2 . A vast majority of people usually argue that cycling can make a significant contribution to our world. In reality, there is a gap between desired and actual numbers. In Germany, for instance, only 20% of the everyday short-distance trips are covered by bicycle. When enquiring about the causes, researchers found one point repeatedly tops the list: the perceived or potential risk on the bike routes used. Increasing the share of cycling trips thus depends crucially on well-developed bike paths.

However, designing efficient bike path networks is a complex task that involves balancing a variety of limitations while meeting overall demand. In addition, many districts are confronted with a shortage of funds available for improving the infrastructure. Researchers propose a new approach to generating efficient bike path networks. This considers demand distribution and the route option of cyclists based on preferences for secure outings. Typically, minimizing the travel distance is far from the solely goal. Aspects such as attractiveness of a route are also taken into account.

What is a challenge for good bike path networks?

A．Tight budgets.	B．Complex routes.
C．Maximized travel distance.	D．Decreasing cycling demand.

3 . A rare 765-year-old gold coin found on farm land in Devon in south-west England is expected to sell for up to half a million pounds at auction. It is believed that the coin was made more than 750 years ago, during the rule of the English King Henry III. It is one of only eight known to exist.

Featuring a picture of King Henry III on one side and a cross and roses on the other, the coin is around 2.5 centimetres across. It was made with gold that came from north Africa. It was found in September last year by a detectorist (someone who looks for items buried underground using a metal detector) in Hemyock village. The detectorist had no idea how rare the coin was until he posted a photo of it on social media, where it was spotted by a history expert.

The finder, who doesn’t want to be named, was told to take the coin to the British Museum, where it was confirmed that the coin was very rare. According to the law, the finder is allowed to keep it because it’s a single coin and not part of a bigger haul but he has decided to sell it. He told the BBC, “The coin was found in an unappealing field and could quite easily have never been recovered. Now it is protected for future generations to enjoy.”

The coin is especially valuable because it was one of England’s first gold coins. The country’s coins were made of silver until King Henry III, who ruled from 1216 until his death in 1272, introduced gold ones with his picture on them.

Professor David Carpenter at King’s College London, has traced the coin back to a man called John de Hidon, who was the lord of Hemyock Manor. Carpenter thinks the coin may have fallen out of someone’s pocket—either de Hidon himself or one of his staff.

The correct order of the events that happened is____________.
①The value of the coin was confirmed.
②A coin was unearthed in the field.
③The coin was on display at the British Museum.
④The coin was intended for sale.
⑤The coin caught the attention of a history expert.

A．①③②④	B．②⑤①④
C．②①⑤④③	D．④②①③⑤

4 . World War II had started, and British ships were always watching for German submarines called U-boats. The ship Ben Lomond had left Cape Town, South Africa, with a crew of 55, including a young officer named Poon Lim. On November 23, 1942, Ben Lomond was attacked by a U-boat. Within minutes the ship was sinking. Poon Lim grabbed a life jacket and leaped over the side. He swam rapidly away from the ship in case it exploded. Sure enough, it let out a large boom and sank beneath the waves.

Poon Lim struggled in the water for two hours. Then he saw an empty raft (筏), swam to it, and climbed aboard. He found a few cans of crackers, a water jug, some flares, and a flashlight, which could be enough supplies for about a month. Day after day Poon Lim had his few crackers and a couple of sips of water. He searched the horizon for ships. Twice he leaped up to shout and wave when he saw help coming. Once he saw a freight ship. It passed him. At a later time, he saw a United States Navy plane. It flew low over the raft but then disappeared. Still later a U-boat spotted him but for some reason left him alone. Poon Lim knew he needed to stay strong. He couldn’t get much exercise on an eight-foot-square raft, but he could swim circling the raft, a couple of times a day. Soon his food and water ran low. He knew that drinking seawater would make him sick, so he tore off the canvas cover on his life jacket and set it out to catch rainwater. Then he took apart the flashlight and used a wire inside to make a fishhook.

