1 . How You Can Save Money on Rail Fares
Save 33% with a railcard
Everyone knows about the young person’s railcard —or, to give it its proper name, the 16-25 railcard—but are you aware of the 26-30 railcard’s existence, or that senior railcard is available to all those aged 60 and over?
There are now nine to choose from, and about the only group that doesn’t have one aimed specifically at them, are single people aged 31 to 59.
And even they have the option to buy a Network card for use across the southern half of England, including in and out of London.
The most popular railcards cost £30 a year (or, in many cases, £70 for three years) and typically give a 33% discount on the ticket price.
Users of some of the cards (including 16-25 and 26-30) can use them at peak times—albeit (尽管) with a £ 12 minimum fare. Others, such as senior users, have to travel off-peak, which generally means after 9:30 a.m. or, annoyingly, 10 a.m. in the case of the Network card.
In some cases you will save the card’s purchase price in one or two trips. They are now available digitally (to be kept on a mobile) or in paper form. So don’t forget to keep your phone charged.
Try to commute off-peak
In response to more people working part of their week at home, the rail industry has started offering flexible season tickets that typically allow users to travel on any eight days in a 28-day period.
The problem is that in many cases the discounts are not sufficient to make them worthwhile.
When Money Saving Expert crunched the numbers, it found part-time season tickets offered the best value to those travelling two days a week, but, even then, not in all cases.
If you go into the office for a few days, you are likely to be better off buying daily tickets, or the full season ticket, it concluded.
One of the biggest ways to save while commuting is to shift your travel to off-peak—assuming your boss will allow it. This makes particular sense if you can add a railcard, too.
For others, Carnet tickets offer a 10% discount on certain routes, but again only off-peak.
1. We can learn from the passage that the railcard is available to all the following EXCEPT ___.| A．a 55-year-old professor | B．a 28-year-old office lady |
| C．a retired postman aged 65 | D．a university student aged 20 |
| A．A senior railcard holder can save 33% if he travels at 8 a.m. on Monday. |
| B．Carnet tickets offer a 10% discount on most routes in and out of London. |
| C．Those commuting three days a week are advised to buy part time season tickets. |
| D．Network cards are proper choices for single visitors across the southern half of England. |
| A．drew the outlines | B．updated the statistics |
| C．followed the directions | D．did a lot of calculations |
2 . About 50 years ago, the famous British band The Beatles sang that “money can’t buy me love”. Today, British economists are saying that it perhaps can’t buy you happiness either. This is showed by the happy planet index (HPI, 快乐指数) published recently by the New Economics Foundation (NEF) in London.
The index is about how well countries are using their resources. It shows how well they provide people with better health and longer and happier lives, and at what cost to their environment.
It would seem to be common sense that people in richer countries live happier lives, while those in developing countries are having a harder time of it. But the results are surprising, even shocking. The numbers show that some of the so-called developed countries are performing very badly. The United States, for example, comes in at an unbelievable 150th. On the other hand, some little-known developing countries are doing a much better job. A tiny island in the Pacific, Vanuatu, comes in first. There are 178 countries and areas in the index. China ranks 31.
Countries are graded on the basis of information supplied in response to the following questions. How do people feel about their lives? How long does the average person live? How greatly does a country need to use its natural resources—such as oil, land and water—to maintain standards? This is what the index calls the “ecological footprint”.
The NEF found that the people of island nations enjoy the highest HPI rankings. Their populations live happier and longer lives, and use fewer resources.
The results also seem to show that it is possible to live longer, happier lives with a much smaller environmental impact. The index points out that people in the US and Germany enjoy similar lives.
“However, Germany’s ecological footprint is only about half that of the US. This means that Germany is around twice as efficient as the US at producing happy lives,” says Nic Marks, head of NEF’s Center for well-being.
So the happy planet index (HPl) tells us a brand-new concept of understanding “being happy”. HPI figures out different countries or individuals’ HPI through their “Ecological Footprint” and “Life Satisfaction Level” or “Life Expectancy”. Clearly, people’s HPI is related to their consumption of the resources on the earth.
