Are you afraid of sharks? What about snakes or spiders? Put those fears aside:because in the U.S. you’re far more likely to be killed or injured by a deer skipping across the road.
Deer cause more than 200 humans deaths each year, plus some 29,000 injuries,all because of l.2 million collisions between vehicles and deer.Most incidents occur in the eastern U.S. , where deer prosper without natural predators like wolves and mountain lions.
‘‘That’s the region in the U.S. where deer-vehicle collisions are such a problem,and where it seems like an effective large carnivore reintroduction could make a really big difference.’’ says wildlife biologist Laura Prugh from University of Washington.She thinks it would help to reintroduce predators like mountain lions,also known as cougars,pumas or panthers,to parts of their historic range from which they’ve been driven out.
The researchers say that bringing the predators back to the eastern U.S. would mean 22 percent fewer collisions between cars and deer over three decades.Each year would see five fewer human deaths,680 fewer injuries and a savings of some $50 million.Sophie L. Gilbert thinks there are great socioeconomic benefits of large predator restoration through reduced wildlife-vehicle collisions and she says,“Cougars have shown that they can coexist in short distance with people,with very few conflicts,in a lot of areas out west.”
Still,some folks might be understandably nervous about this kind of plan.After all , reintroducing predators doesn’t come without risks to pets and to livestock,and very occasionally to people.
“Our fear of large predators is so natural and intense that I don’t think it’s possible to just completely clear it with statistics…what I hope is that knowing that there actually can be some measurable benefits might make people a little more supportive and maybe balance that fear a little bit.”says Laura.
Indeed,the statistics show that cougars would prevent five times as many human deaths from deer-related accidents as they would cause by attacks.But it’ll be a tough sell:the press will cover cougar attacks,but a statistically prevented death does not make the news.Nevertheless,“If people in the west can put up with having mountain lions around.I would hope that New Yorkers would be up for the challenge as well.”
1. The underlined word in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to __________.
A.a meat-eating animal | B.a grass-eating animal |
C.a cat-like animal | D.a dangerous animal |
A.To minimize the accidents caused by deer. |
B.To maintain biodiversity and ecological balance. |
C.To take up the challenge from people in the west. |
D.To reduce people’s fear of this dangerous creature. |
A.Because the risks outweigh the benefits. |
B.Because mountains lions like eating people. |
C.Because mountain lions tend to get too close to people. |
D.Because the benefits are not as eye-catching as its risks. |
A.Puma:a Tough Sell | B.A New Study on Puma |
C.Deer Cause Huge Life Losses | D.Deer or Pumas:a Hard Choice |
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【推荐1】Watching the behaviour and body language of zoo animals could be the key to understanding and improving their welfare, new research suggests. Traditionally, zoos have focused on more straightforward measures such as whether animals are eating and sleeping.
The new review, by the University of Exeter and the University of Winchester, says zoos have made great improvements in recent years, but closer observation of animal behaviour — a method called Qualitative Behavioural Assessment, developed in farming — could show even more about their state of mind.
An animal’s positioning of its body, facial movements and activity levels are among the things that might tell whether it is excited, calm, interested, nervous, relaxed, etc.
“Zookeepers are knowledgeable about their animals, and they will often recognise an animal’s state of mind by its behaviour and body language,” said Dr. Paul Rose, of the University of Exeter.
“What we are suggesting is a more scientific method of this, carried out over time.”
“Certain behaviours will show certain moods (情绪) in an animal, and we should build our knowledge of this for different animals that live in zoos. For example, lions have a lot of facial expressions, and research on these expressions could help zoos understand the animals’ state of mind. This information could then be used to improve welfare by changing diets, feeding times or any number of other aspects of the way animals are kept.”
Dr. Rose carries out much of his research at WWT Slimbridge Wetland Centre, and is now examining how the swans (天鹅) there might show their state of mind through their behavioural expression.
“We’re looking at how much time they spend exploring their habitat, which could show what they’re feeling,” he said. “When they’re unsure, they appear to move less and be more careful, and draw their feathers (羽毛) close to their bodies.”
The study suggests research opportunities for Qualitative Behavioural Assessment and practices that could be used by zoos. “Animal welfare in zoos has improved greatly in the last 10 or 20 years, and this method gives zoos another way to recognise and improve the welfare of animals,” Dr. Rose said.
