1 . The history of microbiology begins with Dutch cloth maker named Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, a man of no formal scientific education. In the late 1600s. Leeuwenhoek, inspired by the magnifying lenses（放大镜）he used to examine cloth, built some of the first-microscopes. He developed technique to improve the quality of tiny, rounded lenses, some of which could magnify an object up to 270 times. After removing some plaque from between his teeth and examining it under a lens, Leeuwenhoek found tiny twisting creatures, which he called “animalcules”.
His observations, which he reported to the Royal Society of London, are among the first descriptions of microbes（微生物）. Leeuwenhoek discovered an entire universe invisible to the human eye. He found different microbes in samples of pond water, rain water, and human blood. He gave the first description of red blood cells, observed plant tissue, examined muscle, and investigated the life cycle of insects.
Nearly two hundred years later, Leeuwenhock’s discovery of microbes helped French chemist and biologist Louis Pasteur to develop his “theory of disease”. This concept suggested that disease originates from tiny organisms attacking and weakening the body. Pasteur’s theory later helped doctors to fight infectious diseases including anthrax, diphtheria, polio, smallpox, tetanus, and typhoid. All these breakthroughs were the result of Leeuwenhoek’s original work. Leeuwenhoek did not foresee this legacy.
In a 1716 letter, he described his contribution to science this way: “My work, which I’ve done for a long time, was not pursued in order to gain the praise I now enjoy, but chiefly from a strong desire for knowledge, which I notice resides in me more than in most other men. And therefore; whenever I found out anything remarkable, I have thought it my duty to put down my discovery on paper, so that the scientific community might be informed thereof.”
1. Which of the following best describes Leeuwenhoek?| A．trained researcher with an interest in microbiology |
| B．A curious amateur who made pioneer studies of microbes |
| C．A talented scientist interested in finding a cure for disease |
| D．A bored cloth maker who accidentally made a major discovery |
| A．the discovery of microbes |
| B．Pasteur’s theory of disease |
| C．Leeuwenhoek’s contribution |
| D．the origin of the tiny organism |
| A．He admitted that many of his discoveries happened by chance. |
| B．He considered his work to be central to later medical breakthroughs. |
| C．He was greatly concerned with improving people’s living conditions. |
| D．He believed the sharing of knowledge was a key to scientific progress |
a. Magnifying lenses were built.
b. The “theory of disease” was put forward
c. Microbes were discovered in samples of waters.
d. Leeuwenhoek’s first microscopes were successfully developed.
e. Leeuwenhoek explained his thoughts upon his own contribution.
| A．a-d-c-e-b | B．d-a-c-e-b | C．a-c-d-b-e | D．d-a-e-b-c |
2 . Rocky was a 65-pound dog. Rita was his eleven-year old owner. When Rocky was given to her, Rita immediately liked him. Whenever she was not in school,the two were always together and within touching distance. The family would lovingly call the pair “R and R”.
But Rocky had one shortcoming. He feared water very much because of a terrible experience. When he was at the age of seven weeks long before he met Rita,he was nearly drowned by a naughty boy who had been blamed by his father.
One late afternoon, Rita's mother took R and R to a shopping area near a lake. Rita was running along the wooden bridge over the water,enjoying the beautiful scenery around. Suddenly a boy on a bicycle hit Rita. She let out a cry of pain and fell into the lake.
Rita's mother was at the entrance of a store not far away. She rushed to the lake shouting for help. Rocky seemed to forget his fear and jumped into the water to save his owner. Rocky immediately swam to Rita and held her by the shoulder's clothes with his mouth. Rita's face was quickly out of the water and she could cough.Luckily,the water was calm,they were not far from the bank,and Rocky finally reached a depth where his feet were on solid ground. He pulled Rita hard until her head was completely out of the water, and then he stood beside her, licking (舔) her face.
Rita and her family firmly believed that it was only the big dog's love for the little girl that caused him to take action that might be life-dangerous.
