1 . Smart cities are coming. And you can be sure that hackers (黑客) won’t be very far behind. We’ve already gotten a glimpse of that future, as cities across the globe start to use technology to connect their services and people in ways that were science film just a few years ago. They are using sensors to collect data — such as traffic, garbage collecting, and road conditions —and then using that data to deliver services to more people and more efficiently.
But this rush to become a smart city has a major weakness: The more connected a city is, the easier it is to cyber-attacks. Hackers have, in recent years, effectively held cities hostage through ransom ware (赎金器), sometimes damaging critical systems for months at a time. The damage can cost millions to repair, as Baltimore and Atlanta have discovered.
And this is just the beginning. As cities add connectivity to their streetlights, power grids, dams, transit lines and other services, they are adding more targets that are possible to be hacked. What’s more, as additional information on people is collected, officials worry the result —lots of data could attract nation-states or terrorists who could use the data to launch physical and cyber war.
What cyber security lesson can’t be taught in this hack? For example: Don’t open email attachments from unfamiliar sources; don’t click on unrecognized links; don’t leave sensitive information visible on the walls or surfaces of your office.
But let’s just stick to the most important lesson: The information you share on social media can be used to profile and target you, whether that’s by engineering click bait (点击诱饵) aimed at your particular interests, guessing your password based on your birthday or figuring out your schedule and travels so that an intruder can access your home or office.
Wednesday, September 18, 2019 THE WALL STREET JOURNAL.
1. What did people use to think of smart cities?| A．It was the product of science. | B．It was sure to be popular. |
| C．It existed in imagination. | D．It improved people’s life. |
| A．Introduce the harm of hackers. |
| B．Show the danger of a smart city. |
| C．Add some background information. |
| D．Summarize the previous paragraphs. |
| A．It is convenient to provide service. |
| B．It is certain to bring about progress. |
| C．There are actually potential dangers. |
| D．There’s competition in high technology. |
| A．Describe. | B．Protect. | C．Impress. | D．Fund. |
2 . Children whose fathers make time to play with them from a very young age may find it easier to control their behaviour and emotions as they grow up, research suggests.
Although there are many similarities between fathers and mothers, the findings suggest that fathers participate in more physical play even with the youngest children. This seems to help children learn to control their feelings. It may also make them better at supervising their own behaviour later on.
Paul Ramchandani, professor of Play in Education, Development and Learning at the University of Cambridge, said, “It’ s important not to overstate the influence of father-child play as there are limits to what the research can tell us, but it does seem that children who get a reasonable amount of playtime with their father benefit as a group.”
Parent-child play in the first years of life is known to support basic social, cognitive and communication skills, but most research focuses on mothers and babies. The Cambridge review used data from 78 studies, undertaken between 1977 and 2017—most of them in Europe or North America. The researchers analysed the combined information for patterns about how often fathers and children play together, the nature of that play, and any possible link with children’ s development.
In almost all the studies surveyed, there was a consistent relation between father-child play and children’ s subsequent ability to control their feelings. Children who enjoyed high-quality playtime with their fathers were less likely to exhibit emotional and behavioral problems. They also appeared to be better at controlling their aggression, and less likely to attack other children during disagreements at school.
“Physical play creates fun, exciting situations in which children have to apply self-control,” Ramchandani said. “You might have to control your strength. It’ s a safe environment in which children can practise how to respond. If they react the wrong way, they might get told off, but it’ s not the end of the world—and next time they might remember to behave differently.”
1. The underlined word “supervising” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ________.| A．acknowledging | B．regulating |
| C．exhibiting | D．understanding |
| A．Father-child play is extremely influential. |
| B．The research still has space for improvement. |
| C．Fathers needn’t correct children’ s behaviour at play. |
| D．Physical play should be carried out with great caution. |
| A．It lasted for more than four decades. |
| B．It focused on early parent-child play. |
| C．It made full use of others’ research fruits. |
| D．It stressed the importance of the length of playtime. |
| A．To Develop Self-Controllable Children, Play with Them |
| B．Playing Enables Children to Improve Their Self-Control |
| C．Playing Together May Benefit Father-Child Relationship |
| D．Playtime with Dad May Improve Children’ s Self-Control |
3 . For the first time in my life I have been dumped by a friend. I should have seen it coming: the phone calls not returned, the excuses about ‘not feeling very sociable right now’... Yet the letter suggesting that the time had come for us to move on still came as a shock.