1. What do the university researchers suggest?A.More studies on the welfare of zoo animals. |
B.Closer observation of zoo animals’ behaviours. |
C.More attention to farm animals’ body language. |
D.Greater improvements of farm animals’ welfare. |
A.To show body language differs in different animals. |
B.To show the uncertainty of animal body language. |
C.To show lions change their expressions easily. |
D.To show lions are treated badly in zoos. |
A.They have more facial expressions than lions. |
B.They appear confident most of the time. |
C.They move little in fearful situations. |
D.They spend little time in their habitat. |
A.Animal welfare in zoos is worrying. |
B.Qualitative Behavioural Assessment is purposeful. |
C.Farm animals enjoy greater welfare than zoo animals. |
D.Zoos do a good job in recognising animal body language. |
【推荐2】A team of researchers from the University College London (UCL) has recently found that humans transmit viruses to domestic and wild animals more frequently than they contract them from these animals. This major analysis of viral genomes offers new insights into the dynamics of disease transmission across species.
Through an exhaustive examination of all publicly available viral genome sequences, the experts aimed to trace the cross-species transmission—or host jumps—of viruses.
The team sought to challenge the prevailing view that humans are primarily at the receiving end of zoonotic diseases, which are infections that jump from animals to humans. These diseases have been responsible for outbreaks such as Ebola, flu, and COVID-19.
The research team developed and applied methodological tools to analyze the nearly 12 million viral genomes that have been published on public databases to date, outlining the scale of their investigation into the evolutionary paths and mutations of viruses as they adapt to new hosts.
Contrary to the common perception of humans as mere recipients of animal viruses, the study’s findings suggest a more bidirectional exchange of pathogens (病原体). “We should consider humans just as one node in a vast network of hosts endlessly exchanging pathogens, rather than a sink for zoonotic bugs,” said co-author Francois Balloux, a professor at the UCL Genetics Institute.
“By surveying and monitoring transmission of viruses between animals and humans, in either direction, we can better understand viral evolution and hopefully be more prepared for future outbreaks and epidemics of novel illnesses, while also aiding conservation efforts. ” Study lead author Cedric Tan, a PhD student at the UCL Genetics Institute and Francis Crick Institute, pointed out the broader implications of their findings, especially concerning conservation and food security. “When animals catch viruses from humans, this can not only harm the animal and potentially pose a conservation threat to the species, but it may also cause new problems for humans by impacting food security if large numbers of livestock need to be killed to prevent an epidemic, as has been happening over recent years with the H5N1 bird flu strain.”
1. What is the prevailing view mentioned in paragraph 3?A.Humans are passive recipients of zoonotic diseases. |
B.Zoonotic diseases are preventable with proper measures. |
C.Animals are the sole source of all infectious diseases. |
D.Ebola, flu, and COVID-19 are the most severe zoonotic diseases. |
A.The study involved a deep analysis of over ten million virus genomes. |
B.The analysis revealed evolutionary patterns of viruses as they adapt to new hosts. |
C.The study found that all virus genomes exhibit similar mutation patterns. |
D.The analysis results contribute to our understanding of virus transmission and mutation mechanisms. |
A.New discoveries about the mechanisms of virus transmission. |
B.Improvements in the treatment of zoonotic diseases. |
C.Reflections on the impact of human lifestyles and the environment. |
D.Potential effects on global public health policies. |
A.Humans transmit more viruses to animals than we catch from them |
B.Zoonotic Diseases: The Leading Cause of Human Ailments |
C.Revolutionary Breakthroughs in Viral Genomics |
D.Cross-Species Viral Transmission: A Complex Web of Relationships |
【推荐3】In our human-centric view, the ability to shoot ink or change colors may seem odd, but you know what’s really odd? Menopause (更年期). You can count species other than humans known to experience and outlive menopause on one hand. Only Oracs (虎鲸) and some whale populations have females that live long past their reproductive years to become grandmothers. But a new, landmark study confirms that at least one population of chimpanzees can now be added to the list.
The discovery comes as the result of 21 years’ worth of observing the Ngogo community of wild chimpanzees in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Studying urine from 66 Ngogo females, aged 14 to 67, showed that their hormone levels changed after approaching 50, confirming they were in menopause. Interestingly, 50 is also the age when many people begin to experience menopause. “It’s really cool to finally have that piece of the puzzle come into place,” says Catherine Hobaiter, a primatologist who was not part of the new study.
