The city planner decided to build an underground drainage (排水) system, but there simply wasn't enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city.
An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city's streets by as much as 12 feet.
This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building?
That's where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house-moving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶) beneath the building's foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman's sign each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stay open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn't even notice anything was happening. Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago's early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago's waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city's next step was to clean the polluted river.
1. The author mentions the joke to show ________.
A.horses were fairly useful in Chicago |
B.Chicago's streets were extremely muddy |
C.Chicago was very dangerous in the spring |
D.the Chicago people were particularly humorous |
A.get rid of the street dirt |
B.lower the Chicago River |
C.fight against heavy floods |
D.build the pipes above ground |
A.It went on smoothly as intended. |
B.It interrupted the business of the hotel. |
C.It involved Pullman turning ten jackscrews. |
D.It separated the building from its foundation. |
A.popular life styles and their influences |
B.environmental disasters and their causes |
C.engineering problems and their solutions |
D.successful businessmen and their achievements |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】New research into a little-known text written in ancient Greek shows that “stressed poetry”, the ancestor of all modern poetry and song, was already in use in the 2nd century CE, 300 years earlier than previously thought. It has been found sculpted on twenty precious stones and as a graffito (雕画) in Cartagena, Spain.
In its shortest version, the nameless four-line poem reads “They say what they like; let them say it; I dont care.” Other versions extend with “Go on, love me; it does you good.” The poem, unparalleled (绝无仅有的) so far in the classical world, consists of lines of 4 syllables (音节), with a strong accent on the first and a weaker on the third. This allows it to come into the rhythms of numerous pop and rock songs. So it became popular across the eastern Roman Empire and survives.
By comparing all of the known examples for the first time, Cambridges Professor Tim Whitmarsh noticed that the poem used a different form of rhythm to that usually found in ancient Greek poetry. As well as showing signs of the long and short syllables characteristic of traditional “quantitative” poem, this text employed stressed and unstressed syllables. The new study, published in The Cambridge Classical Journal, also suggests that this poem could represent a “missing link” between the lost world of ancient Mediterranean oral poetry and song, and the more modern forms that we know today. A lot of popular poetry in ancient Greek takes a similar form to traditional high poetics. This poem, on the other hand, points to a distinct and rich culture, primarily oral.
1. Where was the “stressed poetry” discovered?A.In Greece. | B.In Spain. |
C.In Britain. | D.In Mediterranean. |
A.A syllable. | B.A strong accent. |
C.The four-line poem. | D.The content of the poem. |
A.A missing link between poems was found finally. |
B.A lot of popular poetry in ancient Greek was then popular in the world. |
C.The stressed and unstressed syllables distinguished the poem from others. |
D.The ancient Mediterranean oral poetry and song was older than the poem. |
A.Ancient Greek “pop culture” discovery rewrites the history of poetry and song |
B.The unparalleled poem made ancient Greek culture more attractive |
C.Ancient Greek poetry lay the foundation of modern culture |
D.Four syllables are still popular in modern poetry and song |
【推荐2】Women were less likely than men to support the Vietnam war, the Gulf war, or the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. They commit far fewer murders. They are less likely to favor strikes. For some scholars, these are grounds for thinking that a world run by women would be more peaceful.
But European history suggests otherwise, according to political scientists Oeindrila Dube and S. P. Harish. They studied how often European rulers went to war between 1480 and 1913, and found that states ruled by queens were 27% more likely to get involved in wars than those ruled by kings.
This was not all the queens’ fault: men, seeing them as soft targets, tended to attack them. Frederick the Great of Prussia once declared: ”No woman should ever be allowed to govern anything.“ Shortly after becoming king, he attacked the newly crowned Archduchess of Austria, Maria Theresa, and seized Silesia province. Despite years of war, she never recovered it.
But perceived weakness is not the whole story. Queens, the researchers found, were more likely to gain new territory. Catherine the Great expanded her empire by some 200,000 square miles. And married queens were more aggressive than single queens or kings, whether single or married.
The authors suggest several reasons for this. First, married queens may have been able to form more military alliances(联盟),making them confident enough to pick fights. Their husbands had often served in the army before they married, and were well placed to strengthen military ties between their homelands and their wives’ states.