For months Poon Lim drifted, catching fish and sometimes birds. One time he even caught a shark. Finally, after 133 days, he saw a boat. Three sailors in a small sailboat picked him up and took him to Belém, a city on the coast of Brazil. Poon Lim had crossed the Atlantic Ocean. No one ever had survived longer on a raft at sea. Poon Lim received many honors, including Britain’s highest award. A booklet of his survival methods was put into every British life raft. But when Poon was interviewed, he said “I hope no one will ever have to break that record.”

Which is the correct order of the events?
a. Poon received many honors.                              b. Poon was short of food and water.
c. Poon managed to go on board a raft.                 d. Poon was picked up and taken to Belém.          
e. Poon swam helplessly in a life jacket for hours.

A．ecbda

B．ebcad

C．cbeda

D．cedab

5 . Composite image of Europe and North Africa at night, 2016. Credit: NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens, using Suomi NPP VIIRS data from Miguel Román, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. Artificial light is often seen as a sign of progress: the march of civilization shines a light in the dark; it takes back the night; it illuminates. But a chorus of scientists and advocates argues that unnaturally bright nights are bad not just for astronomers but also for nocturnal (夜间活动的) animals and even for human health.

Now research shows the night is getting even brighter. From 2012 to 2016 the earth’s artificially lit area expanded by an estimated 2.2 percent a year (map), according to a study published last November in Science Advances. Even that increase may understate the problem, however. The measurement excludes light from most of the energy-efficient LED lamps that have been replacing sodium-vapor technology in cities all over the world, says lead study author Christopher Kyba, a postdoctoral researcher at the German Research Center for Geosciences in Potsdam.

The new data came from a NASA satellite instrument called the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). It can measure long-wavelengths of light, such as those produced by traditional yellow-and-orange sodium-vapor street lamps. But VIIRS cannot see the short-wavelength blue light produced by white LEDs. This light has been shown to disrupt human sleep cycles and nocturnal animals’ behavior.

Credit: Mapping Specialists; Source: “Artificially Lit Surface of Earth at Night Increasing in Radiance and Extent,” by Christopher C. M. Kyba et al., in Science Advances, Vol. 3, No. 11, Article No. E1701528; November 22, 2017.

The team believes the ongoing switch to LEDs caused already bright countries such as Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the U.S. To register as having stable levels of illumination in the VIIRS data. In contrast, most nations in South America, Africa and Asia brightened, suggesting increases in the use of traditional lighting. Australia actually appeared to lose lit area—but the researchers say that is because wildfires skewed the data.

“The fact that VIIRS finds an increase (in many countries), despite its blindness in the part of the spectrum that increased more, is very sad,” says FabioFalchi, a researcher at Italy’s Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute, who did not participate in the study. In 2016 Falchi, along with Kyba and several other members of his research team, published a global atlas of artificial lighting that showed one third of the world’s population currently lives under skies too bright to see the Milky Way at night.

The data also cast doubt on the idea that the LED lighting revolution will lead to energy cost savings. Between 2012 and 2016 the median nation pumped out 15 percent more long-wavelength light as its GDP increased by 13 percent. And overall, countries’ total light production correlated with their GDP. In other words, Kyba says, “we buy as much light as we are willing to spend money on.”

1. Which is not true about the spread of lit areas?

A．Lit area expanded by an estimated 2.2 percent a year.

B．Artificial light is often seen as a sign of progress.

C．The increase in GDP is due to the increase in light.

D．It is bad for nocturnal animals and even for human health.

2. Which of the following about VIIRS is NOT true according to the passage?

A．It is a kind of NASA satellite device.

B．It can record and analyze long-wavelength light.

C．The blue light generated by white LEDs can disrupt human sleep cycles.

D．VIIRS has found an increase of traditional lighting in lots of nations.

6 . Home Laundry Automatic Dryer Product

Full Two Year Warranty (保修)

Limited Five Year Warranty on Cabinet (机箱)

Warranty Provides for:

FIRST TWO YEARS Amana will repair or replace any faulty part free of charge.

