The word “community” may make you think of traditional communities in the developing world, where large families live together. We may also imagine the neighbours as people who are happy to help out whenever it is needed. The stereotypical(老套的) view is that of a village, where people have little but can feel very rich because everyone takes responsibility for the welfare of the others.
On the other hand, there are other types of communities: ultramodern(超现代的) ones, where the community members are unlikely to have actually met each other. These are online communities, where people blog or chat about particular issues that are important to them. They come across others on websites and may develop a relationship there with like-minded people, discussing the same topics. The view is often that these are artificial connections between people who are, in fact, still isolated(孤立的) strangers.
In reality, the connections are real. Moreover, there are many types of communities in between these extremes: people who join clubs, who sign up with voluntary, political or other organizations, or who take part in group discussions in their local area. They may be campaigning about issues or simply getting together for companionship and support.
Human beings are social by nature, so it should not be a surprise that we organize ourselves in groups. However, there is more going on: these groups provide something that we cannot achieve on our own. The main benefit of being part of a larger group is strength in numbers. For example, we can access and share more information, we can take part in team sports, we can complain and campaign more effectively and even if we are just having a chat, online or in person, we can feel supported in whatever we do.
Whatever forms communities take, what defines them is the sense of identity and safety that they provide for their members: the knowledge that there are people who we have something in common with and who can be relied on when we need each other.
1. In traditional communities, people ______.
| A．live in a large family |
| B．are wealthy but unhappy |
| C．are isolated and don’t have connections |
| D．help and care about each other |
| A．develop a close working relationship |
| B．share opinions about issues on websites |
| C．communicate with each other in person |
| D．share the same interest but have no relations |
| A．the types of community |
| B．the culture of community |
| C．the benefits of community |
| D．the definition of community |
| A．a sense of identity and safety |
| B．a sense of social responsibility |
| C．chances of meeting new people |
| D．chances of developing their interests |
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【推荐1】The Swedish Academy announced on Thursday, 7 October that the Nobel Prize in Literature 2021 is awarded to Abdulrazak Gurnah. The 73-year-old author of 10 novels including well-renowned works such as Paradise and Desertion, received 10 million Swedish crowns.
After getting the award, Gurnah not only said he was grateful to the academy but added, “It’s just great—it’s just a big prize, and such a huge list of wonderful writers—I am still taking it in... I really had to wait until I heard it announced before I could believe it. ”
Born in 1948, Gurnah mainly grew up on the island of Zanzibar in the Indian Ocean. Gurnah was forced to leave his farmily and his country in December 1963 just because he belonged to the victimized (受害的) ethnic group, Then he arrived in England as a refugee (难民) at the end of the 1960s, Until his recent retirement, he has been the Professor of English Literature at the University of Kent in Canterbury and he mainly focused on writers including Wole Soyinka and Salman Rushdie. In total he has published 10 novels along with short stories. The Royal Academy has noted that the theme of the refugee’s suffering runs throughout Gurnah’s work.
While Swahili was his first language, English became his tool for literature. His first novel was Memory of Departure in 1987 and it is about the failed uprising in the African continent. His second work. Pilgrims Way was published in 1988 in which the newest Nobel winner explored the various reality of life in exile. His third novel was Dottie in 1990 which is a portrait of a Black woman with immigrant background. His other works include Paradise in 1994. Admiring Silence in 1996, Gravel Heart in 2017. His latest novel is Afterlives which was published in 2020 and it takes up where Paradise ends. “I just want to write as trustfully as I can, without trying to say something noble,” he said.
1. How did Gurnah feel when he received the Nobel Prize in Literature 2021?| A．Surprised. | B．Confident. |
| C．Worried. | D．Doubtful. |
| A．The refugee’s miserable life. | B．The uprising life in England. |
| C．The rough road to writing. | D．The Friendship with other writers. |
| A．Admiring Silence. | B．Dottie. |
| C．Afterlives. | D．Gravel Heart. |
| A．Gurah’s writing career and his famous novels. |
| B．Gurah’s tough life experience as a refugee. |
| C．Gurah’s contribution to the literature world. |
| D．Gurah’s winning the Nobel Prize in Literature. |
【推荐2】It is generally supposed that the English Romantic Movement began in 1798. However, it is not a sudden outbreak but the result of long and gradual growth and development. The Romanticism is a literary movement which took place in Britain and throughout Europe between 1770 and 1848. Politically, it was inspired by the revolutions in America and France. Emotionally, it expressed an extreme claim of the self and the value of the individual experience together with the sense of the limitless and the transcendental. In Britain, Romantic writers of the first generation included Wordsworth and Coleridge, Blake and Burns. The second generation of British Romantics—Byron, Shelley and Keats absorbed these influences, wrote quickly, travelled widely and their life stories and letters became almost as important for Romanticism as their poetry.