1. From the text, we know __________.| A．Rita was once blamed |
| B．Rocky was eleven years old |
| C．Rita spent her spare time with Rocky |
| D．Rocky lived in Rita's home since his birth |
| A．Brave. | B．Honest. | C．Unkind. | D．Dangerous. |
| A．At noon. | B．At night. | C．In the morning. | D．In the afternoon. |
① Rocky came into Rita's life.② Rocky was nearly drowned.
③They were playing near the lake. ④ Rocky saved Rita from the water.
| A．①②④③ | B．②①③④ | C．③①②④ | D．④③②① |
3 . Eat like a king in the morning, a prince at noon, and a peasant at night. This saying is all about the importance of breakfast. And now scientists can tell us just why it’s so important. According to a study carried out at Imperial College London, UK, skipping the first meal of the day not only means you eat more at lunch, but also that your brain wants to find more unhealthy foods.
The study suggests that there is a special part of our brain called the orbitofrontal cortex, which plays an important part in making choices about what we eat. It is used for identifying the taste of food, especially when skipping breakfast. It is more likely to target high-calorie foods when you’re on an empty stomach.
Scientists did an experiment on this. Dr Tony Goldstone from Imperial College London, scanned the brains of 21 men and women, around the age of 25. On the first day, these people skipped breakfast before the scans. On the second day, they had cereal, bread and jam as breakfast. After the scan on both days, they had their lunch.
When the volunteers had skipped breakfast, they ate around 20 percent more at lunch, compared with days when they had eaten breakfast. Their brain scans also showed the orbitofrontal cortex was especially responsive to high-calorie foods. “We believe that bit identifies the value of foods — how pleasant, how delicious something is,” Goldstone told The Guardian.
1. From Paragraph 1, we learn that ________.| A．scientists found out why eating breakfast is important |
| B．it’s easy to lose weight without breakfast |
| C．there’s no need to have good food for supper |
| D．eating breakfast makes your brain smarter |
①The volunteers skipped breakfast. ②The volunteers had lunch.
③The volunteers had a brain scan.
| A．①②③ | B．③②① | C．①③② | D．③①② |
| A．of the usual breakfast | B．more than the usual breakfast |
| C．of the usual lunch | D．more than the usual lunch |
| A．Breakfast still most important | B．Three meals a day |
| C．Experiments on breakfast | D．Experiments on lunch |
4 . A team of researchers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, has developed a system to use a smartphone camera to test for viral infections. In their paper published in the journal Science Advances, the group describes their system, which involves the use of an external microchip device and a smartphone system that uses a trained deep-learning algorithm.
As the pandemic has gripped the world for most of this year, scientists have been looking for ways to slow the spread of the next one. In this new effort, the team has developed a smartphone-based system that can be used by non-medical people to test for a variety of viral infections.
The system is made up of a smartphone, an external microchip device and software. Body fluid samples are placed into a channel on the microchip device, which is then dipped in a small amount of H2O2. The resulting reaction leads to the formation of bubbles. The bubbles develop in unique patterns based in part on viruses in the fluid sample. The user points their smartphone camera at the bubbling sample and starts the deep-learning algorithm that has already been trained to identify the patterns and therefore recognize the presence of viruses. The whole process takes about 50 minutes. The researchers have thus far taught their system to recognize just three viruses, Zika and Hepatitis B and C. But testing shows the system to be 99% accurate. They note that their system is more portable and cost-effective than other solutions in the works.
The researchers suggest that their system could be rapidly trained to recognize new viruses if the need arises, and the microchip device could be sent to hot spots in the future. Such technology, the researchers suggest, could help to stop future pandemics if used widely. The researchers also note that the system could be immediately useful in infection prone areas lacking testing labs.
