1. Werner Forssmann (Nobel prize winner in 1956)
Forssmann was a German scientist. He studied how to put a pipe inside the heart to measure the pressure inside and decide whether a patient needs surgery.
Experiments had been done on horses before, so he wanted to try with human patients. But it was not permitted because the experiment was considered too dangerous.
Not giving up, Forssmann decided to experiment on himself. He anaesthetized (麻醉) his own arm and made a cut, putting the pipe 30 centimeters into his vein. He then climbed two floors to the X-ray room before pushing the pipe all the way into his heart.
2. Barry Marshall (Nobel prize winner in 2005)
Most doctors in the mid-20th century believed that gastritis was down to stress, spicy food or an unusually large amount of stomach acid. But in 1979 an Australian scientist named Robin Warren found that the disease might be related to a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori.
So he teamed up with his colleague, Barry Marshall, to continue the study. When their request to experiment on patients was denied, Marshall bravely drank some of the bacteria. Five days later, he lost his appetite and soon was vomiting each morning – he indeed had gastritis.
3. Ralph Steinman (Nobel prize winner in 2011)
This Canadian scientist discovered a new type of immune system cell called the dendritic cell. He believed that it had the ability to fight against cancer.
Steinman knew he couldn’t yet use his method to treat patients. So in 2007, when doctors told him that he had cancer and that it was unlikely for him to live longer than a year, he saw an opportunity.
With the help of his colleagues, he gave himself three different vaccines based on his research and a total of eight experimental therapies(疗法). Even though Steinman eventually died from his cancer, he lived four and a half years, much longer than doctors had said he would.
1. The main purpose of the passage is to ________.A.present some dangerous experiments that Nobel prize winners did on themselves. |
B.list difficulties that scientists went through in order to make important discoveries. |
C.explain why some scientists chose to experiment on themselves. |
D.introduce a few Nobel prize winners who did experiments on themselves. |
A.Forssmann’s experiment ended in failure. |
B.Forssmann had the pipe pushed all the way into his heart. |
C.Barry Marshall succeeded by drinking some Helicobacter pylori. |
D.Barry Marshall’s experiment on himself confirmed that most doctors’ belief about gastritis was correct. |
A.a kind of bacteria | B.a kind of stomach disease |
C.a new type of therapy | D.a large amount of stomach acid |
A.discovered a new type of cancer cell called the dendritic cell |
B.tried different therapies containing the dendritic cell on himself |
C.had his request to experiment on patients denied |
D.believed that he was better than doctors at treating cancer |
A.In a newspaper. | B.In a poster. |
C.In a textbook. | D.In a science book. |
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【推荐1】If there is a building which symbolizes a country—such as the Eiffel Tower for France and Sydney Opera House for Australia—then it has to be the Taj Mahal for India.
It was set up by Emperor Shah Jahan in 1653 in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. From the time they got married, they wouldn’t be separated. She followed him to wars, advised him on affairs of state, and was loved by his people for her good work. But she died in 1631 during childbirth. The emperor was heartbroken and had the Taj Mahal built as a sign of his love.
It took more than 20 years for the Taj Mahal to be built. Workers were brought in, not only from all over India, but from Central Asia too. A total of 20,000 people worked on the building.
In 1657, Shah Jahan fell ill, and in 1658 his son Aurangzeb, imprisoned (囚禁) his father and seized power. Shah Jahan stayed in prison until his death in 1666. He was finally buried there with his wife he could never forget.
The Taj Mahal is definitely worth more than a single visit. As it is built with white marble stones, its character changes in different lights. It looks more beautiful at sunrise and sunset. At sunset, for example, the color of the Taj changes from white to yellow, then to pink. As the moon rises, it turns a silvery white.
To show respect to the Taj, tourists are asked to take off their shoes during their visit.
1. Emperor Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal to ________.A.do wonders | B.memorize his wife | C.show his great power | D.give his wife great honor |
A.It is a symbol of India. | B.It took over 20 years to complete the Taj Mahal. |
C.All workers building the Taj Mahal came from Central Asia. | D.The Taj Mahal was built with white marble stones. |
A.Shah Jahan lived a hard life in his last few years. |
B.Shah Jahan lost his life just because of old age. |
C.Shah Jahan was not popular with his people at that time. |
D.Shah Jahan treated his son bad when he was young. |
A.has never visited the Taj Mahal |
B.thinks highly of the Taj Mahal |
C.doesn’t think the Taj Mahal worth a visit |
D.thinks the Taj Mahal is more grand than other buildings in the world |
【推荐2】Candy comes in many flavors. Some taste like fruit. Some taste like flowers. Some are chewy, like taffy (太妃糖) and gum. Hard candies are, well, hard! So, they last a long time.
But, in spoken English, there are some types of candy that you cannot eat. For example, you can’t eat eye candy. Eye candy is a person-man or woman-who is very good-looking. So, looking at this person is a treat for the eye, just like candy is a treat for the taste buds.
