Happiness increases when we experience more positive emotions throughout the day. Fredrickson, a leader in the field of psychology, identifies 10 positive emotions, including joy, interest, hope, pride, amusement, inspiration, love and so on. How often we experience these positive emotions compared to negative emotions in a day affects not only our mood, but also our physical health. She has discovered that those who have a 3∶1 ratio of positive to negative emotions on a daily basis are happier and healthier.
Sadly, most people, even those who consider themselves positive people, are far below that ratio. The good news is that you can learn to increase your ratio of being positive, which leads to greater happiness, health and success.
Research shows that by increasing positive emotions, we become more creative, perform better at tasks, and have better relationships. The most exciting finding is that we now have proof that selfgenerated positive emotions can improve our physical health.
Nevertheless, we don't want to get rid of all negative feelings. Negative emotions are proper and helpful sometimes. It's appropriate to feel sad about the loss of a loved one. Anger often pushes us into action to improve a situation or correct a mistake. However, if you find yourself waiting impatiently when the driver in front of you doesn't instantly notice the light turns green, or if you find yourself scolding your kids for laughing too loud while you are on the phone, you are having negative feelings in your daily life too often. Then you should step back and analyze those feelings, and turn them around.
1. What is the most exciting finding about increasing positive emotions?| A．It improves relationships. | B．It contributes to good health. |
| C．It helps develop creativity. | D．It leads to greater success. |
| A．People should turn every negative feeling around. |
| B．Negative feelings can sometimes have positive effects. |
| C．Negative feelings often cause people to make mistakes. |
| D．People should never show negative feelings in public places. |
| A．People should learn to manage their emotions. |
| B．People should be patient with their negative feelings. |
| C．People should learn to analyze the causes of unhappiness. |
| D．People should identify as many positive feelings as possible. |
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【推荐1】Life is like a big swing, dangling (摇摆) between happiness and sadness. As soon as we go down the slope of sadness, we accelerate over the ever-feel-good activity of happiness. At times of suffering, one who can rise above the occasion is the architect of many wins over sorrows.
To come through tougher times you have to encourage yourself up, when you are feeling low, lost and confused. This can be done effectively by self-talk.
Actually many times in our life, we find others advising us to do better in studies, sports, life etc. We usually get annoyed by these people and blank our ears to their constructive suggestions.
These are just some examples.
| A．Self-talk encourages us to learn from others. |
| B．If you are shy and you want to be a social person like your friend next door, |
| C．Our brain then receives the same message from the mind as well as the ears. |
| D．Self-talk is a way of talking to oneself. |
| E．If you are highly optimistic about doing better, there is no better motivator than self-talk. |
| F．You’ll never know how wonderful you are. |
| G．It is because they don’t come from within us. |
【推荐2】“Practice makes perfect” is a very popular expression. However, can we take this saying literally? Many scientific studies have sought to either prove or disprove this idea.
One popular theory is that if a person practises for at least 10, 000 hours, they will reach “perfection”, or become an expert in their field. This theory was made famous by Malcolm Gladwell in his 2008 best-selling book, Outliers: The Story of Success. He mentioned the music group The Beatles and Microsoft co-creator Bill Gates. Although they all seemed to have lots of natural talent, they also clearly put in over 10, 000 hours of practice before they became successful.
Gladwell’s work was largely based on research done by Anders Ericsson, who argued that Gladwell misinterpreted his research. Firstly, Ericsson stated that 10, 000 hours was an average figure. Some people needed far fewer than 10, 000 hours, and others many more. More importantly, Ericsson said that just practising a lot was not enough; the type and quality of practice was also essential. He went on to explain the importance of “deliberate practice”, which is when a person practises a specific part of a skill in depth rather than practising a skill as a whole.
A more recent study from Princeton University stated that practice only accounted for up to 26% of reaching an expert level. Many people say that natural talent has a large influence on becoming an expert. Another natural factor is physical superiority, which is especially evident in sports. IQ, personality attitude, and starting age are decisive, too. But becoming an expert doesn’t equal instant success, which also relies on social and environmental factors.
