1 . Until now, scientists haven’t been able to study the new rock on the moon.The new samples from Chang’e 5 will change this. They’re from near Mons Rümker, a volcanic mountain where the rock is thought to be much younger-- about 1 billion years old.
There are a lot of reasons scientists are eager to study this younger rock, one of which is that it could help us more precisely date not only the moon, but many rocky planets and other objects.
Here’s how that works: Scientists date lunar rock by using something called a chronology curve（年代学曲线）, says Jollliff, a scientists at Washington University in St. Louis. Basically, they estimate the age of the rock by counting the number of craters（火山口） in the area the rock comes from; those increase as objects strike the rock over time. To make this estimation, scientists need to match the number of craters to a precise age. Right now, they only have data points for lunar rock that is 3 to billion years old. Modern techniques can date the new sample extremely accurately, and once scientists know its precise age, they can add a valuable data point to their chronology curve. The dating system will also help us more accurately estimate the age of all sorts of objects in space, like rocky planets and other moons.
Another reason scientists are keen to study this young volcanic rock is to find out more about how volcanism works on the moon. Jollliff says that it’s unclear why there was volcanic activity on the moon for such a long period of time. Most of the moon; s volcanic activity, he says, is thought to have occurred 3 or 4 billion years ago, when the moon was still pretty young. But since the moon does not have plate structure, which drives volcanism on Earth, it’s unclear what could have caused much later volcanic activity. “That’s something that you can find out of the samples by studying them in the lab,” Jollliff says.
1. What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 1 refer to?| A．The fact of being unable to study the new rock. |
| B．The new rock from near Mons Rümker. |
| C．One of the reasons to study the moon;s new rock. |
| D．The study of the moon’s younger rock. |
| A．ensure there was volcanic activity on the moon. |
| B．more precisely date only the moon. |
| C．date lunar rock by using a chronology curve. |
| D．explore how volcanism works on the moon. |
| A．Scientistsare keen to study this young volcanic rock. |
| B．Scientists can’t know why volcanic activity exists on the moon. |
| C．The moon’s volcanic activity occurred 3 or 4 billion years ago. |
| D．It’s clear what could have caused much later volcanic activity. |
| A．How scientists study the younger rock. |
| B．Why the research is important. |
| C．Why the younger rock is worth studying. |
| D．What scientists do to study the younger rock. |
2 . It's good to share, right? Growing up as kids we are told to share our toys and not be selfish. We also live in an age where discussing our feelings is encouraged. But when does it all become too much? With new fashion trending all the time, such as dance challenges and wearing a pillow as a dress, the question is: when can sharing become oversharing on social media?
What is oversharing? The term has become associated with social media, but it doesn't only belong to this platform. Imagine you head to a party and you meet someone. Within five minutes they have given away details about their personal life. While some of us may try to escape these people, according to marriage therapist Carolyn Cole, this form of oversharing could come from a strong desire to connect with someone. But how does this translate to social media?
Dr. Christopher Hand, a lecturer in internet psychology, says the more details people disclose, the less sympathy we express when things go wrong. This could be due to a belief that we attract our own negative experiences the more we share them. It seems that the idea of searching for sympathy by oversharing, is generally viewed as negative rather than the cry for help it could actually be.
However, Dr Hand's research also seems to suggest that the more positive posts we share on a platform, the more socially attractive we become. Even back in 2015, Gwendolyn Seidman PhD, said that we should avoid complaining and being negative online. We are supposed not to show off, as it's now known—especially about our love lives. It makes sense—if your date is going 'that well', would you really have time to share a photo with text?
So, how can you know if you are oversharing? Well, why not ask your friends in real life. They would probably be more than happy to tell you if your posts about your breakfast or your complaint about your lack of money really are too much.
1. Why do some people try to overshare at parties?| A．Because they want to catch others' attention. |
| B．Because they just want to show off something. |
| C．Because they have a strong desire to pour out their emotions. |
| D．Because they may expect to make a connection with someone. |
| A．explore | B．expose | C．display | D．discuss |
| A．We will become more socially attractive if we post more on a platform. |
| B．We tend to show sympathy when things go wrong. |
| C．We may be considered negative when seeking for sympathy by oversharing. |
| D．We can show off something positive especially about our love lives. |
| A．To inform. | B．To inspire. | C．To advertise. | D．To condemn. |
3 . Have you ever heard of agritourism where you can experience farm life? If not, Dr. Cindy Ayers-Elliott will tell you the real story of Foot Print Farms.