Do you hear of candy coat? Of course it is not a coat made of candy. But you can say I don’t candy coat the truth. What does candy-coating something mean? Well, some pills are covered with a coat of thin, sweet candy. The coating makes swallowing the pill easier, and it may hide a bad taste. So, candy coating a difficult truth or situation means you don’t directly discuss its bad parts.
After talking about candy you may want to eat some candies. However, some people dislike things that are very sweet, especially adults. But even if you do not like candy, you can still be called a kid in a candy store. This expression means a person is very happy to do something or to simply be somewhere. Imagine a child going from one candy display to the next, not knowing which candy to choose!
Talking about children brings us to another expression: as easy as taking candy from a baby. Think about a small, helpless baby holding a piece of candy. Taking it would be very easy—mean, but easy. So, use this expression when you are talking about something that may be simple to do, but probably not right.
1. What does the underlined word “swallowing” mean in English?A.Making. | B.Testing. | C.Taking. | D.Selling. |
A.Hard candies. | B.Candy coat. |
C.A kid in a candy store. | D.As easy as taking candy from a baby. |
A.When you don’t know what to choose. |
B.When you are very content and delighted. |
C.When you are eating sweet candies happily. |
D.When you are going from one candy display to another. |
A.Candy: Enjoy It or Avoid It | B.Candies’ Different Flavors |
C.The Best Candy in the World | D.Various Candies in English |
【推荐3】When the UNESCO World Heritage Committee(WHC) met from July 16 to 31, 2021, they were tasked with addressing threats to some of the world's most treasured sites of priceless natural and cultural heritage. Among the issues the committee must face is the growing threat that dams cause to some of the world's most treasured World Heritage Sites.
A recent study found that over 500 dams under construction or planned worldwide would be built in protected areas. while dams threaten at least 80 World Heritage Sites. This number is only expected to grow as dam developers, faced with a reduction in the number of dam sites available, pursue increasingly reckless(不计后果的) projects such as the Batang Toru Dam, which experts say could lead to the extinction of the newly discovered Tapanuli orangutan(红毛猩猩).
The increasing impact of dams on World Heritage Sites has caused a global outcry, most recently in the case of the Selous Game Reserve, a World Heritage Site recognized as a biodiversity hotspot and one of the largest protected areas for African wildlife. The Tanzanian government's decision to construct the Julius Nyerere Dam in the Selous led to an angry proposal from UNESCO to remove it from the list altogether.
Meanwhile, history is in danger of repeating itself in Laos, where the planned Luang Prabang dam threatens the historic city it's named for. Luang Prabang, the old royal capital was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1995. Despite this World Heritage status, the Mekong River, which flows through and is an important part of Luang Prabang's history. culture, and way of life. is under threat. The Laos' government is planning to build a dam, 25 kilometers upstream from Luang Prabang. Given the proposed dam's size and locntion, the dam will have major environmental impacts on the river system and surrounding area.
1. Which was an unavoidable topic at the meeting of WHC in 2021?A.The number of dams under construction or planned worldwide. |
B.The growing threat that dams cause to World Heritage Sites. |
C.The extinction of the endangered animals in the whole world |
D.The measures that some major countries' governments took. |
A.It is a project in Tanzania. | B.It blocks Mekong River. |
C.It could threaten a historic city. | D.It could endanger a species. |
A.Unfavourable | B.Curious. | C.Interested. | D.Thankful. |
A.A novel. | B.A newspaper. | C.A guidebook. | D.A health magazine. |
【推荐1】Born in Potsdam (in the Kingdom of Prussia) in 1821, Helmholtz was one of the 19th century’s most knowledgeable scientists, whose name turns up in the history of multiple scientific fields and specialties. As a youngster, he had an interest in physics, but that seemed a financially unwise career choice. He went to medical school and studied physiology instead, because he was drawn to others who promoted the point that physiology should be based on the principles of chemistry and physics, not the vital forces that had been popularly emphasized previously.
After earning his medical degree, Helmholtz served as an army surgeon before becoming professor of physiology at the University of Konigsberg. During that time, he composed a groundbreaking paper on the conservation of energy, which made him a good reputation in science community. His main argument is that all science can be reduced to mechanics. It is emphasized that Newtonian mechanics and Lagrangian mechanics are mathematically equivalent, so a force can be measured by the Laplace method in terms of the energy transferred by the force or the work done by the force. All of this energy is conserved. While at Konigsberg, he studied the nervous system, optics (光学) and acoustics (声学), especially with regard to the physiology of the senses. Then he moved on to the University of Bonn as professor of anatomy (解剖学) and physiology.