You can find out your own HPI by visiting http://www.happyplanetindex.org
1. The passage is mainly about ______________.| A．why money can’t buy you happiness |
| B．in which country people feel the happiest |
| C．the happy planet index published recently |
| D．what index can influence people's happiness |
| A．wealth, education, resources and health |
| B．lives, health, resources and the environment |
| C．pressure, accommodation, resources and health |
| D．education, money, the environment and resources |
| A．have far fewer happy people | B．are only developing countries |
| C．do not enjoy plenty of resources | D．have a greater impact on the environment |
| A．history and culture play an important role in people’s lives |
| B．not all the people in developed countries enjoy happy lives |
| C．it is possible to live happier and longer lives with fewer resources |
| D．some of the so-called developed countries are performing very badly |
3 . Journal editors decide what gets published and what doesn’t, affecting the careers of other academics and influencing the direction that a field takes. You’d hope, then, that journals would do everything they can to establish a diverse editorial board, reflecting a variety of voices, experiences, and identities.
Unfortunately a new study in Nature Neuroscience makes for disheartening reading. The team finds that the majority of editors in top psychology and neuroscience journals are male and based in the United States: a situation that may be amplifying existing gender inequalities in the field and influencing the kind of research that gets published.
Men were found to account for 60% of the editors of psychology journals. There were significantly more male than female editors at each level of seniority, and men made up the majority of editors in over three quarters of the journals. Crucially, the proportion of female editors was significantly lower than the overall proportion of women psychology researchers.
The differences were even starker in the neuroscience journals: 70% of editors were male, and men held the majority of editorial positions in 88% of journals. In this case, the proportion of female editors was not significantly lower than the proportion of female researchers working in neuroscience—a finding that reveals enduring gender disparities in the field more broadly.
Based on their results, the team concludes that “the ideas, values and decision-making biases of men are overrepresented in the editorial positions of the most recognized academic journals in psychology and neuroscience.”
Gender inequality in science is often attributed to the fact that senior academics are more likely to be male, because historically science was male-dominated: it’s argued that as time goes on and more women rise to senior roles, the field will become more equal. Yet this study showed that even the junior roles in psychology journals tended to be held disproportionately by men, despite the fact that there are actually more female than male junior psychology faculty.
This implies that a lack of female academics is not the problem. Instead, there are structural reasons that women are disadvantaged in science. Women receive lower salaries and face greater childcare demands, for instance, which can result in fewer publications and grants—the kinds of things that journals look for when deciding who to appoint. Rather than simply blaming the inequality of editorial boards on tradition, we should be actively breaking down these existing barriers.
A lack of diversity among journal editors also likely contributes to psychology’s WEIRD problem. If journal editors are largely men from the United States, then they will probably place higher value on papers that are relevant to Western, male populations, whether consciously or not.
1. What would we expect an editorial board of an academic journal to exhibit in view of its important responsibilities?| A．Insight | B．Diversity |
| C．Expertise | D．Integrity |
| A．The majority of top psychology and neuroscience journals reflect a variety of voices, experiences and identities. |
| B．The editorial boards of most psychology and neuroscience journals do influence the direction their field takes. |
| C．The majority of editors in top psychology and neuroscience journals have relevant backgrounds. |
| D．The editorial boards of the most important journals in psychology and neuroscience are male-dominated. |
| A．Male researchers have enough representation in the editorial boards to ensure their publications. |
| B．Male editors of top psychology and neuroscience journals tend to be biased against their female colleagues. |
| C．Women’s views are underrepresented in the editorial boards of top psychology and neuroscience journals. |
| D．Female editors have to struggle to get women’s research articles published in academic journals. |
| A．Strike a balance between male and female editors | B．Implement overall structural reforms |
| C．Increase women’s employment in senior positions | D．Enlarge the body of female academics |
4 . Genetic testing companies have a long history of creative attempts to reach the mainstream. An early example was the sequencing of rock star Ozzy Osbourne’s genes in 2010, with accompanying guess about how they might have influenced his drug habits.
Lately, such projects have taken on a new, highly commercialized tendency. In 2017, we got the “Marmite (马麦酱) gene project,” run by London-based genetic testing start-up DNAfit. It claims to show that love or hate for Marmite was in our genes. The project turned into a full-blown marketing campaign, and even sold Marmite-branded DNA testing tools.
DNAfit is now working with Mercedes-Benz to find out whether specific genetic traits are associated with business wisdom. AncestryDNA, the world’s largest consumer genetic testing company, last year teamed up with Spotify to promote “music tailored to your DNA.” Just a few weeks ago, 23andMe, the second largest, announced a partnership with Airbnb to provide genetically tailored travel experiences, also inspired by ancestral DNA.
