1 . When you teach a child how to solve puzzles, you can either let them figure it out through trial and error, or you can guide them with some basic rules and tips. Similarly, incorporating (合并) rules and tips into AI training — such as the laws of physics — could make them more efficient and more reflective of the real world. However, helping the AI assess the value of different rules can be a tricky task.
Researchers report that they have developed a framework for assessing the relative value of rules and data in “informed machine learning models” that incorporate both. They showed that by doing so, they could help the AI incorporate basic laws of the real world and better navigate scientific problems like solving complex mathematical problems and optimizing experimental conditions in chemistry experiments.
“Embedding human knowledge into AI models has the potential to improve their efficiency and ability to make inferences, but the question is how to balance the influence of data and knowledge,” says first author. Hao Xu of Peking University. “Our framework can be employed to evaluate different knowledge and rules to enhance the predictive capability of deep learning models.”
Generative AI models like ChatGPT and Sora are purely data-driven — the models are given training data, and they teach themselves via trial and error. However, with only data to work from, these systems have no way to learn physical laws, such as gravity or fluid dynamics, and they also struggle to perform in situations that differ from their training data. An alternative approach is informed machine learning, in which researchers provide the model with some underlying rules to help guide its training process.
“We are trying to teach AI models the laws of physics so that they can be more reflective of the real world, which would make them more useful in science and engineering. We want to make it a closed loop (闭环) by making the model into a real AI scientist,” says senior author Yuntian Chen of the Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo.
1. How did the author introduce the topic of the text?| A．By assessing basic rules. | B．By comparison of similarity. |
| C．By explaining laws of physics. | D．By analysis of human learning. |
| A．Planting. | B．Stressing. | C．Employing. | D．Revealing. |
| A．They’re dependent too much on data. |
| B．They’re inflexible to carry out new tasks. |
| C．They struggle to learn new things. |
| D．It’s tough for them to deal with familiar situations. |
| A．Informed machine learning may be an alternative to generative AI. |
| B．Helping the AI assess the value of different rules can be a tricky task. |
| C．Generative AI models can be more reflective of the real world in the future. |
| D．Balancing training data and human knowledge makes AI more like a scientist. |
2 . Tristin Stewart, 15, of Northern Ireland, has no right knee after undergoing an operation. Now, his right leg connects directly to a right foot backward, which fits more
Tristin said he began experiencing
“Tristin was scared firstly before receiving the operation,” Mandy said. “When we went in to see him after the operation, you could
In spite of a
“At the start it was uncomfortable and I wasn’t used to it because of the weight and my foot — you know, it felt
“I can
Unexpectedly, many people are now
“Friends have been just as
| A．comfortably | B．differently | C．dangerously | D．commonly |
| A．sorrow | B．pain | C．surprise | D．strength |
| A．expecting | B．leading | C．following | D．increasing |
| A．gradually | B．sorely | C．obviously | D．fortunately |
| A．beds | B．covers | C．clothes | D．knives |
| A．damages | B．matters | C．keeps | D．memorizes |
| A．successful | B．deadly | C．frustrating | D．rare |
| A．feet | B．way | C．behalf | D．side |
| A．great | B．ugly | C．amazing | D．strange |
| A．study | B．walk | C．swim | D．run |
| A．bed | B．car | C．wheelchair | D．field |
| A．raising | B．making | C．stealing | D．printing |
| A．take | B．give | C．break | D．participate |
| A．healthy | B．smart | C．hard | D．usual |
| A．smooth | B．magnificent | C．steep | D．difficult |
3 . Bryan started snapping pictures of his son, Noah, from the moment he was born. When Noah was about three months old, Bryan noticed something
A white
Bryan couldn’t help but wonder whether there were signs he’d
It was too late for Noah’s eyes, but Bryan was determined to put his hard-won insights to good use. He created a
Called White Eye Detector, it is now available for free on Google Play and in Apple’s App Store, “I just kept telling myself that I really need to do this,” Bryan told People. “This disease is tough to
| A．clear | B．odd | C．funny | D．bad |
| A．great | B．intense | C．typical | D．distinctive |
| A．image | B．scene | C．flash | D．radiation |
| A．creation | B．radiation | C．collection | D．reflection |
| A．endured | B．enhanced | C．ensured | D．engaged |
| A．protect | B．deal | C．save | D．preserve |
| A．treatable | B．accessible | C．possible | D．available |
| A．missed | B．forgotten | C．lost | D．spotted |
| A．red | B．small | C．invisible | D．white |
| A．exactly | B．frequently | C．ultimately | D．clearly |
| A．showing up | B．showing off | C．breaking up | D．breaking off |
| A．fund | B．company | C．database | D．group |
| A．Faced | B．Confronted | C．Involved | D．Armed |
| A．cure | B．find | C．feel | D．detect |
| A．vision | B．insight | C．view | D．visibility |
4 . A new study combining linguistic, genetic and archaeological evidence has traced the origins of the family of languages including modern Japanese, Korean, Turkish and Mongolian and the people who speak them to millet (粟) farmers who inhabited a region in northeastern China about 9,000 years ago．
The findings detailed on Wednesday document a shared genetic ancestry for the hundreds of millions of people who speak what the researchers call Transeurasian languages across an area stretching more than 8,000 kilometers.
