1 . How Much to Tip

You’re out to dinner. The food is delicious and the service is fine. You decide to leave a big fat tip. Why? The answer may not be as simple as you think. Tipping, psychologists have found, is not just about service. Instead, studies have shown that tipping can be affected by psychological reactions to a series of different factors from the waiter’s choice of words, to how they carry themselves while taking orders, to the bill’s total. Even how much waiters remind customers of themselves can determine how much change they pocket by the end of the night. “Studies before have shown that mimicry brings into positive feelings for the mimicker,” wrote Rick van Barren, a social psychology professor. “There studies show that people who are being mimicked become more generous toward the person who mimics thorn.”

So, Rick van Barren divided 59 waiters into two groups. He requested that half serve with a phrase such as “Coming up!” Those in the other half were instructed to repeat to orders and preferences back to the customers. Rick van Barren then compared their take home. The results were clear－it plays to mimic your customers . The copycat waiters earned almost double the number of tips to the other group.

Leonard Green and Joe Myerson, psychologists at Washington University in St. Louis found the generosity of a tipper may be limited by his bill. After research on the 1,000 tips left for waiters, cab drivers, hair stylists, they found tip percentages in these three areas dropped as customers ‘bills went up. In fact , tip percentages appear to plateau when bills topped ＄100 and a bill for ＄200 made the worker gain no bigger percentage tip than a hill for ＄100 .

“That’s also a point of tipping,” Green says. “You have to give a little extra to the cab driver for being there to pack you up and something to the waiter for being there to serve you. If they weren’t there, you’d never get any service. So, part of the idea of a tip is for just being there .”

1. How many factors affecting the customers’ tipping are mentioned in the passage?

A．1

B．2

C．3

D．4

2. These studies show that ______.

A．tipping can be affected by physical reactions to many different waiter’s factors

B．people who are being mimicked usually tip less to the person who mimics them

C．the mimic waiters can get almost twice as much money as the other group

D．mimicry makes the mimicker feel bad

3. According to the passage, which of the following will be likely to show the right change of the tip percentages?

A．	B．
C．	D．

4. We know from the passage that the writer seems to ______.

A．object to Mr. Green’s idea about tipping

B．think part of Mr. Green’s explanation is reasonable

C．give his generous tip to waiters very often

D．support the opinions of Mr. Green and Rick van Barren about tipping

2 . Jack lay, quiet and unmoving for thirty minutes while a stranger repeatedly stabbed (刺) him with sharp needles, causing blood to pour steadily out of his leg. Jack was getting a tattoo (纹身). His friend Tony had recently gotten a tattoo, and Jack was so impressed by it that he decided to get one too. Peer pressure, media influence, and personal expression are some of the common reasons for wearing tattoos today.

The desire to be accepted by one’s friends or peers can have a great influence on what a person does. Sometimes, wearing a tattoo can be a sign that you belong to a certain group. Gangs often use special clothes and tattoos to identify their particular group. Some of these groups wear only brand-name clothes. Others wear tattoos. When a person’s friends are all doing something, that person is more likely to do the same thing.

The media is another big influence behind the popularity of tattoos in North America. A wide variety of media images show tattoos－people appearing in commercials selling expensive cars, famous sports heroes with tattoos in magazines, fashion models wearing designer clothes that show their bodies tattooed with detailed and colourful patterns. These media images link tattoos to ideas of wealth, success, and status. As a result, many people decide to get a tattoo for its fashion and status value.

Many people decide to wear tattoos in order to express their artistic nature, their beliefs, or their feelings－in other words, to show their individuality. A musician in a rock band may get a tattoo of a guitar on the arm. Some environmentalists may tattoo pictures of endangered animals on their shoulders. A tattoo can be a public sign to show what is important in a person's life.

As you can see, there are many reasons why young North Americans get tattoos. A tattoo can be part of a group's uniform, a sign of fashion or an expression of individuality. The decision to get a tattoo is most often a result of the influence of friends or media or the desire to express oneself. For Jack, it was a mixture of all three.