In conclusion, practice may not make perfect, but deliberate practice has been shown to lead to significant improvement. Based on Ericsson’s research, here are some tips on how to practise effectively: be motivated; make specific and realistic goals; work outside your comfort zone; be consistent and persistent; and get plenty of rest! For those wanting to become an expert in something, remember that being motivated is key-enjoy what you do and follow your passions.
1. How did Gladwell support his idea?| A．By listing numbers. | B．By using examples. |
| C．By interviewing famous people. | D．By mentioning other researchers. |
| A．Practice alone is far from enough. |
| B．About 10, 000 hours of practice leads to success. |
| C．Practice hours vary from person to person. |
| D．Deliberate practice is much more effective. |
| A．The role of practice. | B．Factors in creating experts. |
| C．The importance of natural talent. | D．Warnings for experts. |
| A．Favorable. | B．Intolerant. | C．Doubtful. | D．Neutral. |
【推荐3】Just as weight training helps us build and strengthen the muscles of our body, practicing deep listening builds and strengthens our capacity to listen. Every day we are presented with opportunities to practice being truly present with others. Here are some tips for building your deep listening “muscle”:
Connect with yourself first. One of the best ways to build our capacity to listen deeply to others is to practice slowing down, turning our attention inward, and being present with our own experience—with our own thoughts, emotions, and bodily sensations.
Make time. Deep listening requires our time. It may be helpful to build regular, intentional time into your schedule to truly be present with people you love. For couples, this could be a once-a-week check-in in which you give each other space to discuss what is on your mind and in your heart. For parents, the walk or drive home from school may be good opportunities to check in with your child and simply be present for whatever comes up.
Minimize distractions. Many of us have become master multi-taskers, splitting our attention between multiple tasks and flicking between tabs on our screens.
Be gentle with yourself. Many people didn’t experience deep listening in their childhood and enter adulthood with a limited capacity for listening to and being with others’ emotions. We tend to fall back on the communication styles and habits that we experienced in our family of origin, even if these are unhelpful in our adult relationships.
| A．Notice the urge to move away and choose to come back. |
| B．Build a routine that works for you and your loved ones, whatever that looks like. |
| C．Deep listening is the kind of listening that can help relieve the suffering of another person. |
| D．Deep listening can’t be just another tab open; it requires our full mind and heart to show up. |
| E．Thus, for those of us who were not listened to as children, this type of listening takes practice. |
| F．Notice when these old tendencies are present and appreciate that it takes time to learn to communicate differently. |
| G．In other words, by listening deeply to ourselves and connecting with our own experience, it becomes easier to do so for others. |
【推荐1】What do you often do when you wait for a bus or a train at the station?
Tom arrived at the bus station quite early for Paris bus. The bus for Paris would not leave until five to twelve. He saw a lot of people waiting in the station. Some were standing in line, others were walking around. There was a group of schoolgirls. The teacher was trying to keep them in line. Tom looked around but there was no place for him to sit.
He walked into the station cafe. He looked up at the clock there. It was only twenty to twelve. He found a seat and sat down before a large mirror on the wall. Just then, Mike, one of Tom's workmates, came in and sat with Tom. "What time is your bus?" asked Mike. "There's plenty of time yet," answered Tom. "Well, I'll get you more tea then," said Mike.
They talked while drinking. Then Tom looked at the clock again. "Oh! It's going backward!" he cried. "A few minutes ago it was twenty to twelve and now it's half past eleven."
"You're looking at the clock in the mirror," said Mike. Tom was so sad. The next bus was not to leave for another hour. Since then Tom has never liked mirrors.
1. Why did Tom go into the station cafe?| A．It was quite early and he couldn't find a seat in the station. |
| B．Mike asked him to have a cup of tea together. |
| C．He wanted to have a drink with his workmate there. |
| D．He didn't like to stay with the schoolgirls. |
| A．Half past eleven. | B．Twenty to twelve. |
| C．Half past twelve. | D．Half past one. |
| A．it's going slower | B．it's going faster |
| C．the time is right | D．it's going backward |
| A．Not a Careful Man | B．The Clock in the Mirror |
| C．Being Late for a Bus | D．The Mirror of the Station |
【推荐2】Keeping a journal or diary can have tremendous benefits. Your personal journal can become a place to release anger, frustration, sadness and other negative emotions without hurting anyone's feelings. It can also become a record of all your successes, good ideas, and happier moments.