The findings illustrate how humankind’s embrace of agriculture following the Ice Age powered the movements of some of the world’s major language families. Millet was an important early crop as hunter-gatherers transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle.
There are 98 Transeurasian languages. This language family’s beginnings were traced to millet farmers in the Liao River valley, an area including parts of the Chinese provinces of Liaoning and Jilin and the region of Inner Mongolia. As these farmers moved across northeastern Asia, the descendant languages spread north and west into Siberia and east into Korea and over the sea to Japan over thousands of years.
The research stressed the complex beginnings for modern populations and cultures.
“Accepting that the roots of one’s language, culture or people lie beyond the present national boundaries is a kind of surrender of identity, which some people are not yet prepared to make,” said comparative linguist Martine Robbeets, lead author of the study published in the journal Nature.
“Powerful nations such as Japan, Korea and China are often pictured as representing one language, one culture and one genetic profile. But a truth is that all languages, cultures and humans, including those in Asia, are mixed,” Robbeets added.
The origins of modern Chinese languages arose independently, though in a similar fashion, with millet also involved. While the ancestors of the Transeurasian languages grew millet in the Liao River valley, the originators of the Sino-Tibetan language family farmed millet at roughly the same time in China’s Yellow River region, paving the way for a separate language expansion.
1. What is the new study mainly about?| A．The migration routes of millet farmers. |
| B．The ancient origins of a large language family. |
| C．The different ancestries of Transeurasian speakers. |
| D．The shared features of some neighboring languages. |
| A．The transition of power. | B．The diversity of lifestyles. |
| C．The interaction of cultures. | D．The adoption of farming. |
| A．Those from agricultural countries. |
| B．Those who deny their cultural identity. |
| C．Those with a strong sense of nationalism. |
| D．Those who are afraid to cross boundaries. |
| A．To draw a conclusion. |
| B．To present likely consequences. |
| C．To highlight the theme. |
| D．To offer additional information. |
5 . I come from one of those families where you have to yell at the dinner table to get in a word. Everyone has a strong
I spent summer in South Africa two years ago. I worked for a good non-profit
And had I not spent two months
| A．qualification | B．influence | C．opinion | D．assumption |
| A．commitment | B．problem | C．schedule | D．request |
| A．Belonging to | B．Believing in | C．Bringing up | D．Struggling for |
| A．anxious | B．curious | C．nervous | D．adventurous |
| A．objecting | B．appealing | C．turning | D．referring |
| A．rudely | B．loudly | C．politely | D．gratefully |
| A．identifying | B．quarreling | C．debating | D．competing |
| A．vivid | B．magical | C．mind-numbing | D．time-consuming |
| A．school | B．organization | C．factory | D．church |
| A．effortlessly | B．timelessly | C．aimlessly | D．tirelessly |
| A．unless | B．because | C．although | D．if |
| A．applauded | B．spoke | C．wept | D．complained |
| A．studying | B．traveling | C．listening | D．working |
| A．touching | B．frustrating | C．astonishing | D．fascinating |
| A．delay | B．course | C．journey | D．silence |
| A．Before | B．After | C．Except | D．Since |
| A．needs | B．stories | C．comments | D．cases |
| A．valuable | B．free | C．right | D．same |
| A．talking | B．arguing | C．learning | D．thinking |
| A．sympathy | B．spirit | C．mind | D．family |
6 . For several decades, there has been an organized campaign intended to produce distrust in science, funded by those whose interests are threatened by the findings of modern science. In response, scientists have tended to stress the success of science. After all, scientists have been right about most things, from the structure of the universe to the relativity of time and space.