Tula and I had been firm friends for nearly ten years. We met at a singing workshop and took on each other immediately. But life changed for both of us: I got married and she responded to her single status by developing a fresh set of social networks. Then she took a long holiday, reviewed her life and decided what to keep and what to throw out. In her letter she described our friendship as a ‘borderline’ case and suggested it should be time we ‘let each other go’.
I’m all for letting go of bad habits and boxes of old school exercise books. But surely close friends are not consumer goods to be discarded or replaced at the first hint of trouble? We are encouraged to believe that friends will be around forever. ‘You’ve got a friend,’ sang Carole King and ‘I'll be there for you’ promised the theme tune of Friends. Such sentiments have sunk deep into the collective unconsciousness, or into mine, at least.
Certainly, the statistics indicate that we need friends more than ever. Government figures predict that the proportion of married men and women aged from 45 to 54 will fall by a quarter in the next two decades. A recent British survey found that two-thirds of eighteen to 35-year-olds in Britain turn to friends before family for help and advice. Yes, the argument goes, in a fast-moving, ever-changing world, friendship is our rock, the one thing we can truly rely on.
But in his book, The Philosophy of Friendship, Mark Vernon suggests otherwise. He cautions that we place unrealistic burdens on friendship, that it's unreasonable to expect friends to fulfill family members’ roles. Worse still, he says, friendships are becoming harder to maintain. ‘There are lots of obstacles in the way we live today. It’s harder to put time and effort into knowing someone. Mobiles, email and so on, all these are secondary ways of communicating. There’s not the depth.’
So, what did I do with Tula’s letter? I re-read it many times, thinking over where I’d gone wrong. And then I wrote back. ‘Yes, you’re right.’ I wrote, ‘things have changed. But aren’t we good enough friends to hang in there?’ Since then we have exchanged a couple of emails. A walk has been suggested. It would be easy not to make the effort and let this friendship go but, as Louisa May Alcott, author of Little Women, said: ‘Stay is a charming word in a friend’s vocabulary.’ 1think she's right.
1. What can we learn about Tula and the writer from the first two paragraphs?| A．They became close friends ten years after their first meeting. |
| B．Nothing had happened to indicate their friendship might end. |
| C．Tula suggested the end of their friendship with a letter. |
| D．The writer took a long holiday after her marriage. |
| A．trouble in making friends | B．dependence on close friends |
| C．reluctance to end a friendship | D．belief in permanent friendship |
| A．We expect too much of friendship. |
| B．More and more people are choosing to be single. |
| C．Friendship is what we can rely on in today's society. |
| D．Technology makes it easier for us to know others well. |
| A．To prove that efforts to maintain a friendship may not be worthwhile. |
| B．To justify what she has done with the friendship with Tula. |
| C．To emphasize the importance of Little Women in history. |
| D．To illustrate the charming things existing in friendship. |
4 . Dan studied the tracks on the ground. For the third night in a row, the adult bear had returned. Was she here because she was just looking for an easy meal? Or was she here because of the baby bear locked in the pen? If that was the reason, what did she want with the cub?
Dan thought about the cub. He knew there was a lot the cub could learn from an adult bear. He did not want to disturb or interfere with the bears getting to know each other. But the cub had been brought in injured. As the cub’s guardian, Dan had a responsibility to make sure that the cub was safe. Perhaps he had been hurt by this very bear. On the other hand, what if the adult were friendly? She could teach the cub things he had to learn if he were to live in the wilderness. Dan decided it was worth taking a chance. He would let the adult bear near the cub. But he would be ready for trouble, if this turned out to be a mistake.
That night, Dan waited in the shadows near the pen. In his hand was a big flashlight. If the adult bear tried to hurt the cub, he would try to scare her off with the light. If that did not work, he had a loud horn with him. He thought that the sudden noise from the horn would drive her away.
Dan did not have to wait very long. Soon there was a rustling in the woods. Then the adult proclaimed her presence with a low growl and emerged from behind a tree. She was quick in movement and healthy. Dan hoped she would scare easily.
As soon as the cub heard her a frightening low noise, he became active and started toward the fence in an awkward run. When the two bears met at the fence, the adult stood and put her front paws against it. The cub tried to do the same, but tottered and fell forward. The adult bear snorted. Dan was not sure what the snort meant. Then the cub stuck his nose through the fence in a friendly greeting. How would the adult respond? Dan’s heart raced. He raised the flashlight and the horn, ready to act.
The adult leaned forward and gently rubbed her nose against the cub. Dan lowered the flashlight. Everything was going to be fine.
