1 . When consumers see a food, what they expect makes the palate (味觉) taste certain flavors. The strong associations between color and flavor are well established in the scientific community. Research on the subject dates back to the 1970s. For example, consumers expect yellow foods to be sour and black foods to be bitter.
Branding, packaging and color quality of the product itself play a big part in creating and maintaining expectations. Food brands have long understood this and worked to establish standards. Federal regulations grade the color of orange juice. Businesses provide color- matching services for companies to select the right color for a particular product. In some cases, color can overpower other senses and convince people they taste flavors that aren't there.
The Penn State researchers set out to confirm long-standing research into the relationship between color and taste. And they found what consumers see when they eat matters as much as- if not more than- what they taste, and the links could be more flexible than many thought in some cases.
“This might have potential impacts in the food industry if a company were to launch a new flavoured product with a color. Some consumers might not learn or accept a new color and flavor pairing (配对) as well as others," Penn State Food Science doctoral candidate Molly J. Higgins said in a written statement.
But while today's consumers have expectations of flavors of items with different colors, they also have expectations that natural materials are used. While these materials are often preferable, they present a challenge. General Mills changed artificial dyes (染料) to natural ones in Trix cereal. Consumer anger followed. Many found the earthier tones (土黄色) depressing, despite no change in flavor. Chemicals and all, they wanted the original back. The company eventually switched back, choosing to treat color as being more important than other things.
1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as for creating and maintaining expectations for products?| A．Color quality. | B．Branding. | C．Shape. | D．Packaging. |
| A．An expected food color attracts consumers more. |
| B．Most people choose foods based on their colors. |
| C．Not all consumers welcome a new color-taste pairing. |
| D．Companies should release new products regularly. |
| A．To stress the importance of color in food selection. |
| B．To stress the possibilities facing food companies. |
| C．To stress the difficulty in using artificial materials. |
| D．To stress the difference between color and taste. |
| A．Why do foods have different colors? | B．How deep are color-taste associations? |
| C．What factors affect the flavors of food? | D．Do different colors mean different responses? |
2 . In June 2017, Tiffany Johnson, 34, from North Carolina, was on a ship with her husband, James Johnson, when they decided to take a ten-minute boat ride from Paradise Island to go snorkeling (浮潜) in the sea.
The couple were enjoying their journey, when Ms Johnson was faced with a shark (鲨鱼), which caught hold of her arm and tore it off up to the elbow (肘). Ms Johnson said, “I was able to swim back to the boat with my injured arm lifted up above the water. Once I got to the boat, we used a beach towel as a bandage for my arm.”
She was rushed to the nearest hospital where she underwent an operation that lasted five hours. “Medically, it does not make sense that I am still alive. I didn't even require blood transfusion (输血). When I really had time to digest it all, I cried a lot. Not really tears of sadness, but rather pure thankfulness that I was alive. I had just lived through a near-death experience and I was just so fortunate to still be here,” Ms Johnson said.
In November she had her first robotic hand fitted. She had to learn how to use her arm all over again and admitted that this was very challenging being a mom of three children. “Everything is different. It doesn't function the same way as a hand does; it is more like a tool. So it has been a learning experience and I am still learning more than two years later. This latest version is only a few months old; I can now bring my arm closer to my body. It functions OK, but I'm still learning,” Ms Johnson said.
In the times when she felt unsure, her belief kept her focused on the things she could control. “Finally, I have learned that you don't always have a choice when things happen, but you always have a choice in how you respond. I have been asked to talk with some patients that have had a hard time. It has been good to be able to use this to help, encourage, and spread hope,” Ms Johnson said.
1. What happened to Ms Johnson in 2017?| A．She fell sick on a ship. | B．She got lost on Paradise Island. |
| C．She was attacked by a shark. | D．She was separated from her husband. |
| A．It led to her husband's death. | B．It was lucky and unexpected. |
| C．It was an easy thing to accept. | D．It made her feel hopeless. |
| A．Ms Johnson's real arm. | B．Ms Johnson's useless tool. |
| C．Ms Johnson's youngest child. | D．Ms Johnson's new robotic hand. |
| A．Strong and optimistic. | B．Proud and careful. |
| C．Courageous and talkative. | D．Creative and determined. |
3 . “Attention Moms and Dad...Your daughter is going to LOVE this FUN Dance Program in the Tampa Bay area!”