Another bonus to keeping a diary or a journal is that you can gain insights about yourself by discovering patterns of behavior. Once you discover them you can make efforts to replace problematic behavior with better choices.
Your mental wellbeing can improve as long as you update the diary and re-read it from time to time.
Use the method that is most pleasant for you, and if you use the verbal recording option, do it with the thought of eventually changing over to written memories. Keep your diary or journal real, honest, and updated. Record your thoughts and reflect on them from time to time. Many highly accomplished people, including Marie Curie, Mark Twain, and Winston Churchill kept diaries.
| A．Doing so served them well. |
| B．Sharing your Journal h beneficial to your mental fitness. |
| C．Journaling can be done by hand in a notebook or on a keyboard. |
| D．Keeping journals can improve your learning ability significantly. |
| E．Remember that it’s a private resource, not for public consumption. |
| F．You may end up being more considerate and more focused by journaling. |
| G．You’re free to choose and believe that you can become a better person over time. |
【推荐3】Let’s suppose you have, oh, $40,000 to spare, and you’re out shopping for a shiny new car. You’ve never really cared about cars that much before, with perhaps hate for the car commercials you see every seven seconds during a televised sporting event. But now, you can afford one. So when someone mentions a certain kind of car—one that you’ve never heard of before—you’re interested.
Suddenly, the car is everywhere. It’s parked in front of your house. Your boss’s husband has one. You see two of them next to you in traffic on your way home from work. The car is even popping up in those commercials during the baseball game. So what exactly is happening here? Does this car suddenly come to take control of the cultural consciousness (意识)? Or is your consciousness playing tricks on you?
Welcome to the Baader-meinhof phenomenon (现象), otherwise known as the frequency illusion (频率幻觉). This phenomenon occurs when the thing you’ve just noticed, experienced or been told about suddenly appears constantly, It gives you the fleeing that pretty much everyone is talking about the subject, or that it is always surrounding you. And you’re not crazy, you are totally seeing it more. But the thing is: of course, that’s because you’re noticing it more.
A couple of things happen when the Baader-Meinhof phenomenon Kicks in. Your brain seems to be excited by the fact that you’ve learned something new and selective attention occurs. Your brain subconsciously thinks, “Hey, that’s amazing! I’m going to look for that thing without actually thinking about it.” So now that you’re looking for it, you find it. To make it all the more powerful,, confirmation bias (确认偏误) occurs after you see it even once or twice. In other words, you start agreeing with yourself that, yep, you’re certainly seeing it more.
Now if you’ve done a search for Baader-Meinhof, you might be a little confused, because the phenomenon wasn’t named after the person that researched it, or anything sensible like that. Instead, it was named after a West German terrorist group, active in the 1970s. The St. Paul Pioneer Press online commenting board was the surprising source of the name. In 1994, a commentator called the frequency illusion “the Baader-meinhof phenomenon” after accidentally hearing two references to Baader-meinmof within 24 hours The- phenomenon has nothing to do with the group, in other words. But don’t be surprised if the name starts popping up everywhere you turn.
1. According to Paragraph 1, why do you become interested in a car?| A．Because it often appears in your life. |
| B．Because you have the ability to buy one now. |
| C．Because it is always advertised on television. |
| D．Because you are successfully persuaded to buy one. |
| A．Something occurs more frequently than before indeed. |
| B．People around you start to focus on something you prefer. |
| C．You begin to pay more attention to a certain thing than before. |
| D．You always expect to learn something new about a certain thing. |
| A．A terrorist group gave this name. |
| B．It was named after its researcher. |
| C．It was chosen by the commenting board. |
| D．A commentator gave this name by chance. |
| A．Why is your car everywhere? |
| B．Never be cheated by your illusion |
| C．How should you remove frequency illusion? |
| D．The discovery of the Baader- Meinhof phenomenon |