I have skin in this game. I run a genetic-testing start-up that connects people who want their genome sequenced with researchers who want data to improve their understanding of genetic disease. I believe that broadening access to DNA testing can be a powerful force for good, providing safer, more effective medicines and giving people more power over their healthcare. But these campaigns risk discrediting the industry, by giving a misleading impression of what genetics can and can't say and its role in determining behaviours and personal preferences.
Take the Marmite study. It covered 261 people — tiny, by the standards of the field. It was published not in a journal, but online on bioRxiv, a server where scientists typically put results before peer-review. Shortly after, researchers looked at the genetic data of more than 500 times as many people in the UK Biobank and found no such correlation. A large peer-reviewed study in 2013 found no significant link between genes and business common sense.
We need to inform the public about what this is all about: that is, the gathering of large amounts of genetic data. We need better regulation to ensure that consumers are clear that this may happen with this sensitive personal information. A checkbox on a 20-page web document full of legal terms should not be enough.
Scientists too, need to start asking hard questions about whether the information they are using has been sourced ethically. DNA testing has a great future, but we can't build this future with data acquired by any means.
1. The author mentions DNAfit, AncestryDNA and 23andMe in order to __________.| A．highlight the problems facing genetic testing |
| B．illustrate the commercial applications of DNA |
| C．compare what progress the companies have made |
| D．reveal the link between DNA and a person's character |
| A．is challenging the available treatment for skin disease |
| B．has a personal investment in the genetic-testing business |
| C．hopes to remove people's misunderstanding of the game rules |
| D．believes that every individual should have access to DNA testing |
| A．The disadvantages of genetic testing. | B．The scientific value of genetic testing. |
| C．The legal system genetic testing needs. | D．The essentials for proper genetic testing. |
| A．DNA Is Anything but a Marketing Tool | B．Genetic Testing Campaigns Aren't Legal |
| C．Creative Marketing Is Key to Genetic Testing | D．DNA Testing Has Become a Booming Industry |
5 . There was a time not long ago when new science Ph.D.s in the United States were expected to pursue a career path in academia (学术界). But today, most graduates end up working outside academia, not only in industry but also in careers such as science policy, communications, and patent law. Partly this is a result of how bleak the academic job market is, but there’s also a rising awareness of career options that Ph.D. scientists haven’t trained for directly—but for which they have useful knowledge, skills, and experience. Still, there’s a huge disconnect between the way we currently train scientists and the actual employment opportunities available for them, and an urgent need for dramatic improvements in training programs to help close the gap. One critical step that could help to drive change would be to require Ph.D. students and postdoctoral scientists to follow an individual development plan (IDP).
In 2002, the U.S. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology recommended that every postdoctoral researcher put together an IDP in consultation with an adviser. Since then, several academic institutions have begun to require IDPs for postdocs. And in June, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biomedical Research Workforce Working Group recommended that the NIH require IDPs for the approximately 32,000 postdoctoral researchers they support. Other funding agencies, public and private, are moving in a similar direction.
IDPs have long been used by government agencies and the private sector to achieve specific goals for the employee and the organization. The aim is to ensure that employees have an explicit tool to help them understand their own abilities and aspirations, determine career possibilities, and set (usually short-term) goals. In science, graduate students and new Ph.D. scientists can use an IDP to identify and navigate an effective career path.
A free Web application for this purpose, called myIDP, has become available this week. It’s designed to guide early-career scientists through a confidential, rigorous process of introspection（内省）to create a customized career plan. Guided by expert knowledge from a panel of science-focused career advisers, each trainee’s self-assessment is used to rank a set of career trajectories（轨迹）. After the user has identified a long-term career goal, myIDP walks her or him through the process of setting short-term goals directed toward accumulating new skills and experiences important for that career choice.
Although surveys reveal the IDP process to be useful, trainees report a need for additional resources to help them identify a long-term career path and complete an IDP. Thus, myIDP will be most effective when it’s embedded in larger career-development efforts. For example, universities could incorporate IDPs into their graduate curricula to help students discuss, plan, prepare for, and achieve their long-term career goals.
1. What do we learn about new science in the United States Ph.D.s today?| A．They lack the skills and expertise needed for their jobs. |
| B．They can choose from a wider range of well-paying jobs. |
| C．They often have to seek jobs outside the academic circle. |
| D．They are regarded as the nation’s driving force of change. |
| A．It includes a great variety of practical courses. |
| B．It is closely linked to future career requirements. |
| C．It should be re-oriented to careers outside academia. |
| D．It should be improved to better suit the job market. |
| A．bring into full play the expertise of their postdoctoral researchers |
| B．help employees capitalize on their abilities to achieve career goals |
| C．place employees in the most appropriate positions |
| D．recruit the most suitable candidates to work for them |
| A．It is an effective tool for self-assessment for better career plans. |
| B．It enables people to look into various possibilities. |
| C．It is an integral part of the graduate curricula. |
| D．It can promise a long-term career path. |
6 . Teacher burnout(倦怠)and student stress may be linked, according to a University of British Columbia study. The study is the first of its kind to examine the connection between teacher burnout and students’ cortisol levels(皮质醇水平), which are a biological indicator of stress.