The original concept of building Foot Print Farms was simple. When Ayers-Elliott returned to her hometown after graduation, she didn’t have to look any further than her state’s alarming health statistics to find a mission. Everywhere she turned, there were reports of high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity and heart disease. “The problem was already identified.” explains Ayers-Elliott. “Too many Mississippians were seriously unhealthy and it didn’t take research to see that. And many of the state’s greatest health challenges could directly result from poor diet.”
These days, Foot Print Farms, which started with a few raised beds of herbs and vegetables, is making fresh, naturally grown food. “When speaking of the key to my success, the co-op model works because we share the work and rewards,” notes Ayers-Elliott. “A perfect example is the Wingfield High School football team. To earn the money for equipment and other items, players committed to working five hours a week on the farm, and by the end of the summer they had produced 1,000 melons and the profits from their sales helped to buy weights, T-shirts, sweat suits and pregame meals. But the lessons they learned about the rewards of hard work and working together to accomplish something were even more valuable products of their efforts. ”
“It’s a model that can easily be learned in other places and I’m looking forward to seeing some of our current partners do just that―to take what they have learned here and spin it off in other communities,” Ayers-Elliott remarks. She is now looking forward to developing an agritourism aspect to the farm, where visitors can experience farm life, learn new skills and take with them seeds of inspiration they can sow in their own communities when they return home.
1. What made Ayers-Elliott set up Foot Print Farms?| A．The problems faced by local farmers. | B．Her further research into heart disease. |
| C．The failure of her career after graduation. | D．The health state of people in her hometown. |
| A．To advocate the concept of independence. | B．To stress the importance of teamwork. |
| C．To support the idea of co-op model. | D．To explore the key to success. |
| A．Optimistic. | B．Doubtful. | C．Cautious. | D．Uncaring. |
| A．Naturally grown food benefits people’s health. |
| B．Ayers-Elliott encourages people to experience farm. |
| C．Food Print Farms is making a difference in Mississippi. |
| D．Agritourism is becoming increasingly popular in America. |
4 . Conformity involves changing your behaviour to “fit in” or “go along” with the people around you. In some cases, this social influence might involve agreeing with or acting like the majority of people in a specific group, or involve behaving in a particular way to be viewed as “normal” by the group. Actually, conformity is something that happens regularly in our social world. Sometimes we’re aware of our behaviour, but in many cases it happens without much thought or awareness on our parts. And even in some cases we go along with things we disagree with or behave in ways we know we shouldn’t.
There are countless examples of conformity in life. For instance, a teenager dresses in a certain style because he wants to fit in with the rest of the teenagers in his social group. A woman reads a book for her book club and really enjoys it. When she attends her book club meeting, the other members all dislike the book. Rather than go against the group opinion, she simply agrees with the others that the book is terrible.
Why do we conform? In many cases, looking to the rest of the group for clues for how we should behave can actually be helpful. Others might have greater knowledge or experience than we do, so following their lead can actually be instructive. And in some cases, we conform to the expectations of the group to avoid looking foolish. This tendency can become especially strong in situations where we aren’t quite sure how to act. Additionally, there are some situations where we conform just in order to avoid punishments or gain rewards.
There are many factors that influence conformity. For example, not knowing how to perform a difficult task makes people more likely to conform. Personal characteristics such as motivation to achieve and strong leadership abilities are linked with a decreased tendency to conform. And people are more likely to conform in situations that involve between three and five other people.
1. What can we learn about conformity from the first paragraph?| A．Actually it is rare for us to conform. |
| B．Blind conformity should be criticized. |
| C．Sometimes people tend to conform unconsciously. |
| D．Conformity means changing your behaviour reluctantly. |
| A．Joining a certain organization. |
| B．Following the ongoing fashion. |
| C．Sharing something personal with others. |
| D．Giving up your creative ideas cautiously. |
| A．When we are at a loss. |
| B．When we are rejected. |
| C．When we feel threatened. |
| D．When we feel uncomfortable. |
| A．Conformity cannot be avoided by anyone. |
| B．Conformity is linked to the size of the group. |
| C．Conformity is a natural response to challenges. |
| D．Conformity isn’t related to individual differences. |
5 . Sagrada Familia (2,056,448 visits/year)
Opening hours: 09:00—18:00 (October — March); 09:00—20:00 (April — September) Admission: $11, or $10 with the Barcelona Card.
Disabled Access: Yes.
The temple has been under construction since 1882 and they’ve still got another 30 to 80 years to go before it is finished. The project’s vast scale and its special design have made it one of Barcelona’s top tourist attractions for many years.
La Pedrera (1,133220 visits/year)
Opening hours: November—February: 09:00—18:30; March—October: 09:00—20:00 Admission: $9.50. Save 20% with the Barcelona Card.