1. What’s the purpose of the text?| A．To advise people to use a new smartphone camera. |
| B．To introduce the development of deep-learning algorithm. |
| C．To explain the invention of a new microchip device. |
| D．To show a new finding about testing for viral infections. |
| A．To educate ordinary people with medical skills. |
| B．To help prevent the pandemic from spreading fast. |
| C．To try to treat an illness with a smartphone camera. |
| D．To make smartphones more portable and powerful. |
①Bubbles of a liquid sample are formed. ②Samples react with H2O2.
③Fluid samples are collected in a special device. ④Viruses in bubbles are recognized automatically.
⑤The software is started to examine the bubbles.
| A．③②①⑤④ | B．③①②④⑤ |
| C．②③①⑤④ | D．②①③④⑤ |
| A．Indifferent. | B．Doubtful. | C．Confident. | D．Curious. |
5 . Meg. Jo, Amy and Beth live with their mother Mrs. March while their father is fighting in the Civil War. The family doesn’t have much money. They live next door to M. Laurence, who is very wealthy, and his grandson, Laurie. The passage below is about Beth, who loves to play the piano. The March family only has a small, out-of-tune piano. The “Mansion of Bliss” is Mr. Laurence’s house.
But Beth, though dying for the grand piano, could not gather courage to go to the Mansion of Bliss’. She went once with Jo; but Mr. Laurence, not being aware of her weakness, stared at her so hard from under his heavy eyebrows, and said “Hey!” so loud, that he frightened her so much, her feet chattered on the floor, she never told her mother; and she ran away, declaring she would never go there any more, not even for the dear piano. No comfort could overcome her fears, till the fact coming to Mr. Laurence’s ear in some way, he set about mending matters. During one of the brief visits he made, he artfully led the conversation to music, and told such attractive stories that Beth found it impossible to stay in her distant corner, but moved nearer and nearer, as if interested. At the back of his chair she stopped, and stood listening with her great eyes wide open, and her cheeks red with the excitement of this unusual performance. Taking no more notice of her than if she had been a fly, Mr. Laurence talked on about Laurie’s lessons and teachers: and as if the idea had just occurred to him, he said to Mrs. March:
“The boy pays little attention to his music now. But the piano suffers for lack of use. Wouldn’t some of your girls like to run over, and practise on it now and then, just to keep it in tune, you know, madam?”
Beth took a step forward, and pressed her hands tightly together to keep from clapping them and the thought of practising on that splendid instrument quite took her breath away. Before Mrs. March could reply, Mr. Laurence went on: “They needn’t see or speak to anyone, but run in at any time: for I’m shut up in my study at the other end of the house, Laurie is out a great deal, and the servants are never near after nine o'clock.”
Here he rose, as if going. “Please tell the young ladies what I say; and if they don’t care to come, why, never mind.”
“Oh, sir, they do care, very, very much!” Beth finally made up her mind to speak, in her eager yet shy way.
“Are you the musical girl?” he asked, without any frightening “Hey!” as he looked down at her very kindly.
“I’m Beth. I love it dearly, and I’ll come, if you are quite sure nobody will hear me-and be disturbed,” she added, fearing to be rude, and trembling at her own courage as she spoke.
“Not a soul, my dear. The house is empty half the day; so come as much as you like.”
“How kind you are, sir!”
Beth blushed like a rose under the friendly look he wore; but she was not frightened now, and gave the big hand a grateful squeeze, because she had no words to thank him for the precious gift he had given her.
1. According to the passage, Beth’s fear may result from ______.| A．dying for playing the piano | B．her being very weak |
| C．going to Mr. Laurence’s house | D．Mr. Laurence's staring and a loud greeting |
| A．considered Beth as a fly | B．pretended not to see Beth |
| C．didn't notice Beth at all | D．thought more of Beth than a fly |
| A．Because other people in the house didn’t like Beth and Jo at all. |
| B．Because there was nobody in the house when Beth came to play. |
| C．Because he wanted Beth to feel comfortable coming to his house. |
| D．Because Laurie wasn’t at home and Beth had no one to play with. |
a. Mr. Laurence visits the Marches. b. Mr. Laurence talks about music.