1. The author writes this passage chiefly for the purpose of_______.| A．showing people how to behave at the zoo |
| B．informing the reader about extinct animals |
| C．persuading the reader to give money to zoos |
| D．entertaining the reader with a story about bears |
| A．help people remember the story |
| B．find out if the reader can answer them |
| C．get the reader interested in the story |
| D．see how much the reader knows about bears |
| A．Walked proudly with its head high. |
| B．Moved in a way that was not steady. |
| C．Walked with heavy steps in an angry way. |
| D．Moved lightly as if it was dancing. |
| A．He saw the adult bear was not going to hurt the cub. |
| B．He wanted to scare away the adult bear. |
| C．He was concerned about what might happen. |
| D．He wondered if the two bears would get along well. |
5 . A shop owner placed a sign above his door that said: “Puppies For Sale.” Signs like this always have a way of attracting young children, and to no surprise, a boy saw the sign and approached the owner.
“How much are you going to sell the puppies for?” he asked.
The store owner replied, “Anywhere from $30 to $50.”
The little boy pulled out some change from his pocket. “I have $2.37,” he said. “Can I please look at them?”
The shop owner smiled and whistled. A lady ran down the aisle of his shop followed by five tiny balls of fur.
One puppy was lagging considerably behind. Immediately the little boy singled out the lagging puppy and said, “What’s wrong with that little dog?”
The shop owner explained the puppy was disabled by nature and it would always be lame. The little boy became excited. “I’ll buy it.” The shop owner said, “No, you don’t want to buy that little dog. If you really want him, I’ll just give him to you.” The little boy looked straight into the store owner’s eyes, pointing his finger, and said, “I don’t want you to give him to me. That little dog is worth every bit as much as all the other dogs and I’ll pay full price. In fact, I’ll give you $2.37 now, and 50 cents a month until I have him paid for.”
The shop owner countered, “You really don’t want to buy this little dog. He is never going to be able to run and play with you like the other puppies.”
To his surprise, the little boy reached down and rolled up his pant leg to reveal a badly twisted, crippled left leg supported by a big metal brace. He looked up at the shop owner and softly replied, “Well, I don’t run so well myself, and the little puppy will need someone who understands!”
1. From the passage we can infer ______.| A．The owner persuaded the boy out of buying the lame dog. |
| B．The dog was badly treated because it was different from other dogs. |
| C．The boy decided to pay the owner at least $30 for the lame dog. |
| D．The boy decided to pay off the rest of the money in a month. |
| A．Because the boy was disabled as well. |
| B．Because the puppy recovered one day. |
| C．Because the lady sold the disabled puppy. |
| D．Because the boy refused his offer. |
| A．said | B．argued | C．yelled | D．persuaded |
| A．love | B．kindness | C．generosity | D．understanding |
6 . There's plenty of video evidence on social media about some urban wildlife during pandemic lockdown（疫情封锁）.And while it's been for tragic, costly reasons, we have to stop the human activity all over the world for a while.
On an increasingly crowded planet, wildlife scientists think that this will have some important effects.The only way to measure that, though, is with lots of bio-loggers.
Professor Christian Rutz, University of St Andrews said that a bio-logger is a small electronic device that can record, store and in some cases automatically send information, so that information could be positional information, from which we can find out through satellite（卫星） tracking where an animal goes and what it's up to.
Through using the labor-saving equipment, researchers can get much information.For example, the information about more than 1500 birds' movements and migrations （迁徙）was recorded by those bio-loggers over a decade effortlessly.
However, studying human absence is more tricky."One famous study in the Chernobyl exclusion zone that I visited with scientists last year, has shown how nature took over a landscape that was abandoned after the nuclear disaster." Professor Christian Rutz said.
Now, in dozens of ongoing studies, wildlife researchers have their bio-loggers on animals from African elephants to migrating birds, and some of that data has been automatically uploaded throughout lockdown.Scientists do the research by focusing on the behaviour of animals without the presence of human.
Professor Christian Rutz told BBC： "And so this is really a golden opportunity to research this relationship between humans and wildlife and we hope that this project will inspire us to make plans for the future and there are some very useful suggestions that could come out of this.”
This lockdown has been at huge human and economic cost, which is why scientists say it's important to maximize what we can learn from lockdown, about how to share the space we have with many other animals.
1. Which is not the function of bio-loggers?| A．storing information of animals |
| B．recording information of animals |
| C．tracking the position of animals |
| D．sharing information of animals on the public media |
| A．unique. | B．difficult. | C．shallow. | D．common. |
| A．To research how bio-logger is used on animals. |
| B．To prove that animals can not live without humans. |
| C．To research how the absence of human affects animals. |
| D．To prove that bio-logger is effective to send the information. |
| A．Protecting wildlife is a wise choice. |
| B．Wildlife might benefit from lockdown. |
| C．Bio-loggers are widely used during the lockdown. |
| D．It doesn't matter whether we stop human activity or not. |
7 . In 2018, Pakistan promised to plant ten billion trees in an effort to slow climate change and to save a land that has been destroyed.
