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21-22高三上·上海宝山·期末

选词填空-短文选词填空 | 适中(0.65) |

科普知识说明文

1 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need

A. potentially B. results C. rewards D. sensitive E. survival
F. transmit G. distinguish H. responding I. developed J. conscious K. rapidly

Sense of smell is our most rapid warning system

“The human avoidance response to unpleasant smells associated with danger has long been seen as a 1 perceivable process, but our study shows for the first time that it’s unconscious and extremely rapid,” says the study’s first author Behzad Iravani, researcher at the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet.

The organ relating to the sense of smell takes up about five per cent of the human brain and enables us to 2 between many million different smells. A large proportion of these smells are associated with a threat to our health and 3 , such as that of chemicals and rotten food. Smell signals reach the brain within 100 to 150 milliseconds after being breathed in through the nose.

The survival of all living organisms depends on their ability to avoid danger and seek 4 . In humans, the smell sense seems particularly important for detecting and reacting to 5 harmful substance.

It has long been a mystery just which sensory systems are involved in the change of an unpleasant smell into avoidance behavior in humans. Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have now 6 a method that for the first time has made it possible to measure signals from the human smell organ, which processes smells and in turn can 7 signals to parts of the brain that control movement and avoidance behavior.

Their 8 are based on three experiments in which participants were asked to rate their experience of six different smells, some positive, some negative, while the electrophysiological activity of the smell organ when 9 to each of the smells was measured.

“It was clear that the organ reacts specifically and 10 to negative smells and sends a direct signal to the outer layer of the organ within about 300 ms,” says the study’s last author Johan Lundström. ” The signal causes the person to unconsciously lean back and away from the source of the smell.”

2021-12-17更新 | 77次组卷 | 2卷引用：上海市宝山区2021-2022学年高三年级上学期期末教学质量监测英语试卷

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18-19高二下·上海·期中

选词填空-短文选词填空 | 适中(0.65) |

动词词义辨析形容词作定语副词作状语现在完成时的被动语态社会关系可数名词的单复数不可数名词说明文

名校

2 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

Japanese firms encourage daytime naps

Imagine working for an employer who, aware that you’re probably not sleeping enough at night, allows you to down tools and nap as part of your regular work 1 -- and not just forty winks at your desk, but a restorative snooze in a quiet room.

These are some of the measures being used by a growing number of companies in Japan to counter an epidemic of sleeplessness that costs its economy a(n) 2 $ 138 bn a year.

Tech startups have been quickest to 3 the “sleep debt” among irritable and unproductive employees. Last year, Nextbeat, an TT service provider, went as far as setting up two “strategic sleeping rooms” -- one for men, the other for women -- at its headquarters in Tokyo. The aroma-infused rooms 4 devices that block out background noise, allowing workers to stretch out on sofas for a(n) 5 nap. Mobile phones, tablets and laptops are banned.

“Napping can do as much to improve someone’s 6 as a balanced diet and exercise,” Emiko Sumikawa, a member of the Nextbeat board, told Kyodo news agency.

Nextbeat also asks employees to leave work by 9 pm and to avoid doing excessive overtime, which has been 7 for a rising rate of death from overwork.

Japanese workers have more reason than most to submit to （服从）the 8 for a daytime snooze, whether at work or during long commutes.

A survey conducted using fitness trackers in 28 countries found that Japanese men and women sleep, on average, just 6 hours and 35 minutes a night -- 45 minutes less than the international average -- making them the most sleep-deprived of all. Estonians, Canadians, Belgians, Austrians, as well as the Dutch and French, all get a comparatively decent night’s sleep, according to the survey.

The government has also come to appreciate the 9 of a well-rested workforce, with the health ministry recommending that all working-age people take a nap of up to 30 minutes in the early afternoon -- advice 10 embraced by some of the country’s politicians.

2019-08-17更新 | 155次组卷 | 3卷引用：上海新世纪版2020-2021学年高二下学期英语期末复习练习

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