Geography plays a critical role in shaping civilizations, and this is particularly true of ancient Greece.
The Greek peninsula (半岛)has two distinctive geographic features that influenced the development of Greek society. First, Greece has easy access to water. This easy access to water meant that the Greek people might naturally become explorers and traders. Second, Greece’s mountainous geography led to the development of the city-state. The high mountain s made it very difficult for people to travel or communicate. Therefore, each city-state developed independently and, often, very differently from one another. Athens and Sparta are two good examples of city-states that contrasted greatly with each other.
The city-state of Athens was the birthplace of many significant ideas. Ancient Athenians were a thoughtful people who enjoyed the systematic study of subjects such as science, philosophy, and history, to name a few. Athenians placed a heavy emphasis on the arts, architecture, and literature. Athenians also enjoyed a democratic(民主的)form of government in which some of the people shared power.
Life in Sparta was vastly different from life in Athens. The rulers requested citizens to become hardened soldiers so that they could fight off potential enemies or slave revolts(奴隶起义). By age seven,Spartan boys were taken from their families and underwent severe military training. Boys lived away from their families until the age of 30 even after they more married. Men were expected to be ready to serve in the army until they were 60 years old. The devotion of Spartans to developing a military state left litte time for the arts or literature.
The differences between Athens and Sparta eventually led to war between the two city-states. Sparta and Athens fought on and off for decades because no single city-state was strong enough to defeat the other.
With war came death and misfortune. But war cannot kill ideas. Despite the eventual submission of Athens, Athenian thought spread throughout the region. After temporary setbacks. these ideas only became more widely accepted and developed with the passing centuries.
1. How did geography affect ancient Greece?A.Access to water led to independent cities. |
B.The mountains led to distinctive city-states. |
C.The mountains facilitated natural exploration. |
D.Access to water allowed cities to communicate easily. |
A.A people ready to fight. | B.A commitment to the arts. |
C.A ruler exercising political power. | D.An emphasis on the beauty of the city. |
A.Strict and violent. | B.Calm and peaceful. |
C.Intellectual and educated. | D.Chaotic and uncontrollable. |
A.Athenians lost the war and their culture. |
B.Spartans achieved victory in an injustice manner. |
C.Athenians failed militarily but their ideas spread. |
D.Spartans won and forced Athenians into slavery |
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【推荐1】The guzheng is a traditional Chinese musical instrument. It belongs to the zither (齐特琴) family of string instruments. It is the parent of many musical instruments of some other countries.
The guzheng should not be confused with the guqin, another ancient Chinese zither but without bridges. Now the guzheng is zither with movable bridges and usually 21 strings, although it can have from 15-25 strings. The guzheng’s strings were formerly made of silk, though most players used metal strings by the 20th century. Since the mid-20th century most performers use steel strings. The guzheng has a large resonant cavity (共振腔).
The guzheng has existed since the Warring States Period and became especially popular during the Qin dynasty. The number of strings on the guzheng has always fluctuated. There were as few as 6 to as many as 23 strings during the Tang dynasty. The earliest record of the guzheng belonged to the historian Sima Qian. Until 1961, the common guzheng had 16 strings, although by the mid-20th century 18-string guzheng were also in use. In 1961, Xu Zhenggao, together with Wang Xunzhi, introduced the first 21-string guzheng after two years of research and development. In 1960, they also invented the “S-shaped” left string rest, which was quickly adopted by all guzheng makers and is still used today. This curve allows for greater ease in tuning the strings and, combined with strings of different thickness, allows for greater resonance in both the deeper and the higher pitch (音调) ranges. The 21-string guzheng is the most commonly used one, but some traditional musicians still use the 16-string one.
1. We can infer from Paragraph 1 that ________.A.the guzheng is a musical instrument originating from Japan |
B.there is only one kind of string instrument in China |
C.there are many kinds of guzheng in the world |
D.many musical instruments in other countries are related to the guzheng |
A.Silk | B.Steel |
C.Wood | D.Copper |
A.jumped | B.changed |
C.flowed | D.waved |
A.The guqing is an ancient Chinese zither with bridges. |
B.The guzheng became espevially popular in the Tang Dynasty |
C.All musicians don’t use the 21-string guzheng. |
D.Xu Zhenggao invented the “S-shaped” left string rest himself. |
【推荐2】Writing across Time
When students today need to take notes, they simply reach for their ballpoint pens. For students in the past, writing instruments were not so convenient.
