take good care of big trees. |
A.Protect Forest Giants | B.Keep Ecological Stability |
C.Deal with Forest: Organisms | D.Fight Against Climate Change |
【推荐3】The Bitter Truth Behind Vanilla
Vanilla is one of the world’s most popular spices and an important ingredient in products ranging from chocolate to perfume. However, the wholesale price of vanilla has reached up to $600 per kilogram, when just a few years ago it fetched a tenth of that. What is happening?
Madagascar supplies more than 80 percent of the world’s natural vanilla. In the 19th century, the French introduced Bourbon vanilla to their African island colony. Today, vanilla represents 20 percent of Madagascan exports, worth around $600 million at current prices. However, it is a difficult crop to grow. A vine takes three to four years to mature.
The price of Madagascan vanilla was once set by the government.
It was not until public tastes started shifting towards all things natural that farmers’ fortunes revived. From around 2011, some manufacturers began focusing once more on natural vanilla. In 2015, Nestlé announced plans to use only natural ingredients in five years, and Hershey’s followed suit.
A.It’s expensive because it’s both labor-intensive and time-consuming to grow. |
B.Demand has therefore surged, and with it prices - in part because natural supplies are insufficient. |
C.If pollination (授粉) is successful, it will take another eight to nine months until the plant matures. |
D.This rise has not been without its challenges. |
E.The flowers open for just one day a year, so pollination is done completely by hand. |
F.But such were the prices it demanded for vanilla that in the 1980s buyers turned their attention to the cheaper, poor-quality version available elsewhere, in particular Indonesia. |