c. Beth says she’ll play Mr. Laurence' piano. d. Beth and Jo visit the ‘Mansion of Bliss’
e. Beth listens in a corner. f. Mr. Laurence invites the sisters to play the piano.
g. Mr. Laurence says “Hey!” to Beth.
| A．d-g-a-b-e-f-c | B．d-g-a-f-e-b-c | C．a-g-b-e-f-d-c | D．a-g-d-b-e-f-c |
| A．rude but attractive | B．kind but weak |
| C．friendly and thoughtful | D．mysterious and attractive |
6 . An elm tree (榆树) was planted in the first half of the 20th century on a farm in Michigan, US.
In the 1950s, the family that owned the farm kept a bull chained to it. The bull walked around the tree. pulling a heavy iron chain, which made a grove (沟) in the tree about a meter off the ground. The groove deepened over the years, thought for whatever reason, it didn’t kill the tree.
After some years, the family sold the farm and took their bull with them. They cut the chain, leaving most of it hanging down from the tree. Eventually, bark (树皮) slowly covered the old chain.
Then one year later, disaster struck Michigan in the form of Dutch elm disease. It left a path of death across vast areas. All of the elms lining the road leading to the farm were infected and dies. Everyone figured that the old elm tree would be next. There was no way the tree could last, with its age and the chain hanging off its trunk.
The present owners considered pulling the chain out and chopping the tree up into firewood before it dies. But they simply couldn’t bring themselves to do it. It was as if the old tree had become a family friend, so they decided to let nature take its course. Amazingly, the tree didn’t die. Year after year, it grew stronger. Nobody could understand why it was the only elm still standing in the whole area.
Experts from Michigan University came to observe the tree later examining the scar left by the iron chain. The experts decided that it was actually the chain that saved the elm’s life. They reasoned that the tree must have absorbed so much iron from the chain that it became immune to Dutch elm disease.
It’s said that what doesn’t kill you will make you stronger. So if you’re ever in Michigan, look for that beautiful elm tree. Look for the wound made by the chain — it serves as a reminder that even with wounds, we can still have hope. Our wounds can give us the resources we need to cope and survive. They can truly make us strong.
1. What is the right order of the events related to the elm tree?a. The new owners left the elm tree as it was.
b. A farmer planted an elm tree on the farm.
c. A bull was chained to the elm tree by the owner.
d. The tree was left behind with most of the chain hanging down.
| A．c d b a | B．b d c a | C．b c d a | D．c b a d |
| A．A heavy iron chain gradually became part of it. |
| B．The scar in the tree was completely healed finally. |
| C．The tree was almost killed by the bull and its chain. |
| D．The tree grew stronger because of the owners’ care. |
| A．Its thicker bark protected it from the disease. |
| B．Infected trees near it were all chopped down. |
| C．It was saved by experts from Michigan University. |
| D．It got enough iron that sheltered it from the disease. |
| A．We should make use of what we have to overcome difficulties. |
| B．Something we consider a weakness can make us stronger. |
| C．Never give up hope on life even in hopeless situations. |
| D．Letting nature take its course is the best way to deal with problems. |
7 . A man in Brisbane, Australia, survived a house fire early Wednesday morning because his pet parrot, named Eric, sounded the alarm.
Anton was asleep when his home caught fire just after 2:00 a.m., according to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Anton didn’t hear the smoke detector(探测器). Instead, he heard Eric calling his name repeatedly, ABC reported. “I heard a bang and Eric — my parrot— he started to yell so I woke up and I smelled a bit of smoke,” Anton told ABC. “I grabbed Eric, opened the door and looked to the back of the house and saw some flames,” he added. “And so I grabbed my bag and bolted downstairs.” Officials told ABC that Anton’s home did have a smoke detector, but it didn’t go off before Eric started calling “Anton! Anton!” Queensland Fire and Emergency Services Acting Inspector Cam Thomas told ABC that the firemen were able to contain the fire before it spread to other properties(财产).