1. Jack has got tattoos in order to_______.

A．show his great bravery	B．gain a special experience
C．make himself more healthy	D．be different from others

2. According to the passage, media images are linked to_______.

A．traditional lifestyle

B．social position

C．cultural background

D．public interest

3. We can infer from the passage that _______.

A．some people get tattoos out of pressure	B．tattoo is related to religious belief
C．getting tattoos costs a lot of money	D．most people with tattoos are artists

4. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
CP: Central Point          P: Point            Sp: Sub-point            C: Conclusion

A．

B．

C．

D．

3 . In my profession as an educator and health care provider, I have worked with numerous children infected with the virus that causes AIDS. The relationships that I have had with these special kids have been gifts in my life. They have taught me so many things, but I have especially learned that great courage can be found in the smallest of packages. Let me tell you about Tyler.
Tyler was born infected with HIV: his mother was also infected. From the very beginning of his life, he was dependent on medications to enable him to survive. When he was five, he had a tube surgically inserted in a vein in his chest. This tube was connected to a pump, which he carried in a small backpack on his back. Medications were hooked up to this pump and were continuously supplied through this tube to his bloodstream. At times, he also needed supplemented oxygen to support his breathing.
Tyler wasn’t willing to give up one single moment of his childhood to this deadly disease. It was not unusual to find him playing and racing around his backyard, wearing his medicine - laden backpack and dragging his tank of oxygen behind him in his little wagon. All of us who knew Tyler marveled at his pure joy in being alive and the energy it gave him. Tyler’s mom often teased him by telling him that he moved so fast she needed to dress him in red. That way, when she peered through the window to check on him playing in the yard, she could quickly spot him.
This dreaded disease eventually wore down even the likes of a little dynamo like Tyler. He grew quite ill and, unfortunately, so did his HIV - infected mother. When it became apparent that he wasn’t going to survive, Tyler’s mom talked to him about death. She comforted him by telling Tyler that she was dying too, and that she would be with him soon in heaven.
A few days before his death, Tyler beckoned me over to his hospital bed and whispered, " I might die soon. I’m not scared. When I die, please dress me in red. Mom promised she’s coming to heaven, too. I’ll be playing when she gets there, and I want to make sure she can find me. "
1. What is the boy Tyler's attitude towards death?

A．pessimistic.

B．optimistic.

C．sorrowful.

D．fearful.

2. Tyler requested the writer to dress him in red when he died simply because ___________.

A．red is a lucky color	B．red might help to cure him
C．his mom could spot him easily	D．he could find more mates by wearing red

3. Which of the following might serve as a possible title for this passage?

A．My unusual profession.	B．A caring mother.
C．Mother and son.	D．Dying in red.

4. The underlined word dynamo in the fourth paragraph here means ________________.

A．a promising and helpful youth	B．an extremely energetic person
C．a rare and beautiful flower	D．a magic and understanding superstar

4 . As the economic crisis goes worse, some reader are turning to bookstores for advice on how to manage their own finances. Below are the top-ten selling books in both categories for the week ended Oct.18 at Barnes & Noble Inc., the country’s largest book retailer (零售商). Here readers are buying books whose titles feature such words as “failed”, “crisis” and “danger”.

1. The total Money Makeover by Dave Ramsey. A primer on how to cut debt, save money and create a financial strategy.

2. Debt Cures ‘They’ Don’t Want You to Know About by Kevin Trudeau. A look into the dangers of credit card spending and how to reduce your expenses.

3. Women & Money: Owning the Power to Control Your Destiny by Suze Orman, Ms. Orman writes about how women can gain better control of their finances by better understanding their relationship with money.

4. The Money Book for the Young, Fabulous & Broke by Suze Orman. A book on what the young need to know now about money management.

5. The Smart Cookies’ Gude to Making More Dough by the Smart Cookies with Jennifer Barrett. The book’s advice: Take charge and get out of debt.

6. The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression by Amity Shlaes. A look at what happened during that other crisis.

7. The Partnership: The Making of Goldman Sachs by Charles D. Ellis. An inside look at the famed investment-banking firm.

8. “Bad Money: Reckless Finance, Failed Politics, and the Global Crisis of American Capitalism by Kevin Phillips. Mr. Phillips documents the unreaveling of the U.S. economy.

9. The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What It Means by George Soros. An analysis of the issue behind the crisis and their implications.

10. The World is Cured: Hidden Dangers to the Global Economy by David M. Smick. An inside look at what went wrong with the banking system here and abroad.

1. What is the best title for the passage?

A．A Personal Financial List

B．The Country’s Largest Book Seller

C．Serious Economic Crisis

D．Ten Books to Read in the Financial Crisis

2. The reason why readers are buying books including “failed, crisis, danger” is that______.

A．they are discouraged with the serious financial crisis

B．they are to find advice to get through the financial crisis

C．they are concerned about failures in the world

D．they have no choice but to read such books

3. If you desire to get out of debt, you’d better read the book written by ______.

A．David M. Smick

B．Suze Orman

C．Kevin Phillips

D．the Smart Cookies

4. From the text we know that ______.

A．Charles D. Ellis is famous as an investment-banking manager

B．George Soros has given the detailed root of present economic crisis

C．Amity Shlaes is only interested in the past economic crisis

D．Dave Ramsey is the current Minister of the USA.