Quill pens
Quill pens were made from large bird feathers. Students sharpened the quills with knives and then dipped them into pots of ink to write. The points needed constant re-sharpening and each dip of the quill provided only enough ink to write one word. Besides these problems, drops of ink often stained the page. Yet, people used quill pens for more than a thousand years. Can you imagine writing with a quill pen?
Brush pens
Chinese students traditionally used brush pens to practice writing characters. Unlike quill pens, brush pens had soft bristles that made smooth lines. Students dipped their brush pens in a pool of ink on an inkstone and then wrote.
Chalk
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, when paper was not easily available, chalk was widely used in classrooms. Teachers wrote with chalk on blackboards while students practiced writing and maths on their own slates (石板).
Fountain pens
Fountain pens were the first pens that stored ink inside, from where it flowed through the metal tip or nib (笔尖) for writing. In the 19th century, they finally replaced quills on school desks. However, even with fountain pens, ink still often spilt out, leaving stains everywhere.
Ballpoint pens
Early ballpoint pens leaked and wrote poorly. Three inventors took almost sixty years to finally solve these problems in the early 1950s. Today two of them, Hungarian journalist Josef Laszlo Biro and French Baron Bich, are known for making the ballpoint pen cheap and reliable. Biro and Bic pens are still hugely popular and useful today.
1. The passage mainly talks about ______.A.the origins of writing instruments | B.the quality of writing instruments |
C.the development of writing instruments | D.the materials of writing instruments |
A.Quill pens. | B.Brush pens. |
C.Ballpoint pens. | D.Fountain pens. |
A.save ink and paper | B.cost less and work well |
C.leak when used | D.write poorly |
A.provide information | B.give advice |
C.offer an opinion | D.tell a story |
1. What caused musicals to move in a new direction during the 1930's?
A.The development of new musical instruments. |
B.The audience s demand for more realistic art forms. |
C.The rising popularity of other types of entertainment. |
D.The greater acceptance of black performers by white audiences. |
A.Pre - 1900. | B.1900- 1929. |
C.1940- 1949. | D.1950- 1959. |
A.It told its story in a new way. |
B.It was based on a true story. |
C.It was a non-Broadway show. |
D.It was not very successful at first. |
【推荐1】An international group of electronic music composers is taking beats from the dance club to jungles and forests and back, all to help save nature's greatest singers. A Guide to the Birdsong of Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean is a new album that includes the sounds of endangered birds. The album will come out next month, whose proceeds will go directly towards efforts to save birds.
The whole project was born out of this idea of trying to combine birdsong, electronic music and conservation. A Guide to the Birdsong of Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean was organized by activist, music producer, Robin Perkins. He invited artists from each of the endangered birds 'homelands to build their own songs around the birds’ songs. There are contributions from ten artists in eight different countries.
First single Black Catbird was created by The Garifuna Collective, from Belize. Al Obando, guitarist and producer of the group, always took in national parks and viewed birds when on the road with the band. “There are no trails, and there are no signs there to tell you about what you reseeing,” Obando says. “So we're trying to do something for the birds and nature tourism.”
Another musician who responded to Robin's call is Tamara Montenegro, an artist from Nicaragua. She was shocked to hear of the serious situation of the Guardabarranco after being approached: “This beautiful creature I grew up adoring also faced the influence of the systematic human activities”. In response, she created a song inspired by this bird and the challenges it faces to live naturally.
The new album is the second edition, following on from A Guide to the Birdsong of South America, produced by Robin in 2015. That first album has raised, to date, over $15,000 benefitting conservation projects in South America. As with the first album, all of the money from the sales of the new album will support specific organizations, including Birds Caribbean.
1. What does the underlined word “proceeds” in Paragraph 1 refer to?A.Profits. | B.Budgets. | C.Challenges. | D.Effects. |
A.He created a hit single himself. |
B.He was fond of observing birds. |
C.He was the organizer of the new album. |
D.He did a lot for birds in South America. |
A.It was friendly to humans. |
B.It was beautiful in appearance. |
C.It was losing its living environment. |
D.It was facing challenges from other birds. |
A.To collect money for a project. |
B.To popularize electronic music. |
C.To recommend some famous artists. |
D.To introduce a new album of electronic music. |
【推荐2】It’s easy to think festivals are just about drinking and dancing, but festivals are also representatives of what a certain way of life thinks, the way they express themselves. I’ve been to over 60 festivals in 22 different countries, and I still want to experience more. One of the main reasons I enjoy going to international festivals so much is the fact that they are a microcosm of what they represent. Festivals are an opportunity to see as much as possible in a weekend into worlds so different, or even familiar, of my own.
