1 . Dogs Bow to Wolves as Cooperators

If you need help herding some sheep or retrieving a stick, you can count on your canine companion, because dogs always seem to be keen on _________. But only if their partner is a person. When it comes to cooperating with one another, dogs are truly _________… and instead it’s wolves who’ve mastered the art of teamwork. That’s according to a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

For thousands of years, humans have been breeding dogs that can do all sorts of neat tricks. And because pups aim to please, we’ve come to think that domestication has somehow _________ dogs’ powers of cooperation. But researchers in Austria have been wondering whether that notion could be barking up the wrong tree. Because left to their own devices, dogs are bigger _________ than wolves.

“So wolves live in _________ family packs, they cooperate in raising the young, they also cooperate in hunting and in defending their territory. So they really have a strong _________ on cooperation in many aspects of their lives. _________, free ranging dogs actually seek food mostly by themselves. It’s only mothers that raise their young. And they do form packs but they tend to be somewhat more _________, if you want.”

That’s Sarah Marshall-Pescini of the Wolf Science Center at the University of Vienna. She and her colleagues decided to test dogs’ and wolves’_________ powers of cooperation. In the setup, a pair of animals… either two dogs or two wolves… is __________ with a contraption (装置) that will allow the participants to __________ a tray of food… but only if both members of the team simultaneously pull on the two ends of a rope.

A dozen wolves and 14 dogs took the challenge. And the results? The wolves ran circles around their doggie descendants. In some 400 attempts, the wolf teams __________ a snack 100 times, which may not sound all that impressive until you compare it with the doggie couples, who, in nearly 500 trials, succeeded only twice.

Now, it’s not that dogs are less earnest learners. Or that they turned tail and avoided the apparatus (装置). Marshall-Pescini says the pooches (杂种狗) were __________ about the device.

“What seemed to be happening was that they didn’t want to get into conflict with each other. So they wouldn’t both go and try things on it but rather took it __________. And this really set back their capacity to cooperate.”

So rather than step on each other’s toes, the dogs took turns bowing out, giving their teammate a chance at the plate. That show of social grace left the poor pups with their tummies growling. And no __________ to enjoy.

2 . It’s safe to say Jeremy Scott is having a lucky year. In March while working as a chauffeur, he told his boss about his plans to set up a driving business. By the end of the journey, Scott’s boss had offered to _______ his idea — a starting capital along with the gift of a £110,000 limousine (豪车) to kick start the business.

Of course, there’s an element of luck to everyone’s career. Whether you’re a chief executive or an artist — your _______ won’t be based on hard work alone. For example, the place you were born _______ your education. It determines whether you learn to read, write or complete qualifications, which _______ limits your career choices.

Many people believe success is down to talent and hard work, but “this is because most people underestimate the role of _______”, says psychologist Dr Elizabeth Nutt Williams. “We do a lot of work to prepare for our careers — education, training, taking advantage of mentoring — all of which tend to be in our control.” People don’t like to acknowledge the role of luck in their work, as it _______ this feeling of being in control, adds Williams.

Everyone remembers working hard, so people are more likely to overestimate how much of their success is down to diligence than something much more _______ like luck.

The reality of success (at least in terms of _______) is less clear cut. In the UK, studies show where you are born is likely to determine how much you earn. 2017 research found that there is a “class pay gap’’, where professional employers from _______ backgrounds are paid almost £7,000 less a year — despite having the same role, education and experience as colleagues from more privileged families. ________, black graduates earn up to 23% less per hour than white university leavers, whereas woman in the UK earn 14% less on average than men.

Socio-economic status also plays a big role in the ________ you enter. A recent study by the Debrett’s Foundation found seven in every 10 young people aged 16 — 25 use ________ to get their first job. While research has shown that less able, richer children are 35% more likely to become high earners than their brighter poorer peers.

The truth is: chance and coincidences ________ our careers more than we like to think. Realizing that parts of your career are out of your control sounds ________, but being grateful for the role of luck in your career can actually make you more fortunate.

This is because when you acknowledge the role of luck in your work, you become prepared to take advantage of more fortunate moments. “Chance events occur but it is all about the individual’s ________ to see those events as possibilities and their willingness to take a risk,” says Williams.

5 . If you are a dog owner looking to add a new cat to your home, it's important that you strategize how you will introduce the two species to each other in your household. The_________thing you want is continual fighting between your pets.

The good news is that there is an effective way to make sure both of them ___________. The American Kennel Club offers pet owners the right way to introduce your cat and dog to each other with the following_________.Keep the cat and dog _________ for the first few days. It's best to get your new cat adapt to its new home by having it live in a room with the door closed. Make sure you provide it with a litter box, water and food so the cat does not need to___________ the room.

Your dog will know there's a___________ smell in the house. Let the dog sniff (嗅) near the door of the room with the _________, so he gets used to the smell. You can also let your cat sniff one of your dog's toys so it becomes _________ with him.

