1 . We may not have the full details and are likely to judge something based on limited information.We tend to distance ourselves through our judgment and become disappointed with what we find. Judgment keeps us safe because we move our feelings of fear,shame and guilt onto others to make ourselves feel better.This comes at a cost of parting ourselves instead of building stronger connections.

The way out of judgment is through the power of gratitude,which helps us see things differently.Gratitude opens the door to our hearts and helps us consider things from different aspects.A heart filled with gratitude is unlike a heart filled with judgment,fear and anger.Consequently,judgment and gratitude are opposing forces.One is the field of the self and the other is expressed through true goodness and sympathy.

The key to recognizing our judgment lies in being mindful of our thoughts.I often tell coaching customers when they notice themselves judging,to stop and ask a simple question:“What am I not seeing in this situation?”This helps us notice where we are blinded by our bias(偏见)and unable to see the truth.It is my experience that judgment happens mainly in our connection with people.

We are unaware of other people’s motives and plans because we bring our own ill-natured thinking to the process.This was evident with the Tour de France winner Lance Armstrong,who convinced himself and others he did not cheat. He went to great lengths to dismiss(否定)his use of illegal performance-improving drugs.In an interview with Oprah Winfrey,he said that his lies were so convincing that they eventually became truth.

But upholding a lie is harder than speaking the truth.In contrast,the power of gratitude allows us to shift(转移)our attention to the truth,even if it means our feelings will be hurt.Gratitude turns the switch from fear and judgment to sympathy and understanding.It is the bridge where friendships and tolerance are born.

1. What does the author think of judgment?

A．It makes us physically safe.	B．It contributes to satisfying results.
C．It damages our relationships with others.	D．It allows us to decide with full understanding.

2. What’s the author’s purpose of asking his customers the question?

A．To warn them of others’ill thoughts.	B．To help them to recognize their judgment.
C．To remind them to connect with others.	D．To explain to them the bad effects of judgment.

3. The example of Lance Armstrong is used to show .

A．the progress in medicine	B．the source of judgment
C．the achievement of the cyclist	D．the reason for telling white lies

4. What is the best title for the text?

A．Benefits of being grateful	B．Search for the whole truth
C．Ways to form a friendship	D．Get away from judgment

2 . In the eighteenth-century one of the first modern economists, Adam Smith, thought that the “whole annual produce of the land and labour of every country” provided revenue to “three different orders of people: those who live by rent, those who live by wages, and those who live by profit”. Each successive stage of the industrial revolution, however, made the social structure more complicated.

Many intermediate groups grew up during the nineteenth century between the upper middle class and the working class. There were small-scale industrialists as well as large ones, small shopkeepers and tradesmen, officials and salaried employees, skilled and unskilled workers, and professional men such as doctors and teachers. Farmers and peasants continued in all countries as independent groups.

During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the possession of wealth inevitably affected a person’s social position. Intelligent industrialists with initiative made fortunes by their wits which lifted them into an economic group far higher than that of their working-class parents. But they lacked social training of the upper class, who despised them as the “new rich.”

They often sent their sons and daughters to special school to acquire social training. Here their children, mixed with the children of the upper classes, were accepted by them, and very often found marriage partners from among them. In the same way, a thrifty, hardworking labourer, though not clever himself, might save for his son enough to pay for an extended secondary school education in the hope that he would move in a “white collar” occupation, carrying with it a higher salary and a move up in the social scale.

In the twentieth century the increased taxation of higher incomes, the growth of the social services, and the wider development of educational opportunity have considerably altered the social outlook. The upper classes no longer are the sole, or even the main possessors of wealth, power and education, though inherited social position still carries considerable prestige.

1. If you compare the first and second paragraph, what groups of people did Adam Smith leave out in his classification?

A．Officials and employees.	B．Peasants and farmers.
C．Doctors and teachers.	D．Tradesmen and landlords.

2. Who were the “new rich” during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A．They were still the upper class people.

B．They were owners of large factories.

C．They were intelligent industrialists.

D．They were skilled workers who made their fortune.

3. According to the passage, what did those people do who intended to make their children move up in the social ladder?

A．They saved a lot of money for their children to receive higher education.

B．They tried to find marriage partners from the children of the upper class.

C．They made greater fortunes by their wits.

D．They worked even harder to acquire social training.

4. In the twentieth century class differences have been partly smoothed out by ____.

A．increased income and decreased taxation

B．taxation, social services and educational opportunities

C．education, the increase of income and industrial development

D．the decrease of the upper class population