That program, whose name is 10 Billion Trees Tsunami, has been taking effect slowly for the past two years, but it recently has received unexpected help from the coronavirus(新冠病毒). Many Pakistanis are suddenly unemployed, so the government has given them jobs as tree-planters. Unemployed day laborers have been turned into "jungle workers", planting trees for 500 rupees a day($3). It's not much, but it can help the unemployed get by.
As the coronavirus struck Pakistan, the 10 Billion Trees campaign was halted as part of social distancing orders put in place to slow the spread of the virus. But earlier this month, the government allowed the forestry agency to restart the program and create more than 63, 600 jobs.
The program is employing three times the number of planters as it normally does, and the planting season has been extended from May(its usual end)throughout June, in order to keep workers employed. All workers are being told to wear masks and keep two meters of distance from others.
Shahid Rashid Awan, project director for Punjab province, said the project hopes to reach 50 million trees this year. “We can absorb all the unemployed laborers and workers who have fled the cities and returned to their villages in the past few weeks.”
A study declared tree planting to be an effective way to store carbon, and if planted in large quantities around the globe, a powerful solution to climate change. While it won’t fix every climate-related problem we have, it can go a long way if done widely, which is exactly what Pakistan is trying to do with such impressive determination.
And the workers will benefit greatly, too. Not only are they able to earn money and support their families at a difficult time, but they’re outside in the fresh air, away from the potential health risks from more tightly-packed urban environments. It’s a brilliant idea that all country leaders should consider copying.
1. How does the coronavirus influence Pakistan?| A．A lot of animals are starving. | B．Many people are out of work. |
| C．Much land is left unmanaged. | D．The government has lost power. |
| A．Agreed. | B．Discussed. | C．Stopped. | D．Doubted. |
| A．It has helped with employment. |
| B．It has persuaded people to plant trees in big cities. |
| C．Many laborers produce much less carbon dioxide. |
| D．It can contribute to fighting against climate change. |
| A．It serves as a good example. | B．It is not fit for other countries. |
| C．It is a waste of time and money. | D．It brings many economic benefits. |
8 . The Chinese word "Shanzhai" means a small mountain village, but it becomes an accepted name for fakes (假货), after "Shanzhai Cell-phones" produced by small workshops in southern China became popular in the mainland market over the past two years. Now besides "Shanzhai" electronic products, there are "Shanzhai" movies, "Shanzhai" stars and even a "Shanzhai" Sprin Festival Gala, a copy of the 25-year-old traditional show presented by CCTV on Chinese Lunar New Year's Eve.
"Shanzhai" has become a culture of its own, meaning anything that imitates something famous. In Chongqing, "Shanzhai" version "Bird's Nest（鸟巢）" and "Water Cube（水立方）" woven by farmers with bamboo attract(吸引) wide attention from tourists. Both are copies of the famous Olympic buildings in Beijing.
A literature critic said that taking the "Shanzhai" Gala as an example, when the traditional CCTV program becomes less and less attractive to the audience, the "Shanzhai" version appears timely to attract people. "Although it is often connected with poor techniques and operation, 'Shanzhai' culture meets the psychological needs of common people and could be a comfort to their minds," he said.
To the mainstream（主流） culture, the rise of "Shanzhai" culture is a challenge and a motivation（推动）. People believe different kinds of cultures developing together is a perfect way and it is for the public to choose.
1. The Chinese word "Shanzhai" may have started with_______.| A．electronic products | B．fake(假的) cell-phones |
| C．Spring Festival Gala | D．Olympic buildings |
| A．anything that are copies of something famous |
| B．products with poor techniques and quality |
| C．the action that a person imitates famous people |
| D．those similar names to famous brands |
| A．is stopped by "Shanzhai" culture |
| B．is the challenge of"Shanzhai" culture |
| C．may develop faster because of the challenge of "Shanzhai" culture |
| D．will be replaced by "Shanzhai" culture |
| A．偷窃 | B．做广告 |
| C．仿造 | D．欺骗 |
9 . Nowadays, many of the world’s largest brewers (a company that produces beer) are using new technologies to replace the disposable, plastic six-pack beer rings with more sustainable and recyclable materials.