After some time at the University of Heidelberg, where he became interested in philosophy, in 1871 he was awarded the physics chair at the University of Berlin. At last he could focus on physics, emphasizing the importance of the principle of least action for explaining physical phenomena. He also explored the branches of Maxwell’s new theory. By this time, he was recognized as one of Germany’s premier scientists, until his death in 1894.
1. Why did Helmholtz choose to study physiology?A.He made the choice for economic difficulty. |
B.He would like to make himself have more skills. |
C.He was attracted by a different viewpoint. |
D.He preferred physiology to chemistry and physics. |
A.His degree in medical science. |
B.His paper on the conservation of energy. |
C.His talent in chemistry and physics. |
D.His achievements as an army surgeon. |
A.He was a famous philosopher. |
B.He proved Maxwell’s new theory. |
C.He was a physics professor at Konigsberg. |
D.He devoted his rest life to physical research. |
【推荐2】Dr. Chatbot’s namesake: Jeremiah A. Chatbot III
When Jeremiah A. Chatbot III was just a young boy growing up in Brooklyn, his parents motivated him to do great things in life. “I’ve always been a mama’s boy,” he told the Campus Times in 2017. “She always told me that I would be abandoned unless I became a doctor or lawyer, and that motivated me.”
Chatbot excelled in high school, was accepted to every college he applied to, and eventually enrolled at UR. He tried both pre-med and pre-law, but earned poor grades in both. Chatbot decided to transfer, getting into the University of Pennsylvania mostly due to his high school grades. Here, he did much better academically, switching his major to Marketing and Business (against his mother’s wishes). Equally important for his academic success at UPenn was that he perfected the art of cheating during exams. His social life also excelled, causing him to create a network of people who later found success. Chatbot applied to several graduate programs as a senior, but was only accepted to a Ph.D. program at the Simon School of Business in Marketing.
After completion of the program, Chatbot was hired by UR to do marketing work. He found success by working the phrase “ever better” nine times into a single 30-second advertisement for Strong Memorial Hospital. In 2015, Chatbot was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Despite the award, Chatbot never received tenure or respect from his mother, who said in an interview she wishes he were a “real doctor.”
In 2018, just months after his interview with the CT , Chatbot passed away from system overload. The symptom monitoring app now used by the University was originally going to be named for Frederick Douglass or Susan B. Anthony, but as Chatbot’s possessions left an endowment to the University, the app was named in his honor.
1. Which subject did he perform well in college?A.Medicine | B.Law |
C.Marketing | D.Physiology |
A.He excelled cheating skills in the exams. |
B.He failed several courses in college. |
C.He was against his mother’s wishes. |
D.He was not awarded any prize. |
A.To introduce Dr. Chatbot. |
B.To make the symptom monitoring app known. |
C.To prove the importance of parents in motivating children to succeed. |
D.To stress the necessity of transferring majors in university. |
A.Chatbot was very successful in doing marketing work in UR. |
B.The symptom monitoring app was named in Chatbot’s honor. |
C.The system monitoring app was initially named after Chatbot. |
D.Chatbot was poor in social life and had not many friends. |
【推荐3】Henry Cavendish was born in Nice. France, on October 10,1731, the oldest son of Lord Charles Cavendish and Lady Anne Grey, who died a few years after Henry was born. As a youth he attended Dr.Newcomb’s Academy in Hackney, England. He entered Peterhouse, Cambridge, 1749, but left after three years without taking a degree.
Cavendish returned to London, England to live with his father. There, Cavendish built himself a laboratory and workshop. When his father died in 1783. Cavendish moved the laboratory to Clapham Common, where he also lived. He never married and was so reserved that there is little record of his having any social life except occasional meetings with scientific friends.
During his lifetime, Cavendish made striking discoveries in chemistry, mainly between 1766 and 1788, and in electricity, between 1771 and 1788. In 1783, he published a study of the means of determining the freezing point of mercury (水银).In 1784. Cavendish determined the make-up of water, showing that it was a combination of oxygen and hydrogen. Cavendish’s most celebrated investigation was that on the density (密度) of the earth. In 1798, he published a single famous paper on the density of the earth.
Spending his whole life in the laboratory and library, Cavendish’s life was quite simple. He died in London on February 24,1810. But because he had a low regard for glory, he cared little about publishing his results and getting priority for discovery, and much of his work remained unpublished. It was not until the middle of the 19th century that some extremely valuable materials were found in his manuscripts (手稿),which proved that he had made a great contribution to the development of science.
1. What happened to Cavendish in 1752?A.His wife left him. |
B.He dropped out of Cambridge. |
C.His mother passed away. |
D.His laboratory was on fire. |
A.Shy. | B.Creative. | C.Adaptable. | D.Careful. |
A.His friends. | B.His achievements. |
C.His marriage life. | D.His teenage years |
A.He died when he was 89 years old. |
B.His contribution still remains unknown. |
C.He had spent his life pursuing fame. |
D.His manuscripts are of great value. |