Second, unlike most kings, queens often gave their husbands a lot of power,putting them in charge of foreign policy or the economy. During the 1740s, Maria Theresa’s husband, Francis I, reformed the Austrian economy and raised money for the armed forces while his wife ruled much of central Europe. Prince Albert was Queen Victoria’s most trusted adviser, shaping her foreign policy until his death in1861. This division of labor, the authors suggest, freed up time for queens to pursue more aggressive policies.
The modern era, too, has witnessed female leaders in wars: Golda Meir and the Yom Kippur war, or Margaret Thatcher and the Falklands. The number of countries led by women has more than doubled since 2000, but there is plenty of room for improvement: the current level of 15 represents less than 10 % of the total. A world in which more women took power might be more equal. Whether it would be more peaceful is a different question.
1. The underlined “perceived weakness” in paragraph 4 means that________.A.women were less likely to support wars |
B.women could not recover lost territory |
C.women commit far fewer crimes |
D.women were soft targets |
A.Because their military alliances picked fights for them. |
B.Because they were ambitious and aggressive by nature. |
C.Because their husbands were supportive in state governing. |
D.Because they centralized all power into their own hands. |
A.To imply there is room for improvement in gender equality. |
B.To indicate more females become leaders in modern times. |
C.To illustrate female leaders cannot prevent wars in modern times. |
D.To suggest female leaders have their share of wars in modern times. |
A.married women are not fit to govern their states on their own |
B.female leaders should be responsible for all wars throughout history |
C.the world wouldn’t be more peaceful even if more women took power |
D.the division of labor allows queens to survive economic crisis |
Friends and fellow citizens:I stand before you tonight under accusation of the unproven crime of having voted at the last presidential election, without having a lawful right to vote.It shall be my work this evening to prove to you that in thus voting, I not only committed no crime, but, instead, simply exercised my citizen's rights, guaranteed to me and all United States citizens by the National Constitution(宪法), beyond the power of any state to deny.
Our democratic-republican government is based on the idea of the natural right of every individual member to a voice and a vote in making and executing the laws.We declare the duty of government to be to secure the people in the enjoyment of their unchallengeable right.We throw to the winds the belief that government can give right.
‘All men are created equal, and gifted by their Creator with certain undeniable rights.Among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.To secure these, governments are established among men, gaining their just powers from the agreement of the governed.’
Here is no shadow of government authority over rights, or exclusion of any class from their full and equal enjoyment.Here is pronounced the right of all men, and ‘therefore,’ as the Quaker minister said, ‘of all women,’ to a voice in the government.And here, in this first paragraph of the Declaration, is the declaration of the natural right of all to the vote; for how can ‘the agreement of the governed’ be given, if the right to vote be denied?
The introduction of the Federal(联邦的) Constitution says: ‘We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic peacefulness, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity(子嗣), do establish this Constitution for the United States of America.’
It was we, the people; not we, the white male citizens; not we, the male citizens; but we, the whole people, who formed the Union.And we formed it, not to give the blessings of liberty, but to secure them; not to the half of ourselves and the half of our posterity, but to the whole people - women as well as men.And it is absolute ridicule to talk to women of their enjoyment of the blessings of liberty while they are denied the use of the only means of securing them provided by this democratic-republican government - the vote.
1. The speaker was standing in front of the audience to ________.
A.accuse the government of having denied treating her unfairly |
B.fight for the legal right to vote in the United States as a woman |
C.share a recent victory on voting for the president of the States |
D.guarantee that they could better understand the National Constitution |
A.abandon |
B.emphasize |
C.shake |
D.spread |
A.The Quaker minister holds conflicting opinions on women’s right to vote. |
B.Government authority has the right to bar some of the governed out of liberty. |
C.The policy is undeniably adopted that all the governed in America have the equal rights. |
D.There’s no way to the real agreement of the governed if women’s vote right is robbed. |
A.it’s more important to have liberty than have good wishes of it |
B.the Federal Constitution comes from the National Constitution |
C.it’s ridiculous that women enjoy liberty while their rights are not secured |
D.racial and gender issues are among the major social problems of the USA |
A.For the Sake of Liberty and Happiness |
B.Vote on the Women’s Rights |
C.In the Name of Equal Right to vote |
D.Power of American Constitution |