According to ABC, there may be a crime(犯罪)and policemen are looking into what caused the fire. In the meantime, Anton is glad that he and Eric survived. “I’m in shock but I’m fine,” he told ABC. “Everything’s all right so long as I have myself and the bird.”
1. What is the right order of the following?a. Anton saw some flames.
b. Anton heard Eric calling his name.
c. Anton bolted downstairs.
d. Anton’s house caught fire at midnight.
e. Anton woke up and smelled the smoke.
| A．dbeac. | B．debac. | C．daebc. | D．deabc |
| A．Awkward | B．Lucky. | C．Shocked | D．Annoyed |
| A．Eric got badly injured in the fire. |
| B．The house was burnt to the ground. |
| C．Someone might have set fire to the house. |
| D．The police couldn’t find the cause of the fire. |
8 . A woman whose sports car was stolen with her dog in it put up notices all over the area that made it clear getting back her pet was more important than her car.
“Whoever did this can keep my car. Please let Benjerman come home,” the notice said.
It is not known whether the thief showed any pity, but almost 30 hours after the 1 pm theft Friday, Kimberly Atkins of Dover and Benjerman, a 12-year-old black retriever(猎犬), were reunited after police located them in Barrington.
“He’s hungry, he’s dirty, but he’s very happy to be home,” Atkins said.
The car was found at about 5 pm Saturday off Route 125 in a swampy area frequented by off-the-road cars and dirt bikes. However, the police couldn’t control Benjerman, and they had to call Atkins to come and get him.
Atkins said the thief cared for Benjerman a little by providing him with some dry cat food. She believed Benjerman ended up drinking some muddy water in the area.
She said they have been together for nearly 11 years after she took him back from a society shelter in Dallas, Texas.
Before Benjerman was found, Atkins and several friends put up notices all over the city and in Somersworth. They also contacted animal shelters throughout southern New Hampshire and Massachusetts.
The notice stated there was a reward, and also that the dog needed medication(药物治疗). Any caller could remain anonymous(匿名的).
Atkins had parked the car outside a hardware store with the keys inside and gone in to rent a carpet cleaner.
“It was 10 minutes and I came out and my car was gone along with Benjerman in broad daylight,” Atkins said. The car thief threw Atkins’ wallet and other personal items out of the car before escaping from the scene.
1. What would be the best title for the passage?| A．A car with a dog was stolen |
| B．Lucky dog was returned to his owner |
| C．Stealing cars: a most important social problem |
| D．Woman wants dog back more than stolen car |
a. Notices were put up saying there was a reward.
b. Atkins saw Benjerman again.
c. Police found Atkins’ car.
d. Atkins took Benjerman back from a society shelter.
e. Atkins hired a carpet cleaner in a hardware store.
| A．d, e, a, b, c | B．d, e, a, c, b |
| C．e, a, d, b, c | D．e, a, c, d, b |
| A．the dog was treated extremely badly by the thief |
| B．car stolen accidents happen frequently nowadays |
| C．the dog was found because of the reward |
| D．the thief stole the car easily |
| A．Benjerman was sent back immediately after Atkins put up the notices. |
| B．Atkins and her friends made a great effort to look for Benjerman. |
| C．The thief gave the dog back but kept the sports car. |
| D．The dog was back at 1 pm on a Friday. |
| A．Benjerman | B．Thief |
| C．Atkins | D．Atkins’ friends |
9 . The word "orange" describes both a color and a fruit. Which one came first might be surprising. "Orange" when used as the name of the fruit came before "orange" as a word to describe color. While the shade itself existed before the fruit, there was not a name in the English language for the color. Before the introduction of the fruit to English-speaking countries, the color was usually described as a shade of red or yellow.