Disabled Access: No.
This building used to be called Casa Mila but nowadays ifs more commonly known as La Pedrera. It is a unique modernist building in Barcelona and was made of bricks and had colorful tiles (瓦). It was built between 1906 and 1912 by famous Catalan architect Antoni Gaudi (1852—1926) and in 1984 it was declared a UNESCO World Her it age site with other Gaudi buildings in Barcelona.
Barcelona FC Museum (1,032,763 visits/year)
Opening hours: 6th April—4th October: (Monday to Saturday) 10:00—20:00; the rest of the year: 10:00—18:30
Admission: $8.50 for entry to the museum and $17 for a guided tour.
Disabled Access: Yes.
When you buy your ticket, you have two choices. You can buy a ticket for the museum to see the football stadium or you can buy a dual (双的) ticket for S 15 where you get to see the museum and the scenes at the club.
Miro Museum (518,869 visits/year)
Opening hours: Check the website for details as they vary relying on the time of the year. Admission: $ & Save 20% with the Barcelona Card.
Disabled Access: Yes.
This museum has a wide range of Miro’s works dating back as far as 1914. This art work collection not only includes his paintings but also a good selection of sculptures.
1. Which of the following attractions is the most popular with people?| A．Sagrada Familia | B．Ln Pedrera |
| C．Barcelona FC Museum | D．Miro Museum |
| A．Sagrada Familia is the largest building Barcelona. |
| B．La Pedrera is well-known for its colorful material. |
| C．Barcelona FC Museum may attract football fans. |
| D．Miro Museum was built in 1914. |
| A．$25.5 | B．$32 | C．$42.5 | D．$34 |
| A．They are all famous for their architectural style. |
| B．They are available for the disabled people. |
| C．Their opening hours are changeable in different seasons. |
| D．Tourists can have a discount of 20% with the Barcelona Card. |
6 . Jane Goodall was born in Bournemouth, England, on April 3, 1934. As a child, she had a natural love for the outdoors and animals. When Jane was about eight she read the Tarzan and Dr. Dolittle series and, in love with Africa, dreamed of traveling to work with the animals.
Finally, at age 23, she left for Nairobi, Kenya. There, Jane met famed Dr. Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey, who offered her a job at the local natural history museum. She worked there for a time before Leakey decided to send her to the Gombe Stream Game Reserve in Tanzania to stud) wild chimpanzees. He felt her strong interest in animals and nature, and her knowledge as well as high energy made her a great candidate to study the chimpanzees.
In December 1958, Jane returned home to England and Leakey began to make arrangements for the expedition (考察), securing the appropriate permissions from the government and raising funds. In May 1960, Jane learned that Leakey had gained funding from the Wilkie Brothers Foundation.
Jane arrived by boat at the Gombe Stream Game Reserve on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika with her mother. The early weeks at Gombe were challenging. Jane developed a fever that delayed the start of her work. Finally, an older chimpanzee named David Greybeard, began to allow Jane to watch him. As a high ranking male of the chimpanzee community, his acceptance meant other group members also allowed Jane to observe. It was David Greybeard whom Jane first witnessed using tools. Excited, she telegraphed Dr. Leakey about her observation. He wrote back, “Now we must redefine ‘tool,’ and ‘man,’ or accept chimpanzees as humans.”
Jane continued to work in the field and, with Leakey’s help, began her doctoral program without an undergraduate degree in 1962. At Cambridge University, she found herself at odds with senior scientists over the methods she used — how she had named the chimpanzees rather than using the more common numbering system, and for suggesting that the chimps have emotions and personalities. She further upset those in power at the university when she wrote her first book, My Friends, the Wild Chimpanzees, aimed at the general public rather than an academic audience. The book was wildly popular, and her academic peers were outraged. Dr. Jane Goodall earned her Ph.D. on February 9, 1966, and continued to work at Gombe for the next twenty years.
1. What can we infer from the passage?| A．Jane was the first to discover chimpanzees use tools. |
| B．The journey to Kenya rooted Jane’s deep love for animals. |
| C．Dr. Leakey easily raised funds from the Wilkie Brothers Foundation. |
| D．Jane’s work at the Gombe Stream Game Reserve went along smoothly. |
| A．Extremely puzzled. | B．Genuinely pleased. |
| C．Really angry. | D．Truly sensitive. |
| A．Jane’s study of chimpanzees received no support from scientists. |
| B．Jane’s method inspired more scientists to make further discoveries. |
| C．Jane’s achievements quickly attracted attention from senior scientists. |
| D．Senior scientists disagreed with Jane’s method in observing chimpanzees. |
| A．Passion and hard work can make a difference in scientific research. |
| B．Cooperation is the key to making significant discoveries. |
| C．Challenging senior scientists is a must in gaining fame. |
| D．High energy counts in achieving great success. |
7 . It was a red-letter day in the history of medicine — “Target Zero Day”, May 8th, 1980, marking the complete removal of smallpox, a terrifying disease. It was untreatable but, luckily, it turned out that vaccination (接种疫苗) provided good protection — and that mass immunization (免疫) could wipe out the smallpox virus by blocking its spread.