Though mostly being used in small test trials, full adoption could have a positive environmental impact, according to some experts. Carlsberg, the Danish brewer, for example, is using glue to adhere cans in a production method that would avoid using 1,200 tons of plastic yearly, or the equal of 60 million plastic bags, once fully adopted.
For most consumers, the miserable image of a seagull, turtle, or some other aquatic creature trapped or killed by the plastic rings really arouses their strong sympathy as well as their reflection on the plastic pollution issue. That is a part of the reason why brewers have zeroed in on plastic six-pack-ring packaging. Luckily, children are taught to cut up the rings to lessen the chance that an animal might choke itself to death.
Developed by E6PR (Edible Six Pack Ring) programme, which is led by another brewery called Saltwater, the rings made of waste wheat in beer production are now used by 35 brewers across the globe, including in Africa, Europe, and Australia. The final goal is to ensure that they can be eaten harmlessly by aquatic creatures or break down in nature within a matter of weeks rather than the years it will take for plastic.
Giving up plastic straws and beer rings may help consumers feel better about their carbon footprint, but some experts say we should also focus on other efforts. Recycling rates in the U.S. stand at just over 34%. Glass, in which many brewers bottle their beer, can be difficult to recycle and transport. If brewers chose thinner glass, the improvement could prove even more beneficial to the environment than giving up plastic rings.
However, there can be a risk that consumers may be more likely to litter, if they think the E6PR rings are less harmful. “The idea of creating something that’s litter-friendly is an issue in my mind,” says Nina Goodrich, executive director of an environmental nonprofit organization, GreenBlue. “What we need in North America is a better system to encourage collection and sorting.”
1. What does the underlined word “adhere” in Paragraph 2 mean?| A．attach. | B．grasp. | C．select. | D．stick. |
| A．Carlsberg has completely relied on the use of glue to stick cans as a production method. |
| B．It is the death of sea animals that draws people’s attention to the plastic pollution problem. |
| C．Children are taught to cut up the plastic rings to prevent the rings harming animals. |
| D．Brewers have changed their packing materials due to the pressure from consumers. |
| A．Doubtful. | B．Neutral. | C．Supportive. | D．Indifferent. |
| A．She wishes to establish a collection and sorting system in America. |
| B．She doesn’t think the E6PR rings are harmful for aquatic animals. |
| C．Her team has already produced some litter-friendly materials. |
| D．She is in charge of a charity that works on protecting ocean environment. |
10 . It is among nature’s greatest spectacles. Each year, thousands of sea turtle mothers clamber ashore, dig into the sand to lay their eggs, and then return to the sea. After being incubated（孵）for around two months, the eggs hatch and the tiny turtles strive to reach the water.
Approximately 90 percent of the sea turtle nesting in the United States happens on Florida's beaches , according to the Sea Turtle Conservancy, a Gainesville-based research and conservation organization. During the nesting season, which runs from March through October, the sands are normally crowded with humans. However, this year the coronavirus pandemic severely reduced travel and required some states to close their beaches for weeks. While this sounded disappointing to the visitors, it may have been a boon to the sea turtles.
For turtle mothers, there can be " false crawls" , in which a female encounters a distraction between the water and a potential nesting site. The crowded beaches would interrupt the sea turtles' plan, sending them back to the ocean without laying eggs.
“ In terms of a successful rate of nesting, we actually did find a significant difference during the beach closures and then after," says Justin Perrault, director of the organization, “We have observed approximately 17,000 nests along Juno, Jupiter-Carlin, and Tequesta beaches this year. During the closures, loggerheads, one of the commonly seen turtles on Florida's beach, successfully nested 61 percent. When the beaches reopened, that number dropped to 46 percent. ”
Jimena Gutierrrez, a Sea Turtle Conservancy biologist also expresses her opinion, “ Normally the turtles are conserved because we have a lot of people coming to see them. With fewer tourism dollars supporting local workers, we are worried about the conservationists as well as the turtles. But maybe in the long run, we will see good numbers because there is less boat traffic in the ocean.
1. What does the underlined word “boon” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?| A．Cure. | B．Option. |
| C．Blessing. | D．Challenge. |
| A．Closures should be expanded for turtles, nesting. |
| B．This year has witnessed the highest nest rate in history. |
| C．The nest rate has remained steady over the whole nesting season. |
| D．Less human disturbance has led to more successful nesting. |
| A．Anxious. | B．Ambiguous. | C．Indifferent. | D．Objective. |
| A．www. sealifeconservation. com. | B．www. worldissues. com. |
| C．www. scienceforstudents. com. | D．www. newsflash. com. |