Festivals are a fascinating insight into a group of individuals with a common understanding and the world they are living in. This is also one of the reasons I enjoy international festivals.
I ticked off a huge bucket list festival in Lake of Stars Festival in Malawi a few years ago. I was unwell and not my usual party self, but, it gave me the opportunity instead to sit and listen to the local poets. Through their poetry they enlightened me to some of the issues of the day—calling out their “fat government” and covering everything from housing, to relationships, to the nominal(名义上的) opportunities.
The importance of celebrating festivals abroad isn’t just to gather with your “tribe”. What I learned in a few poems at Lake of Stars Festival were fascinating insights into modern social issues and the Malawi of the present, which I would have had to dig deep to find out. And I probably wouldn’t have bothered to, to be honest.
Even if only for a weekend, what I learned there from the poets and artists gave me a better understanding of what life was like in Malawi.
You never know what you’re going to learn when you visit a new festival. That’s all part of the fun and expectation.
Comedy makes current social issues fun, music makes them melodic(有旋律的), while poetry makes them considered and heartfelt. Festivals bring you them all.
1. What does the underlined word “microcosm” in paragraph 1 probably mean?A.Different view. | B.Mixed reaction. |
C.Small world. | D.Rare opportunity. |
A.He likes having fun with others. |
B.He can learn about the world. |
C.He expects to get job opportunities there. |
D.He enjoys tasting a variety of drinks and food. |
A.Instructive. | B.Informal. | C.Commercial. | D.Huge. |
A.The author’s wishes. | B.The greatness of poets. |
C.The differences between festivals. | D.The significance of festivals. |
【推荐3】Do you know the following expressions?
Homeric laughter
The “Homer” in this expression is the Greek poet who wrote The Iliad and the Odyssey. People laugh differently. Some laugh silently, while others tend to laugh loudly. “Homeric laughter” refers to laughter of the latter (后者) kind. It is at times uncontrollable, and the entire body shakes during the process. This kind of laughter is called Homeric laughter because this is how the gods laughed in Homer’s classics.
Faustian bargain
According to most stories, Faust was a German scholar who was rather unhappy with his life. The devil( 魔 鬼 ), Mephistopheles, promises him that in return for his soul, he will give Faust unlimited power and knowledge. Faust agrees and experiences all kinds of pleasures, but, in the end, his soul is condemned to the hell (下地狱). A “Faustian bargain” therefore is a deal that finally results in one's ruin. It means a bargain made for temporary gain without taking future consequences into consideration.
A three-ring circus (马戏团)
When you refer to a situation as being a three-ring circus, you are saying that it is a situation of complete confusion. There are so many activities taking place all together that they leave you confused or annoyed. The expression comes from the world of entertainment — the circus. The area where the artists perform their acts is called the “ring”. In the past, some of the circuses were so grand that they had three acts taking place simultaneously in three different “rings”. The audience had to decide which “ring” they wanted to focus on.
In the swim (of things)
When someone is in the swim of things, the individual is actively participating in the things happening around him, as in “I've been ill, but soon I'll be back in the swim of things.” In the world of fishing, fishermen use the word “swim” to refer to the section of the lake/river where fish can be found in plenty. So, if you are a fisherman and wish to catch a lot of fish, where would you be? You would be “in the swim”!
1. According to the text, Homeric laughter _______.A.was the way Homeric laughed |
B.means nervous, silent laughter |
C.is a way to show disagreement |
D.comes from a Greek poet’s works |
A.he might come to a bad end |
B.he would be considered clever |
C.his life would become satisfying |
D.he would gain power and knowledge |
A.All of a sudden. | B.Little by little. |
C.At the same time. | D.One after another. |
A.It means having a lot of things to do. |
B.It has nothing to do with swimming. |
C.Originally it was used to refer to "going fishing". |
D.Patients use it to express their desire for health. |