Stressing successes isn’t wrong, but for many people it’s not persuasive. An alternative answer to the question “Why trust science?” is that scientists use the so-called scientific method. But what is called the scientific method isn’t what scientists actually do. Science is dynamic: new methods get invented; old ones get abandoned; and at any particular point, scientists can be found doing many different things. False theories sometimes lead to true results, so even if an experiment works, it doesn’t prove that the theory it was designed to test is true.
If there is no specific scientific method, then what is the basis for trust in science? The answer is the methods by which those claims are evaluated. A scientific claim is never accepted as true until it has gone through a long process of examination by fellow scientists. Scientists draft the initial version of a paper and then send it to colleagues for suggestions. Until this point, scientific feedback is typically fairly friendly. But the next step is different: the revised paper is submitted to a scientific journal, where things get a whole lot tougher. Editors deliberately send scientific papers to people who are not friends or colleagues of the authors, and the job of the reviewer is to find errors or other faults. We call this process “peer review” because the reviewers are scientific peers—experts in the same field—but they act in the role of a superior who has both the right and the responsibility to find fault. It is only after the reviewers and the editor are satisfied that any problems have been fixed that the paper will be printed in the journal and enters the body of “science.”
Some people argue that we should not trust science because scientists are “always changing their minds.” While examples of truly settled science being overturned are far fewer than is sometimes claimed, they do exist. But the beauty of this scientific process is that science produces both creativity and stability. New observations, ideas, explanations and attempts to combine competing claims introduce creativity; transformative questioning leads to collective decisions and the stability of scientific knowledge. Scientists do change their minds in the face of new evidence, but this is a strength of science, not a weakness.
1. Scientists stress the success of science in order to ________.| A．promote basic knowledge of science |
| B．remind people of scientific achievements |
| C．remove possible doubts about science |
| D．show their attitude towards the campaign |
| A．It’s an easy job to prove its existence. |
| B．It usually agrees with scientists’ ideas. |
| C．It hardly gets mixed with false theories. |
| D．It constantly changes and progresses. |
| A．It seldom gives negative evaluation of a paper. |
| B．It is usually conducted by unfriendly experts. |
| C．It aims to perfect the paper to be published. |
| D．It happens at the beginning of the evaluation process. |
| A．it is not uncommon for science to be overturned |
| B．scientists are very strong in changing their minds |
| C．people lose faith in those changeable scientists |
| D．changes bring creativity and stability to science |
7 . More than 140 sign languages are used today, primarily by deaf communities around the world. Like spoken languages, each sign language has its own grammar, vocabulary and other special features. For example, American Sign Language is unintelligible（无法了解的）to British Sign language. In fact, American Sign language has more in common with French Sign Language, largely because French educators played a key role in helping get deaf schools founded in the United States during the 19th century.
There haven’t been a lot of comparisons of sign languages. University of Texas, Austin linguist Justin Powers and his colleagues aim to address that information gap. In order to study the question of sign language evolution, they first collected a database of manual alphabets from dozens of different sign languages around the world. So a manual alpha-bet is kind of a subsystem within a sign language that is used to represent a written language. And there’s a hand shape that corresponds to each letter.
To uncover relationships between the alphabets% the researchers used the same methods that biologists use to figure out relationships between different species, based on their DNA. The methods grouped sign languages in this study into five main European lineages（谱系）. And those were Austrian origin, British origin, French origin, Spanish and Swedish. Power says manual alphabets from Austria, France and Spain could date back to one-handed manual alphabets from 16th- and 17th-century Spain. But each of those lineages evolved independently of each other.
The study also confirmed the French origins of American Sign Language and those of other countries, including Mexico, Brazil and the Netherlands. Surprisingly, the Austrian manual alphabet influenced sign languages as far away as Russia. But while this lineage has largely died out, remains of it live on in Icelandic Sign language today.
Power says future research comparing the vocabularies of different sign languages could provide even more clues about how they’ve changed over time. Understanding how sign languages evolve would tell us a lot about the way that language, in general, evolves.