After a few days, let your dog stay in the room with the cat. When doing so, leave the door open, and make sure that it is after your dog has exercised as he will be_________ . If the dog doesn't seem to behave around the cat, turn to some basic__________commands in the presence of the cat. Giving your dog some food as a __________for appropriate behavior in the presence of the cat will provide an encouragement for him to continue acting appropriately.

Always make sure the cat has a way to run away from the dog. Having a(n)__________space the dog can't reach but the cat can easily get to, such as a table, is important for precautionary (预防的) reasons. Until the cat and dog are__________ with each other, supervise their interactions and continue to provide safe spots for the cat to escape.

6 . Virtual reality is considered as having the potential to transform how doctors diagnose and treat a number of mental illnesses, and the front lines of this revolution may be forming in China. Its market is wide open for ___________ and developers have an opportunity to leapfrog past traditional care models and make China an early adopter of VR psychiatry (精神病治疗) on a large scale.

VR psychiatric applications include immersing patients in simulations that seem real, exposing their brain—but not their body—to ___________ situations and helping them learn to train their physical and emotional responses. ___________, an alcohol-addicted patient can sit at a virtual bar without drinking, and a person too anxious to fly can ___________ takeoff and landing while staying firmly on the ground. Such treatments can yield fast, dramatic results: in one case a woman calculating heights could calmly ride an escalator after a three-hour course of VR ___________ therapy.

Researchers around the world have been _________ these technologies—with promising results. Through the end of 2016, peer-reviewed journals had published nearly 300 studies on using VR to treat mental health disorders. And then this March, JAMA Psychiatry published what researchers say is the first ever randomized controlled trial of a therapist-free VR ___________ of acrophobia, or fear of heights. It found the technology to be ___________, inexpensive and well-received by patients.

In China, treatment rates of mental disorders are low, which is partially linked to a shortage of trained professionals. World Health Organization data show China’s concentration of psychiatrists is four times lower than the global average, with only 2.2 per 100,000 people (the U.S. rate is 10.5). Another reason for low treatment rates is ___________. While similar biases exist in many countries, studies have shown people with psychiatric problems endure especially high levels of ____________ in China.

Many supporters of mental health VR think it can help ____________ both caregiver shortages and shame. Because the technology can be fully automated, it can easily scale to meet the needs of many people. And many think VR treatments could break through cultural barriers because they can take place in a ____________ place via a gamelike interface(界面), such as at home.

Despite the enthusiasm, however, experts warn that technology is no panacea(灵丹妙药). “VR can only be one part of mental health care and not the whole system,” one expert says. Even some of the technology’s strongest supporters ____________ that important safety and ethical guidelines are still lacking.

Still, with overwhelming demand for services and distrust of traditional care, ____________ health is booming in China. In psychiatry in particular, there is a relatively blank canvas for technological innovation—and VR is poised to fill a big chunk of that void(真空). If it does so, China could make significant strides to ____________ its treatment gap. It might even provide a model for other countries with shortages in their mental health care systems.

9 . On March 16th I left the offices of The Economist to head home. That was the last day when all editorial staff assembled in our London office. And, at the time of writing, no date for a return to the office is in _______

It is remarkable how quickly we have adapted. The newspaper has been written, edited and produced from couches and kitchen tables. January and February seem like an ancient era — the BC (before coronavirus) to the new AD (after _______).

The shift may _______ great workplace transformations in the 19th and 20th centuries, and it has been a much more sudden transition than occurred with factories, enabled by advanced economies that revolve around services instead of manufacturing. Back in the 1970s, when Britain adopted a three-day week (to commit a miners strike), there were power cub and TV stations had to close down early. This pandemic has not turned the lights _______

Not only that, it has made remote work seem both normal and acceptable. In the past employees who stayed home had to overcome the _______ that they were bunking off (偷懒). Now those who insist on being at the office sound self-important.

Things are _______, of course. Video calls Jack the spontaneity of a normal meeting; no off-the-cuff (即兴的) remarks to lighten the mood. Distance makes it difficult to generate camaraderie. Creativity is probably harder to foster. Experts say new ideas come from weak links in networks — i.e., people you meet occasionally. Such “ _______ collisions” have become rarer.

Yet _________ offices will not disappear, it is hard to imagine that working life will return to BC ways. For more than a century workers have stuffed themselves onto crowded trains and buses to get into the office. For the past two months they have not had to commute. _______, for their part, have maintained expensive offices in city centers because they needed to gather staff in one place. The rent is only part of the cost; there are the cleaning, lighting, printers, catering and security ________.

Another aspect of the AD era may be the disappearance of the five-day working week. Even before the pandemic many workers became used to taking phone calls or answering emails at the weekend. In the AD era, the ________ between home and working life, a useful way of relieving stress, will be even harder to sustain.

In future employees may work and take breaks when they please, with the company video call the only ________. The downside, however, is that the rhythm of life has been disrupted and new ________ are needed. Looking further out, the AD era may bring other changes. Some may decide to live in small towns where housing costs are lower, since they have no need to commute. Men will have ________ excuses to skip cleaning or child care if they are not disappearing to the office. In a sense, this is a(n) ________ to normal: until the 19th century most people worked at or close to their homes. But social historians may still regard 2020 as the start of a new age.