In the early 16th century, Portuguese traders brought oranges from India to Europe. The Europeans had not seen the bright colored fruit before and didn't have a name for it. The fruits were named "narancia" by Italians and "narange" by the French and were sometimes referred to as "golden apples" by English speakers.
"Orange" was first used in a phrase to describe shades of colors, including in a third-century Greek text translated into English, in 1576. It describes Alexander the Great's servants as dressed in "orange colour velvet （天鹅绒）In 1578, a Latin-American dictionary defined "melites" as "a precious stone of orange color”. While orange represents the color of the objects, it needed the word "color" to follow it in order for the meaning to be clear. In the mid-1590s, Shakespeare described a beard as "orange tawny", one of the first instances of "orange" without the word "color" as part of the expression. Tawny is a brown color often used on its own. Orange was not yet a color, just a shade of brown.
In 1616, in an account describing varieties of tulips （郁金香）that can be grown, orange was used as a stand-alone color. When Isaac Newton performed his experiments on the color spectrum （色谱），he listed it as one of the seven basic colors. After almost half a century, orange was recognized as a color on its own.
1. Which is the right time order of the appearance of "orange"?| A．As a fruit→as a color→the shade itself. |
| B．The shade itself→as a color→as a fruit. |
| C．The shade itself→as a fruit→as a color. |
| D．As a color→the shade itself→as a fruit. |
| A．Melites. | B．Narange. |
| C．NaranciA. | D．Golden apples. |
| A．My ball is a melite. | B．The ball is orange colour. |
| C．The orange ball is beautiful. | D．I have an orange ball. |
| A．How to plant oranges | B．The spread of oranges |
| C．Orange used as a color | D．Shakespeare and oranges |
10 . Seventy years ago, in the city of Boston, there lived a small girl who had the naughty habit of running away. On a certain April morning, almost as soon as her mother finished buttoning her dress, Louisa May Alcott slid out of the house and up the street as fast as her feet could carry her.
It was a beautiful day, and she did not care so very much just where she went so long as she was having an adventure, all by herself. Suddenly she came upon some children who said they were going to a nice, tall ash heap to play. They asked her to join them. Louisa thought they were fine playmates, for when she grew hungry they shared some cold potatoes and bread crusts with her.
When she was tired of the ash heap she said goodbye to the children, thanked them for their kindness, and hop-skipped to the Common, where she must have wandered about for hours. All of a sudden, it began to grow dark. Then she wanted to get home. It frightened her when she could not find any street that looked natural. She was hungry and tired, too. She threw herself down on some door-steps to rest and to watch the lamplighter, for you must remember this was long before there was any gas or electricity in Boston. At this moment a big dog came along. He kissed her face and hands and then sat down beside her with a sober look in his eyes. Poor tired Louisa leaned against his neck and was fast asleep in no time. The dog kept very still. He did not want to wake her.
Pretty soon the town crier went by. He was ringing a bell and reading in a loud voice, from a paper in his hand, the description of a lost child. You see, Louisa's father and mother had missed her early in the forenoon and had looked for her in every place they could think of. Each hour they grew more worried, and at dusk they decided to hire this man to search the city.
When the runaway woke up and heard what the man was shouting— "Lost— Lost— A little girl, six years old, in a pink skirt, white hat, and new, green shoes" —she called out in the darkness, "Why— that's ME!" The town crier took Louisa by the hand and led her home, where you may be sure she was welcomed with joy.
1. The reason why Louisa thought the children were very nice playmates was that .| A．they had been good friends | B．they asked her to play with them |
| C．they shared with her some food | D．they all liked taking adventures |
| A．A street performer. | B．A milkman. | C．A news reader. | D．A policeman. |
① Louisa couldn't find the way back home.
②Louisa returned home safe and sound.
③Louisa ran away and slid into the street one morning.
④Louisa came across some children in the street.
⑤The town crier searched the street for Louisa.
| A．③④①⑤② | B．③①⑤④② | C．⑤②①④③ | D．⑤②④①③ |