Romanticism does not mean one thing or one characteristic. It is, in fact, a collective term to mean certain characteristics, such as mysticism, humanism, supernaturalism, love of beauty, love of nature, love of equality. The chief characteristics of romantic poetry are as the following:
Subjectivity: All romantic literature is subjective. It is an expression of the inner urges of the soul of the artist. The poet gives free expression to his feelings, emotions, experiences, thoughts and ideas and does not care for rules and regulations. The emphasis is laid on inspiration and intuition(直觉).
Love of Nature: Enthusiasm for the beauties of the external world characterizes all romantic poetry. Romantic poetry carries us away from the uncomfortable atmosphere of cities into the fresh company of the outdoor world. All poets were lovers of nature and looked at the beautiful aspects of nature. To them, nature was a friend, a lover, a mother, sister and a teacher.
Imagination and Emotion: The romantic poets laid emphasis on imagination and emotion. The Wordsworth’s romantic poem I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud deals with subjects of creative imagination, childhood memories, beauty of nature, the role of nature as a guiding spirit.
1. What can we know about the English Romantic Movement?| A．It originated at the end of 18th century. | B．It emphasized the value of policies. |
| C．It was caused by sudden growth and development. | D．It was affected by the Russian revolution. |
| A．It focuses on inspiration and reality. | B．It hides the inner desires of poets. |
| C．It is a term involving some certain features. | D．It is controlled by rules and regulations. |
| A．Showing us another way to read novels. | B．Keeping us enjoying the company of nature. |
| C．Asking us to respect city atmosphere. | D．Making us always be enthusiastic. |
| A．By using a quotation. | B．By using personification. |
| C．By making a comparison. | D．By giving an example. |
The writings of Shakespeare are today little read by young people in Britain. His young readership is limited to those who choose to study literature at university.
Shakespeare’s work, together with most other classics, is seen as remote, and written in a 400-year-old version of English that is about as inviting as toothache.
Still, in Britain schools, it is compulsory to study the bard (诗人), and when something is made compulsory, usually the result is boredom, resentment (憎恨)or both.
This was my experience of the classics at school. But when I reached my late teenage years, I had a change of heart. Like every other young person since the dawn of time, the world confused me. I wanted answers, so I turned to books to find them.
I went on to take a PhD in literature and have taught it in Britain and China. I have never regretted it. There is something in literature that people want, even if they don’t read books. You see this in the popularity of TV and movie adaptations of great works, the recent film version of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice being
Reading a simplified Romeo and Juliet may perhaps lead to a reading of Shakespeare’s actual play. If that is the case, then I welcome the trend. But do not make the mistake of thinking that it is the same thing. Shakespeare is a poet. His greatness is in his language. Reading someone else’s rewriting of his work is like peeling a banana, throwing away the fruit, and eating the skin. Take on the original. It really is worth the effort.
1. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
| A．The language used in classics is no longer in use today. |
| B．British students usually find compulsory reading dull. |
| C．Only those studying literature read Shakespeare’s works. |
| D．For British people, Shakespeare’s works are no longer classics. |
| A．has liked literary classics since an early age |
| B．was forced to read the classics for a PhD |
| C．turned to literature to seek answers in his teens |
| D．thinks only people who read books like literature |
| A．learn more about tradition |
| B．get a PhD in literature |
| C．seek their answers about the world |
| D．become more interested in the classics |
| A．The fruit of a banana is more useful than its skin. |
| B．The rewriting trend does more harm than good. |
| C．Readers should try to read the original versions. |
| D．Readers need to learn the language in the classics. |