But Catherine points out that the Ngogo community lives in a chimp paradise: the resource-rich, well-protected Kibale National Park that also lacks leopards, their main predator. And because the Noggo community is found in the heart of the park, its only neighbors are other chimps — not humans who can expose chimpanzees to viruses that have devastated other communities. “The Ngogo population may be an outlier (局外人) when it comes to the rest of the species,” she cautions.
And there is a question concerning “the grandmother effect”, according to which a grandmother has a decidedly beneficial effect on her children and grandchildren. Chimpanzees do not form long-term pair-bonds and females leave in search of new communities when they reach maturity, which means grandmother chimpanzees likely don’t know who their grandchildren are in the same way humans or even orcas do. What they do after the menopause remains a question of interest. “And that’s all future work to be done.” said Catherine.
1. What can be learned about menopause?A.It is rare among animals. | B.It is unique to human beings. |
C.It just occurs at the age of 50. | D.It is experienced only by females. |
A.Scientist have found the solution to menopause. |
B.What happens to the 66 Ngogo females remains a puzzle. |
C.There is a puzzle whether chimpanzee females experience menopause. |
D.The latest discovery casts new light on the puzzle of animal menopause. |
A.To stress the importance of protecting chimpanzees from viruses. |
B.To remind researchers of the potential limitation of the new study. |
C.To prove that Ngogo chimpanzees are perfect subjects of the study. |
D.To argue that the discovery of the new study is completely groundless. |
A.By offering a definition. | B.By drawing a conclusion. |
C.By presenting relevant facts. | D.By giving examples and opinions. |
【推荐1】Human demands for natural resources have doubled in less than 50 years and are now beyond what the earth can provide, a report warned. If humans carry on like this, we will need two earths by 2030. The population of wildlife has fallen by 60% in thirty years.
The report said British people are consuming (消耗) far more than the earth can deal with. If everyone lived such a lifestyle, humans would need 2.75 planets to survive. People are now living lifestyles which would require 1.5 planets, though there are great differences between rich and poor nations.
Researchers studied the global change in land use and water consumption. The UK comes 31st in a list of countries based on “ecological footprint (生态足迹)” that measures how much land and sea each person needs to produce the resources they consume and to absorb (吸收) the wastes. The UK has fallen down from 15th place in the last report two years ago to 3lst place, but the WWF believes it is an increase in other countries’ efforts rather than a reduction in the UK’s use of resources.
Ireland has the 10th highest ecological footprint, while the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Denmark, Belgium and the US are the five worst countries for over-consumption of resources. The study suggests if the expected global population of 9.2 billion in 2050 were to eat a Malaysian diet, 1.3 planets would be needed but if everyone were to eat an Italian diet, humans would need almost two planets. Those countries that can provide the highest quality of life using the lowest amount of resources will not only serve the global interest, but will be the leaders in a resource-limited world.
1. We will probably need __________earths if we follow the British lifestyle.A.1.3 | B.2.75 |
C.2 | D.1.5 |
A.It has something to do with human demands for resources and their wastes. |
B.It is used to produce the resources and absorb the wastes. |
C.We can know the total amount of resources on the earth through it. |
D.It is about changes in land use and water consumption across the globe. |
A.the earth won’t be able to meet human needs after 50 years. |
B.the UK has possibly not reduced the use of resources over the past two years. |
C.Ireland has a lower ecological footprint than the UK. |
D.there are no big differences in lifestyle between rich and poor nations. |
A.has a larger population than Italy. |
B.consumes fewer resources than Italy. |
C.would need almost two planets. |
D.has the highest quality of life. |
【推荐2】A new study focused on birds examines how the movements of rivers in the Amazon have contributed to that area’s exceptional biological diversity.The research team, led by the American Museum of Natural History, found that as small river systems change over time, they spur the evolution of new species. The findings also reveal previously unknown bird species in the Amazon that are only found in small areas next to these dynamic river systems, putting them at high risk of extinction.