According to legend, vaccination was invented by Dr. Edward Jenner. Jenner showed that healthy children vaccinated with cowpox, a mild infection of cattle, could not catch smallpox. He was supposedly inspired by Comment from a local milkmaid, but there is evidence that the idea came from a medical friend, John Fewster, who had experimented with cowpox. Nevertheless, Jenner deserves credit for introducing vaccination into the medical mainstream with his paper published in 1798.
In 1966,160 years after the prediction that vaccination would clean off the disease, the World Health Organization launched its Smallpox Eradication Programme. This heroic 11-year drive was directed by two American public health doctors, DA Henderson and Bill Foege. Their hardships were enormous. One WHO official even promised to eat a tyre if smallpox was removed; Henderson promised to send him the tyre and wished him good appetite. But Henderson and Foege’s hard work paid off—three years after the last smallpox case was informed (to make sure no outbreaks had been missed) Target Zero Day was declared.
40 years on, why should we remember Target Zero Day? First, to celebrate victory of preventative medicine and freedom from a cruel disease. Then, we must remember the victims of smallpox. It had previously killed one in 12 worldwide. In 1914, a Canadian professor warned against forgetting smallpox, which was fast disappearing from North America. It went on to kill at least another 250 million people — three times more than both world wars combined. Target Zero Day also reminds us of undefeated infections, including polio, measles, malaria, and of course the coronavirus Covid-19. Let’s recognize Target Zero Day for what it is: a milestone in world history and a monument to the art of the possible.
1. What inspired Jenner to invent the vaccination?| A．A medical friend. | B．A local milkmaid. | C．Cattle. | D．Children. |
| A．To introduce the support from the WHO. | B．To stress the importance of good appetite. |
| C．To suggest the difficulty in removing smallpox. | D．To show his determination to carry on the drive. |
| A．A promise made is a debt unpaid. | B．A trouble shared is a trouble halved. |
| C．Something is better than nothing. | D．Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. |
Larry first began diving when he was his daughter’s age. Similarly, his father had taken him along on one of his expeditions. Since then, he had never looked back. Larry started out by renting diving suits from the small diving shop just along the shore. He had hated them. They were either too big or too small. Then, there was the instructor. He gave him a short lesson before allowing him into the water with his father. He had made an exception. Larry would never have been able to go down without at least five hours of theory and another similar number of hours on practical lessons with a guide. Children his age were not even allowed to dive.
After the first expedition, Larry’s later diving adventures only got better and better. There was never a dull moment. In his black and blue suit and with an oxygen tank fastened on his back, Larry dived from boats into the middle of the ocean. Dangerous areas did not prevent him from continuing his search. Sometimes, he was limited to a cage underwater but that did not bother him. At least, he was still able to take photographs of the underwater creatures.
Larry’s first expedition without his father was in the Cayman Islands. There were numerous diving spots in the area and Larry was determined to visit all of them. Fortunately for him, a man offered to take him around the different Spots for free. Larry didn’t even know what the time was, how many spots he dived into or how many photographs he had taken. The diving spots afforded such a wide array of fish and sea creatures that Larry saw more than thirty varieties of creatures.
Larry looked at his daughter. She looked as excited as he had been when he was her age. He hoped she would be able to continue the family tradition. Already, she looked like she was much braver than had been then. This was the key to a successful underwater expedition.
1. In what way was this expedition different for Larry?
| A．His daughter had grown up. |
| B．He had become a famous diver. |
| C．His father would dive with him. |
| D．His daughter would dive with him. |
| A．Larry had some privileges. |
| B．Larry liked the rented diving suits. |
| C．Divers had to buy diving equipment. |
| D．Ten-year-old children were permitted to dive. |
| A．To protect himself from danger. |
| B．To dive into the deep water. |
| C．To admire the underwater view. |
| D．To take photo more conveniently. |
| A．Larry didn’t wear a watch. |
| B．Larry was not good at math. |
| C．Larry had a poor memory. |
| D．Larry enjoyed the adventure. |
| A．Become a successful diver. |
| B．Make a good diving guide. |
| C．Take a lot of photo underwater. |
| D．Have longer hours of training. |
9 . If you haven’t heard or seen anything about Road Rage in the last few months, you’ve probably been avoiding the media. There have been countless stories about this scary phenomenon, considered a type of aggressive driving. You have most likely encountered aggressive driving or Road Rage recently if you drive at all.