Researchers collected saliva samples from over 400 elementary school children and tested their cortisol levels. They found that in classrooms in which teachers experienced more burnout, or feelings of emotional exhaustion, students’ cortisol levels were elevated. Higher cortisol levels in elementary school children have been linked to learning difficulties as well as mental health problems.
“This suggests that stress spreading might be taking place in the classroom among students and their teachers,” said Eva Oberle, the study’s lead author. Indeed, the relationship between student stress and teacher burnout is a chicken and egg question. It is unknown what came first - elevated cortisol or teacher burnout. We consider the connection between student and teacher stress a cyclical problem in the classroom.
Oberle said a stressful classroom climate could be a result of inadequate support for teachers, which may impact teachers’ ability to effectively manage their students. A poorly managed classroom can contribute to students’ needs not being met and increasing stress. This could be reflected in elevated cortisol levels in students.
Alternatively, stress could originate from students, who may be more challenging to teach because of increases in anxiety, behavioral problems, or special needs. In this situation, teachers could feel overwhelmed and report higher levels of burnout.
“Our study is a reminder of the systemic issues facing teachers and educators as classroom sizes increase and supports for teachers are cut,” said Oberle.
“It is clear from a number of recent research studies that teaching is one of the most stressful professions, and that teachers need adequate resources and support in their jobs in order to battle burnout and relieve stress in the classroom,” said UBC education professor Kimberly Schonert-Reichl, the study’s co-author and director of HELP. “If we do not support teachers, we risk the collateral damage(附带损伤)of students.”
1. Paragraph 4 and paragraph 5 are intended to make it clear that _________.| A．teacher burnout is the cause of the elevated cortisol levels in students |
| B．the connection between students and teacher stress is a cyclical problem |
| C．students with higher stress level are more likely to have learning difficulties |
| D．students’ behavioral problems contribute to teacher’s higher level of burnout |
| A．teachers are not well trained to deal with students’ problems |
| B．teachers’ income increases but teaching resources are cut |
| C．there are more students in each class and less support for teachers |
| D．there is a widening gap between students’ need and teachers’ ability |
| A．How to Relieve Stress in the Class |
| B．Teacher burnout, avoidable or not? |
| C．The Most Stressful Profession in the World |
| D．Students Stress and Teacher Burnout: A chicken and egg question. |
7 . College rankings are misleading. So why do we still use them?
Many high school seniors have been opening emails over the past weeks that tell them whether they got into the colleges of their choice.
A math professor at Columbia University is challenging the data that the Ivy League school reported to U. S. News & World Report , which earned it the No. 2 ranking this year. A couple of weeks ago, in what must be the granddaddy of fake-data scandals, the fired dean of Temple University’s business school received a 14-month sentence after he was convicted in federal court of sending fake information to U. S. News & World Report to boost the school’s prestige. Claremont McKenna College, The George Washington University and many other schools have also tweaked data to boost rankings.
The second biggest factor is six-year graduation rates. But since low-income students are far less likely to graduate within that time period - or ever - than middle-class students, this is more an indication of student affluence than academic excellence.
U. S. News had made some positive changes in recent years. It dropped student acceptance rate as one of the criteria, which had led colleges to heavily market to students even if they had almost no chance of acceptance.
What most high school students and parents really need to know is whether a college offers a rich choice of courses with good instructors; whether graduates will leave with a load of debt; whether students will feel comfortable and engaged on campus; and whether they’ll be prepared for a fulfilling career.