The lowland rainforests of the Amazon River basin harbor(藏匿) more diversity than any other ecosystem on the planet. It is also a globally important biome(生物群落) containing about 18 percent of all trees on Earth and carrying more fresh water than the next seven largest river basins combined. Researchers have long wondered and hotly debated how the Amazon’s rich biodiversity arose and accumulated.
“Early evolutionary biologists like Alfred Russel Wallace noticed that many species of primates and birds differ across opposite riverbanks in the Amazon,”said the study’s lead author Lukas Musher. “Moreover, accumulating geological evidence has suggested that these rivers are highly dynamic, moving around the South American landscape over relatively short time periods, on the order of thousands or tens of thousands of years.”
To investigate how the movement of rivers across the landscape has influenced the accumulation of bird species in the Amazon, the researchers sequenced the genomes(基因组) of six species of Amazonian birds.
Because these rivers move around the landscape at different time scales, their movements can have varying outcomes for bird species: when river rearrangements occur quickly, populations of birds on each side can combine before they’ve had time to differ; when river changes happen slowly, species have a longer time to diverge from one another.
1. What does the underlined word “spur” in Paragraph 1 mean?A.Stimulate. | B.Renew. | C.Pursue. | D.Interrupt. |
A.What the Amazon’s biodiversity indicates. | B.How the Amazon’s biodiversity was formed. |
C.Whether the Amazon has the richest biodiversity. | D.Why Amazon bird species are at risk of distinction. |
A.There are six species of American birds. |
B.Rivers move very slowly in South America. |
C.Most species differ across opposite Amazon riverbanks. |
D.River movement may lead to the Amazon’s biodiversity. |
A.The location of river movement. | B.The populations of birds. |
C.The speed of river movement. | D.The amount of the genomes. |
【推荐3】Fritillaria plants can be easily spotted. The usually bright green plants often stand alone amid the rocks at the top of the Himalayan and Hengduan mountains in southwestern China — easy pickings for traditional Chinese medicine herbalists, who’ve ground the bulbs (鳞茎) of Fritillaria into a cough-treating powder for more than 2, 000 years. The demand for the bulbs is intense, since about 3,500 of them are needed to produce one kilogram of the powder, worth about $480.
But some Fritillaria are remarkably difficult to find, with leaves and stems that are barely distinguishable from the gray or brown rocky background. Surprisingly, the plants’ camouflage (伪装) seems to have evolved in response to people.
In wide open areas with little cover, like mountaintops, blending in can help the plants avoid hungry herbivores, says Yang Niu, a botanist at the Kunming Institute of Botany in China. But after five years of studying camouflage in Fritillaria, he did not spot any animals feeding on the plants. So Niu, his colleague Hang Sun and sensory ecologist Martin Stevens of the University of Exeter in England decided to see if humans might be driving the evolution of the plants’ camouflage.
During their research, local herbalists noted the total weight of the bulbs harvested each year from 2014 to 2019 at seven study sites. These records indicated contemporary harvesting pressure on the plants. In the meantime, the researchers assessed the ease of harvesting by recording how long it took to dig up bulbs at six of those sites. On some slopes, bulbs are easily dug up, but in others they can be buried under rocks. Both measures have revealed a striking pattern: The more harvested a site is, the better the color of a plant matches its background.
However, camouflage can present some challenges. Pollinators (花粉传播者) might have a harder time finding the camouflaged plants, and the gray and brown coloration could impair photosynthetic (光合) activity. Still, these Fritillaria show how adaptable the plants can be. The plants can better change their appearance than we might have expected.
1. What does the first paragraph mainly talk about?A.The living environment of Fritillaria. |
B.The appearance of Fritillaria. |
C.The reasons for picking Fritillaria. |
D.The history of traditional Chinese medicine. |
A.Fritillaria usually exist under rocks. |
B.Animals drive Fritillaria to hide themselves better. |
C.Frequent human activities make it easier to spot Fritillaria. |
D.Fritillaria camouflage themselves better where harvested more often. |
A.All plants are poor at camouflaging. |
B.Fritillaria are constantly changing how they look. |
C.Camouflage can bring some side-effects to Fritillaria. |
D.Fritillaria camouflaged to be gray which can promote growth. |
A.The demand for the Fritillaria is intense. |
B.Fritillaria are remarkably difficult to find. |
C.Camouflage can present some challenges to the Fritillaria. |
D.Human activities drive the evolution of the Fritillaria’s camouflage. |