1. What can we know about American Sign Language?| A．It was created by French educators. |
| B．It is less related to French Sign language. |
| C．It was further developed before the 19th century. |
| D．It has little in common with British Sign Language. |
| A．Every letter means a hand gesture. |
| B．It is used to replace the written language. |
| C．Every letter is the same as the normal alphabet. |
| D．It is used together with the shape of mouth. |
| A．Worrying. | B．Astonishing. |
| C．Moving. | D．Disappointing. |
| A．The changes of different sign languages. |
| B．The evolution of different sign languages. |
| C．The meaning of researching sign languages. |
| D．The vocabulary of different sign languages. |
8 . In a national spelling contest in America, an 11-year-old girl was asked to spell a certain word. But with her
As the girl walked off the
Probably the biggest test of our character and honesty is what we would do if we knew we would never get
Should the wallet, found in the street, be put into a pocket or
| A．high | B．sweet | C．tough | D．soft |
| A．finally | B．seriously | C．secretly | D．totally |
| A．correct | B．wrong | C．different | D．same |
| A．stage | B．studio | C．test | D．classroom |
| A．lesson | B．story | C．courage | D．accident |
| A．achieved | B．broke | C．won | D．defeated |
| A．paid | B．awarded | C．reported | D．caught |
| A．escaped | B．lied | C．changed | D．answered |
| A．accept | B．fight | C．cheat | D．insist |
| A．smart | B．generous | C．energetic | D．interested |
| A．plan | B．conclusion | C．discovery | D．choice |
| A．turned over | B．put away | C．set aside | D．took down |
| A．small | B．some | C．extra | D．necessary |
| A．ignored | B．paid | C．shared | D．returned |
| A．protect | B．challenge | C．respect | D．attack |
9 . In a recent study, researchers have suggested that temperature is a major predictor of body size variation. Meanwhile, scientists studying red deer have said that warmer winters in northern Europe and Scandinavia may lead to the body size of these animals becoming smaller. Prof Steve Brusatte, a paleontologist(古生物学家) at the University of Edinburgh, suggested that the way in which other mammals(哺乳动物) have previously responded to periods of climate change could offer an insight into humans’ future.
Writing in The Rise and Reign of the Mammals, Brusatte notes that animals in warmer parts of the world today are often smaller than those in colder areas, an ecological principle known as Bergmann’s rule. “Why do they become smaller? It is not entirely understood, but it is probably, in part, because smaller animals have a higher surface area relative to their volume than bigger animals and can thus better release extra heat,” he writes. “It is a common way that mammals deal with climate change”.
He added: “That’s not to say every species of mammal would get smaller, but it seems to be a common survival trick of mammals when temperatures change pretty quickly. That does raise the question: if so, might humans get smaller? And I think that certainly makes sense.”
Prof Adrian Lister, of the Natural History Museum in London, said it is commonly believed that the strong relations between temperature and mammal body size may often be down to the availability of food and resources. “We are not really controlled by natural selection,” he said. “If that was going to happen, you’d need to find large people dying before they could reproduce because of climate warming. That is not happening in today’s world. We wear clothes, we have got heating, and we have got air conditioning if it is too hot.”
1. What does the recent research find according to Paragraph 1?| A．Climate change may cause humans to shrink in size. |
| B．Human being can’t deal with global climate change. |
| C．Temperature is the decisive element in human growth. |
| D．Mankind’s future is similar to that of ancient mammals |
| A．Principles about Bergmann’s rule. |
| B．Reasons for animals’ smaller size. |
| C．Ways to deal with climate change. |
| D．Decline of mammals in number. |
| A．Supportive. | B．Doubtful. | C．Lengthy. | D．Pointless. |
| A．A job interview. | B．A public speech. |
| C．A science journal. | D．A course Book. |
10 . One young person, who was well educated, went for a job as a manager in a big company. The president did the final
He discovered the youth was
The president requested the youth to
“Go and clean your mother’s hands when you go back today, and then
The youth felt his chance of getting the job was high, so when he went back, he happily requested his mother to let him clean her hands. However, his tears fell
The next
The president said, “You are
| A．election | B．test | C．interview | D．competition |
| A．strong | B．excellent | C．humorous | D．cute |
| A．maker | B．cleaner | C．mender | D．seller |
| A．wash | B．hide | C．show | D．dry |
| A．found | B．let | C．helped | D．watched |
| A．study | B．ignore | C．work | D．rest |
| A．move | B．see | C．recognize | D．answer |
| A．after | B．until | C．because | D．as |
| A．believed | B．sensed | C．noticed | D．expected |
| A．quietly | B．sadly | C．excitedly | D．angrily |
| A．morning | B．noon | C．afternoon | D．evening |
| A．worried | B．felt | C．brought | D．spoke |
| A．important | B．difficult | C．different | D．impossible |
| A．value | B．secret | C．type | D．change |
| A．educated | B．respected | C．trusted | D．hired |
