1 . Nearly two years ago, Jeremiah Mock heard a student in Marin County, California, complain that her school was littered with e-cigarette waste. A health anthropologist(人类学家), Mock did some research in a student parking lot, where he found a significant amount of e-cigarette and tobacco waste. Surprised, Mock went further.
From July 2018 through April 2019, he and a colleague, Yogi Hendlin, collected tobacco, cannabis(大麻)and e-cigarette waste from 12 public high school parking lots across the San Francisco Bay Area. They discovered that e-cigarette waste made up 19 percent of the rubbish that a decade ago would hardly have existed on high school campuses anywhere. As media report focuses on the public health crisis of e-cigarette waste, and its link to a recent sudden burst of mysterious lung illnesses and deaths, researchers warn there is also an environmental threat. Little research has been done on the effect of e-cigarette waste. In fact, Mock and Hendlin’s study, published earlier this month, is the first about it. “I would say it’s alarming,” said Mock, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco, and a member of the school’s Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education.
The FDA reports that 20.8 percent of high school students use e-cigarette devices, and recent surveys indicate that the use is growing even among children in middle school. E-cigarettes, which are especially popular among teenagers, are now forbidden in eight states. Many teens and adults have become victims to a growing public health crisis involving e-cigarette waste products. Earlier this month, a 17-year-old from New York became the first teenager to die of a mysterious e-cigarette related illness that has killed 33 people and threatened nearly 1,500 across every state except Alaska, according to the CDC.
1. Why did Jeremiah Mock make a survey in a parking lot two years ago?| A．To find out the truth of violent incidents in the school. |
| B．To catch the student smokers in the school. |
| C．To learn the information related to the e-cigarette. |
| D．To collect some data of the death-rate from smoking. |
| A．By observing the smokers. | B．By using experimental tests. |
| C．By analyzing questionnaires. | D．By collecting evidence. |
| A．The increasing use in e-cigarette drew the researchers’ attention. |
| B．More people died from lung illnesses in the past two decades suddenly. |
| C．They found e-cigarette consisted of micro plastics, metals and nicotine. |
| D．The government in eight states in the United States had forbidden smoking. |
| A．A health magazine. | B．A fashion magazine. |
| C．An advertisement. | D．A Chemistry textbook. |
2 . If plastic had been invented when the Pilgrims sailed from Plymouth, England, to North America - and their Mayflower had been stocked with bottled water and plastic-wrapped snacks, their plastic waste would likely still be around four centuries later. Atlantic waves and sunlight would have worn all that plastic into tiny bits. And those bits might still be floating around the world’s oceans today, waiting to be eaten by some fish or oyster, and finally perhaps by one of us.
Because plastic wasn’t invented until the late 19th century, and its production only really took off around 1950, we have a mere 9. 2 billion tons of the stuff to deal with. Of that, more than 6. 9 billion tons have become waste. And of that waste, a surprising 6. 3 billion tons never made it to a recycling bin - the figure that shocked the scientists who published the numbers in 2017.
No one knows how much unrecycled plastic waste ends up in the ocean, the earth’s last sink. In 2015, Jenna Jambeck, a University of Georgia engineering professor, caught everyone’s attention with a rough estimate: between 5. 3 million and 14 million tons of plastic waste each year just come from coastal regions.
Meanwhile, ocean plastic is estimated to kill millions of marine( 海 洋 的 )animals every year. Nearly 700 species, including endangered ones, are known to have been affected by it. Some are harmed visibly, stuck by abandoned things made of plastic. Many more are probably harmed invisibly. Marine species of all sizes, from zooplankton to whales, now eat microplastics, the bits smaller than one-fifth of an inch across.
“This isn’t a problem where we don’t know what the solution is,” says Ted Siegler, a Vermont resource economist who has spent more than 25 years working with developing nations on garbage. “We know how to pick up garbage. Anyone can do it. We know how to deal with it. We know how to recycle.” It’s a matter of building the necessary institutions and systems, he says, ideally before the ocean turns into a thin soup of plastic.
1. Why does the author mention the Pilgrims in paragraph 1?| A．To prove plastic was difficult to invent. |
| B．To introduce what marine animals like eating. |
| C．To tell the Pilgrims contributed a lot to the marine protection. |
| D．To show plastic waste has a lasting effect on the ocean. |
| A．Lacking protection. | B．Being stuck by plastics. |
| C．Being caught by humans. | D．Treating plastics as food. |
| A．Some people don’t know the solution of plastics waste. |
| B．Plastics will turn the ocean into a soup of plastic. |
| C．It’s time to take measures to deal with plastic waste. |
| D．People should avoid using plastics to protect the ocean. |
| A．A biology textbook. | B．A travel brochure. |
| C．An environmental report. | D．A lifestyle magazine. |
3 . When it comes to losing weight, many individuals know that the correct amount of exercise paired with healthy eating is the way to go. However, this doesn’t stop individuals from employing other small strategies into their routines to help the weight come off faster. The cold water technique uses the understanding that our metabolic (新陈代谢) rate will need to be increased in order to warm up the water we have consumed.
In 2003, a German research team chose to study fourteen participants and found that when they consumed ice water, they were able to increase their caloric consumption. According to the study, this consumption was increased by about 30% for over an hour, resulting in a 100 calorie burn per day with two liters of cold water. Now two liters of cold water a day is quite a lot to consume but for 100 calories burned a day, that’s a pretty major benefit considering how much exercise it takes just to burn 100-200 calories off. Unfortunately, later on, it was found that the way the study measured caloric consumption was flawed(有缺陷的) and that there wasn’t actually a 30% rise in metabolic rate but rather a very small statistical rise in calories spent.
Your body will work to bring any cold water that you consume up to the internal temperature through your metabolic system. It’s like when you place an ice cube into a warm drink, the drink will use up the energy to melt down the ice cube. Your body will use up the energy to heat that water up to match the environment within your body.
Drinking ice cold water should not replace healthy eating or exercise, but it can be used to help you burn away some extra calories.
1. When it comes to losing weight, some individuals will .| A．think exercise is the best way to lose weight |
| B．think we should only have healthy eating |
| C．use some small strategies to help them |
| D．first think of drinking cold water |
| A．The cold water can sharply increase the caloric consumption. |
| B．It turned out that the former study was not entirely correct. |
| C．Two liters of ice water can burn 30% calories. |
| D．The cold water can replace exercise. |
| A．drinking cold water can help people lose weight in a way |
| B．healthy eating needn’t be combined with exercise |
| C．people should drink more cold water to keep healthy |
| D．the study is unbelievable |
| A．Sports news | B．A fashion magazine |
| C．A chemistry textbook | D．A science magazine |