THIRD THRU FIFTH YEARS Amana will provide a free replacement part for any cabinet which proves faulty due to rust.

Warranty Limitations:

Warranty begins at date of original purchase.

Applies only to product used within the United States or in Canada if product is approved by Canadian Standards Association when shipped from factory.

Products used on a commercial or rental basis not covered by this warranty.

Service must be performed by an Amana servicer.

Adjustments covered during first year only.

Warranty Does Not Cover It If:

Product has damage due to product change, connection to an improper electrical supply, shipping and handling, accident, fire, floods, lightning or other conditions beyond the control of Amana.

Product is improperly installed or applied.

Owner’s Responsibilities:

Provide sales receipt.

Normal care and repair.

Having the product reasonably accessible for service.

Pay for service calls related to product installation or usage instructions.

Pay for extra service costs, over normal service charges, if servicer is requested to perform service outside servicer’s normal business hours.

* In no event shall Amana be responsible for consequential damages (间接损坏)

* This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may have others which vary from state to consequential damages, so this exclusion may not apply to you.

Which of the following is true according to the warranty?

A．Consequential damages are excluded across America.

B．A product damaged in a natural disaster is covered by the warranty.

C．A faulty cabinet due to rust can be replaced free in the second year.

D．Free repair is available for a product used improperly in the first year.

7 . The victims were carried in one by one, their paws and fur burned, suffering from dehydration(脱水) and fear. Their caretakers bandaged their wounds, wrapped them and laid them in baskets with the only thing that was familiar — the leaves of a eucalyptus (桉树) tree.

As catastrophic fires have burned more than two million acres in Australia, dozens of koalas have been rescued from burning trees and ashen ground. The animals, already threatened as a species before these latest fires destroyed an essential habitat, are being treated in rescue centers, and at least one private home, along the country’ s east coast.

The difficult situation of the koala—a national symbol of Australia—has raised questions among conservationists and scientists about what it will take to preserve biodiversity in a country increasingly exposed to intense fire, extreme heat and water scarcity, and which already has among the highest rates of species extinction in the world.

While koalas have evolved to exist alongside wildfires, the animals are facing new threats not just from climate change but also from human development, which has dislocated local populations, damaging their ability to survive fires. In some regions, scientists say, koalas’ numbers have declined by up to 80 percent, though it is difficult to know how many remain across Australia.

“We have these unique animals not found anywhere else on this planet, and we’re killing them,” said Cheyne Flanagan, the clinical director of the Koala Hospital, the only facility of its kind in the world. “This is a big wake-up call.”

Which of the following threats koalas face are not mentioned in the passage?

A．illegal hunting.	B．fires in the wild.
C．human development.	D．climate change.

8 . Job for You

Family Alliance Meal Delivery Family Alliance is looking for people who can deliver hot Chinese meals one to two times a week for people with disabilities in north suburban Fairfield County. All applicants must have a driver’s license and access to a car. Gas will be covered for each delivery. Working hours: 10 a.m. To 1 p.m. Tuesdays and Fridays For more information, contact Charles Chen at cchen@famd.com Or call 740-6668988

Lancaster Design We provide full furnishings, like donated kitchen equipment and furniture items, for the new homes of people who were once homeless. We need people who can work at our warehouse (仓库) sorting and packing items to be delivered to families, repair donated furniture and more. Candidates will be matched with a task based on skill set. Interested? Submit your application to www. lancasterdesign. org Or call 740-6119735

Which of the following is TRUE about the Lancaster Design job?

A．Applicants are expected to design furniture.

B．Work is arranged according to one’s skill set.

C．It involves collecting furniture from homes.

D．It favors applicants who are homeless.

9 . Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature

Grading Scale

90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.

Essays (60%)

Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.

Group Assignments (30%)

Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.

Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)

Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class’ lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.

How many parts is a student’s final grade made up of?

A．Two.

B．Three.

C．Four.

D．Five.