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Our dance classes in Tampa, Florida are FUN, SAFE, and AFFORDABLE! Your daughter will develop confidence, high self-respect, and a positive attitude! This studio produces great results and your daughter will feel welcome from Day One! Tons of parents LOVE our team and so will you! You will see how this dance class causes your daughter to become healthy, fit, and most importantly happy! |
Is your child ready to learn how to DANCE this year? Of course! Extreme Youth Sports (EYS) of Tampa is now accepting new kids for our 2020 Dance season! Our dance classes are specially designed for children aged 4 and up from beginners to advanced learners!
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1. What is one of the reasons why parents in Tampa, Florida think highly of EYS?| A．Their dance classes are enjoyable and safe. | B．Their coaches are all experienced. |
| C．Their Dance Studio is well equipped. | D．Their Dance Studio is large and comfortable. |
| A．They are clearly targeted at beginners. | B．They are offered at reduced prices now. |
| C．They are available for seven hours daily. | D．They are designed to keep kids stay focused. |
| A．An activity review. | B．An exhibition guide. |
| C．A travel brochure. | D．A course description. |
4 . Here are some after-Christmas best sales happening online right now:
J. Crew
When it comes to big discounts on the most popular gifts of the year, J. Crew has been the go-to spot all season long. You can still save money on some favorite items.
Anthropologie
You can get an extra 40% off all sale products, and get an extra 30% off sale furniture at Anthropologie. Just head to the site or one of their store locations and see for yourself just how good it really gets.
Carter's
Right now at Carter's, you can get up to 70% off sale items for babies' and kids' clothes, and the savings are amazing. If you're trying to buy a few pajamas(睡衣), this sale is a great way to save on fashion for your little ones.
Levi's
Denim(牛仔衣)will never go out of style, and neither will saving huge amounts of money on it, which is why this big end-of-season sale at Levi's makes my fashion-loving heart screaming with delight. You can get up to 50% off select denim jeans, jackets, and so on from now until January. You can also get free shipping on orders over $100, which is always a win-win.
Prices were exact at the time this article was published but may change over time.
1. In which store can you get the most savings for babies' clothes?| A．J. Crew. | B．Anthropologie. | C．Carter's. | D．Levi's. |
| A．It sells pajamas. | B．It offers free shipping. |
| C．It gives more discounts. | D．Customers can bargain there. |
| A．They may be changeable. |
| B．They rise a lot with time. |
| C．They remain the same as before-Christmas. |
| D．They are different in online sales and stores. |
5 . Panera Bread has announced that it will update its menus with a series of climate-friendly food designed by the World Resources Institute (WRI) that helps inform consumers about how their food choices affect global climate change.
The “Cool Food Meals” sticker (标签) will appear on Panera Bread’s menu to show that the carbon dioxide used to create the ingredients (成分) is low enough to agree with the research published by the WRI, which matches agriculture and food-related emissions (排放) with the reduction in CO2 emissions needed to meet the 2030 Paris Agreement on climate change.
People are becoming more aware of climate change and its effects, but many still don’t know what they can do about it. Cool Food Meals helps people understand that taking action is as simple as what we eat. A busy parent or a college student—almost anyone—can now go into Panera and by choosing a Cool Food Meal, they are part of a growing group of people who are building a climate-friendly lifestyle.
In some ways, more consumers are looking for more climate-friendly food according to a small survey of 1,000 Americans aged 18-80. 69% of those surveyed said it was important to them that their food should be produced in a sustainable manner. 68% of participants said they tried to stay away from carbohydrates (碳水化合物) and sugar.
Through WRI’s Cool Foods Initiative (倡议), Various cities and universities have signed on to the Cool Foods Pledge (宣言) to try and turn civil food service bodies into ones that reduce the amount of CO2 in the supply chain.
According to WRI, first data shows that Cool Food Pledge Members have already reduced their food-related emission by 3%, which is beyond the course to reach the reduction aims in line with the Pans Agreement.
1. What’s the purpose of the first paragraph?| A．To introduce the World Resources Institute. |
| B．To advertise Panera Bread. |
| C．To encourage new ideas. |
| D．To raise the topic of the passage. |
| A．It helps people to build a climate-friendly lifestyle. |
| B．It helps people to lose weight. |
| C．It contains higher carbon dioxide. |
| D．It gives people a chance to taste various food. |
| A．Supportive. | B．Negative. | C．Uncertain. | D．Doubtful. |
| A．Health. | B．Education. | C．Science. | D．Environment. |
6 . Yesterday was my final day as an English language assistant in Paris. I have loved every single moment of my time teaching, and could not have asked for a better school, with the most wonderful students. When applying to be a language assistant. I was a little worried about what the students would be like.