While drunk driving remains a critical problem, the facts about aggressive driving are surely as disturbing. For instance, according to the National Highway Transportation Safety Association, 41,907 people died on the highway last year. Of those deaths, the agency estimates that about two-thirds were caused at least in part by aggressive driving behavior.
Why is this phenomenon occurring more than ever now, and why is it something that seemed almost nonexistent a few short years ago? Experts have several theories, and all are probably partially correct. One suggestion is overcrowding. In the last decade, the number of cars on the roads has increased by more than 11 percent, and the number of miles driven has increased by 35 percent. However, the number of new road miles has only increased by 1 percent. That means more cars in the same amount of space; and the problem is more serious in urban areas. Also, people have less time and more things to do. With people working and trying to fit extra chores and activities into the day, stress levels have never been higher. Stress creates anxiety, which leads to short tempers. These factors, when combined in certain situations, can spell Road Rage.
You may think you are the last person who would drive aggressively, but you might be surprised. For instance, have you ever yelled out loud at a slower driver, sounded the horn long and hard at another car, or sped up to keep another driver from passing? If you recognize yourself in any of these situations, watch out!
Whether you are getting angry at other drivers, or another driver is visibly upset with you, there are things you can do to avoid any major conflict. If you are susceptible (易受影响的)to Road Rage, the key is to discharge your emotion in a healthy way. If you are the target of another driver’s rage, do everything possible to get away from the other driver safely, including avoiding eye contact and getting out of their way.
1. The first sentence in Para. 1 implies that ______.| A．one may be angered by media reports and wants to avoid them |
| B．the media invented the term “Road Rage” only a few months ago |
| C．people not interested in the media know little about recent happenings |
| D．Road Rage has received much media coverage in the last few months |
| A．relieve | B．prevent | C．spread | D．cause |
| A．Talking while driving. | B．Driving at high speed. |
| C．Sounding the horn when passing. | D．Shouting at another driver. |
| A．tell people how to deal with Road Rage |
| B．inform people how aggressive drivers could be |
| C．show people how to control themselves when angry |
| D．warn people against eye contact with another driver |
10 . What can drones (无人机) do？ Their many uses include taking pictures from sky,observing(观察) wild animals and delivering packages. Now these small flying robots are leading a new farming revolution(革命),according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
When equipped(装备)with cameras and other data-gathering devices, drones provide us with an eye in the sky. Here are a few of the farming-related jobs drones can do.
Looking for sick crops
Drones can scan(扫描)crops using different kinds of light. Then, they produce multispectral Images(多谱图像)that can help us find sickly yellow plants within fields of green. Drones can also detect bacteria(检测细菌)that are harmful to crops in the air from a few kilometers away. Farmers can check the drones’ air samples(样本)and try to find ways to protect their crops before the bacteria get to them.
Counting cattle
When flying over cattle, drones can track the livestock and find out where fences need fixing. People can also equip drones with thermal imager(s 热像仪)and night-vision cameras. This can help farmers look for animals that could harm their cattle.
Most fields aren’t perfectly flat (平坦的). After watering, some places may dry out faster than others. Other spots might not get water at all. Drones can scan the field and make a 3-D map. Using the map, farmers can figure out which parts of a field are dry or need improvement.
Spraying pesticide(喷洒农药)
Different parts of a field might be uneven or have different altitudes(高度). Drones can check for this when flying above the land. Then, they change their height and therefore spray the correct amount of pesticide over each part of the field. This is more efficient than traditional pesticide spraying. Drones can finish spraying a field up to five times faster than with traditional machinery, according to a study from MIT.
1. What can drones do to help farmers with their farming?| A．Take pictures. | B．Look at wild animals. | C．Deliver packages. | D．Look for sick crops. |
| A．Wooden fences. | B．Air samples. | C．Night-vision cameras. | D．3-D printers. |
| A．不肥沃的 | B．不相连的 | C．不平衡的 | D．不平坦的 |
| A．Drones can’t detect bacteria unless crops are sick. |
| B．Drones can fight dangerous animals. |
| C．Drones can help farmers make sure fields are properly watered. |
| D．Drones are better at spraying pesticide over flat land. |
| A．Water watch | B．Using the map | C．Scan the field | D．Making a 3-D map |