Upon arrival, I found the easiest approach to creating lesson plans was to focus on what was happening right here and now. For example, when it was Halloween in the UK, I found plenty of brainchildren to help me teach my students all about the different cultures and traditions they do not have in France. They loved it! And now, seven months later, it's all over!
The whole experience has been amazing. I highly recommend being a language assistant. I don't want to become a teacher，and I didn't before I arrived, but the skills and experience I have gained from these entire seven months of working is indescribable. Now, I'm finding myself still walking down the street and having ideas pop into my mind and saying, “Oh! 1 can teach mv class about that next week!” It's very bizarre(异乎寻常的).
I think this first week of having no work and not needing to think of potential lesson plans will be the hardest，and it was surprisingly difficult to say goodbye to most of my classes. But deep down，I know that my time teaching in Paris has given me so much experience and a completely new outlook on how to communicate with younger people with different needs and learning styles.
1. Where did the author work as a teaching assistant?| A．In America. | B．In England. | C．In France. | D．In Canada. |
| A．Clever children. | B．Different assistants. |
| C．Successful experience. | D．Sudden good ideas. |
| A．The writer thought it useless. | B．The writer liked it very much. |
| C．The writer found it very strange. | D．The writer had no idea about it. |
| A．My Teaching Experience in Paris |
| B．An English Language Assistant in Paris |
| C．How to Communicate with Younger People |
| D．How to Become an Amazing Language Teacher |
7 . One day, Amanda was diagnosed (诊断) with cancer of an early stage. During this time, she was admitted to a college. She planned to save money to meet the college expense and then seek medical treatment for the cancer.
Her father, Clint and her friends didn’t want her to put off her treatment due to the expense. They took matters into their own hands and started a GoFundMe campaign. A longtime friend of the family was cofounder of a group named Praynksters, known for random acts of kindness. The friend decided to use their own group to help the family. The group came up with the creative idea to spread the word and invite families, friends, and strangers who wanted to help to take part in a donation activity. The event induced the enormous assistance from the local community.
Clint and Amanda were moved as the crowd passed by and the donations poured in. The event brought the family over $13, 000 in donations to go towards her medical treatments. The generous act of kindness gave the family a comforting, and optimistic feeling during a time when all hope seemed lost. Clint said that Amanda struggled with the idea of asking for help. She felt guilty and undeserving compared to others who are also struggling. She is still humbled by it all.
After several months of treatment, life for the family has started getting back to their normal routine. Once Amanda got her strength back, she returned to school and completed her bachelor's degree. The family is now inspired to volunteer in their local neighborhood and contribute to crowdfunding (众筹) efforts. They are grateful for the opportunity to give back and help others as many have helped them.
1. Why did Amanda postpone her treatment of cancer?| A．She didn't care about her disease. |
| B．She had to take care of her family. |
| C．She was in a bad economic situation. |
| D．She couldn’t find an effective treatment. |
| A．Brought about. | B．Made up. |
| C．Gave away. | D．Set about. |
| A．Shameful but caring. |
| B．Kind-hearted and grateful. |
| C．Curious and warm-hearted. |
| D．Hard- working and humorous. |
| A．It's quite easy to cure Amanda’s cancer. |
| B．Praynksters is a nonprofit organization funded by Clint. |
| C．Volunteering is very popular in Amanda's community. |
| D．A GoFundMe campaign is actually a crowdfunding activity. |
8 . O'Plerou Grebet is a 22-year-old graphic design student in Côte d'Ivoire, Africa. Everywhere he looks, he sees signs of Western influence — from the glass skyscrapers and malls lining the streets in his home city to the way his fellows speak and dress. “We are living like we’re Western people,” he says. That even applies to the keyboard culture — when his friends text using the messaging apps, they especially love to use the “tears of joy” face emoji (表情符号). So he used his design skills to create digital stickers that show what he thinks is missing: symbols of history, life and culture in Côte d'Ivoire and neighboring countries.
In 2018, he released a free pack of over 360 stickers in a mobile app called "Zouzoukwa”, which means "image" in the local Bété language. Available on Android and iOS, it now has over 120,000 downloads. It's more impressive than other emoji apps, with the feature of connecting to the realities of Africans using it. “ It would make their jokes even livelier,” says Grebet. The stickers include traditional masks, African instruments like the djembe drum and people dressed in a variety of prints and clothing that can reflect local tradition.
Some of his favorite designs are a series of facial expressions commonly used in his area, but not available as standardized emojis. There’s a woman with lips pursed, giving some serious side-eye—a sign you can use when your friend keeps you waiting long for no reason. It's common in Côte d'Ivoire and also translates across cultures, Grebet says.
The next step, Grebet says, is to try and get some of his designs into the official emoji set, where they’d reach more than 2 billion people worldwide, as usable ones on smartphones everywhere. Grebet also plans to keep traveling and expanding his experiences and his sticker pack. His designs so far are drawn from his experience and research into a few African countries.
1. How does Grebet find their local culture according to paragraph 1?| A．It's very similar to Western culture. | B．It's absent in many aspects of their life. |
| C．It's full of inspirational ideas and symbols. | D．It's influential in local people's lifestyle. |
| A．It provides a better source of jokes. | B．It's designed based on daily items. |
| C．It's related more closely to the locals. | D．It applies to both Android and iOS. |
| A．Curiosity. | B．Sorrow. | C．Annoyance. | D．Disappointment. |
| A．Be on tour to advocate his designs. | B．Create an official emoji set. |
| C．Research into more African countries. | D．Standardize some of his emojis. |
9 . Football is my favorite sport. I loved to watch it, but I had never played in a football game before I went to college. I lacked self－confidence and I doubted if I could do well in a team, which was why I hardly did sports together with others. I just loved practicing playing football in the backyard of my house.
About one month after I went to college, one day some of my classmates said they'd play a football game with some players of another class. I really looked forward to it but never thought I'd join them to play. That day finally came and I went to watch with my classmates. However, just about ten minutes after the game started, one member of our football team got injured and could no longer play. The other members looked worried. Then one of them came to me and asked, “Can you play?” At first, I shook my head, but then I nodded. “Great! Come and play,” he said. I followed him, having no idea at all what to do. To my joy, he asked me to play in defense (防守). Defense was my favorite because I found it more fun and less complicated (复杂的). Then the game began again. There weren't a lot of big kids on the offensive line (攻击线) of the other team and I suddenly gained some self－confidence. About five minutes later, the ball was kicked toward the guard. I thought it was a good opportunity for me. I quickly ran past the guard and got the ball. When the guard came to the offensive line, I kicked the ball. I scored and all my classmates cheered. You may not believe it, but I scored twice that time. The final score was 6—2 and we won. My teammates thought that I did very well and none of them believed I hadn't played in a game before.
That game really changed me. I am a really confident person now and often play football games with my teammates.
1. Why didn't the author play sports with others before?| A．He wasn't interested in sports. |
| B．He wasn't popular with others. |
| C．He couldn't afford time for sports. |
| D．He wasn't confident about his ability. |
| A．excited | B．boring |
| C．anxious | D．angry |
| A．got nervous about watching football games |
| B．decided to become a full－time football player |
| C．was considered the best football player at school |
| D．fell in love with joining others in playing football |
| A．My first football game. |
| B．My most unforgettable experience. |
| C．My way of finding self－confidence. |
| D．My way of scoring at football games. |
10 . Generally speaking, newly born babies are not beautiful. They are wrinkled(多皱的)or hairless, or they have an angry look on their face. They seem to say, “Get away! I hate everybody.” But to a parent, that hairless, wrinkled, angry-faced baby is the most beautiful and perfect child in the world. When that proud father or mother asks you, “Well, what do you think…isn’t she beautiful?” What are you going to say? Is this the time for the truth? Of course not!
You look that father in the eye and say, “Yes, she is! She is really a beauty. She’s one in a million. She’s going to be a movie star! I can tell! She’s as beautiful as a picture.”
In English, this is a white lie. White lies don’t hurt people. They are not cruel or angry words. People use them to make a difficult thing a little easier. When people don’t want to meet someone, or eat something new that they really don’t like at a friend’s house, they tell a white lie. They are trying to be kind. They feel that being polite is sometimes more important. A doctor tells white lie in order to make a patient feel that his health is not so worse and then the patient may become optimistic.
From what is said above, we may draw a conclusion that we should not treat white lies as obstacles in life, and that sometimes telling a lie should not be associated with the issue of being dishonest. Some white lies can encourage you to be better.
1. What purpose does the first paragraph serve?| A．To emphasize the beauty of newly born babies. |
| B．To show parents’ selfless devotion to their children. |
| C．To introduce the topic of a special kind of lie. |
| D．To use examples to prove lies are common in daily life. |
| A．impatient | B．tired | C．delighted | D．careless |
| A．kind | B．impolite | C．the white color | D．angry |
| A．You tell a parent that the newly-born baby is ugly. |
| B．Your friend’s bag isn’t beautiful but you say it is. |
| C．You broke the window but you say you didn’t. |
| D．You tell your friend that her new haircut is terrible. |