| A．But the ultimate issue with the rankings doesn’t lie with the cheaters. |
| B．In fact, it can have the unacceptable effect of discouraging college from accepting more low-income students, lest it worsen their graduation rates. |
| C．For example, a much less expensive school might offer an equal or better education than a more highly ranked but costlier one. |
| D．But many other factors used in ranking the schools still have little meaning to a student’s experience. |
| E．The most selective schools - Princeton, MIT and so forth - don’t need rankings to boost their reputation or applicant pool. |
| F．Even as they do so, the criticisms of published college rankings that may have guided their preferences are increasing. |
8 . Weekend deals: Items to make tax prep easier
Tax season is in full gear, and the April 15th deadline will be here before you know it. Few people like the process of filing taxes, but it’s an annual task that must be done. Now is the perfect time to stop procrastinating, get organized, and purchase the tools you need so you can complete your taxes. We’ve put together a list of tax-prep helpers that are available at great prices to help you get started, get your taxes filed, and stop thinking about them for another year. |
Doing your own taxes is a great way to save money. H&R’s Deluxe tax software makes it easy for most consumers to file their taxes — it guides you through a step-by-step process with clarifying tips throughout. Although state taxes require a separate package and it’s not ideal for filers with complicated forms, the Deluxe package is an affordable and basic tax software. It’s currently marked down from $29.99 to $22.49.
2.H&R Premium
For filers with taxes that are a bit more challenging, H&R offers the Premium package that supports schedules A and C. It’s suitable for those who work as independent contractors or do freelance gigs, and can also handle the tax needs of investors and homeowners. It’s on sale for $34.99; regularly priced at $49.99.
3.Intuit TurboTax Basic
Are your taxes basic and your budget tight? TurboTax Basic is only $29.99 (last year $32.99) for the Mac and PC downloadable or disc versions. The basic version is easy to use and comes with free customer support despite the low price. That’s why it’s also a good choice for first-time filers.
4.HP 12CP Financial Calculator
Doing your taxes requires working with numbers, and working with numbers is easier with a reliable calculator. The HP 12CP Financial Calculator features a user-friendly design that makes it easy to take with you or set on your desk to compute numbers. It’s made with business purposes in mind and offers 120 functions for all of your mathematical needs. You can have yours in time to get your taxes calculated for only $49.73, a price that reflects 38% savings off retail.
5.WD 1TB Black My Passport Portable External Hard Drive
Don’t risk losing the important financial information you need for your taxes. The WD 1TB My Passport External Hard Drive is on sale for only $48.99, and has the capabilities that do-it-yourself tax filers need. In addition to providing password protection and ample storage space for your work, it has a streamlined design that makes it easy to transport if you need to visit your accountant.
6.Sauder Edge Water Lateral File Cabinet
From employer financial statements to receipts to the previous year’s taxes, you are going to need a place to store and organize your documents to make tax-time a bit more efficient. The Sauder Edge Water Lateral File Cabinet has an attractive design with an estate black finish that looks great in any room. There’s ample room to keep everything you need for this year’s taxes and beyond, all for the price of $203.66 — that’s a savings of $125.29 of the list price.
7.Apple MacBook Pro
In order to prepare and file your own taxes, you are going to need a reliable laptop computer. The latest version of this popular device offers loads of storage space and the speedy Intel Core i7 processor so you have can store your necessary documents, download tax software, and get the task done promptly and efficiently. We think you’ll also love the Retina display and the 15-inch screen. Get yours today at a $300 savings for the sale price of $2,499.
Written by Jennifer Manfrin from BestReviews — a product review company with a singular mission: to help simplify your purchasing decisions and save you time and money.
Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.
1. In which section on the website can we most probably find this article?| A．Tax Filing Service | B．Terms of Service |
| C．Products Recommendation | D．Software Support |
| A．BestReviews is a company which sells tools people need to complete their tax filing. |
| B．If a person wants a software having the biggest discount, he may choose H&R Deluxe. |
| C．Intuit TurboTax Basic is a good choice for a first-time filer. |
| D．Apple MacBook Pro cannot be used to store the tax-filers’ information. |
| A．To give readers a clear picture of the process of tax payment. |
| B．To introduce products and software that help simplify tax filing. |
| C．To offer some advice to people on how to get taxes filed efficiently. |
| D．To promote the business of Tribute Content Agency, LLC. |
9 . Manufacturers of products that claim to be environmentally friendly will face tighter rules on how they are advertised to consumers under changes proposed by the Federal Trade Commission.
The commission’s revised “Green Guides” warn marketers against using labels that make broad claims, like “eco-friendly”. Marketers must qualify their claims on the product packaging and limit them to a specific benefit, such as how much of the product is recycled.
“This is really about trying to cut through the confusion that consumers have when they are buying a product and that businesses have when they are selling a product,” said Jon Leibowitz, chairman of the commission.
The revisions come at a time when green marketing is on the rise. According to a new study, the number of advertisements with green messages in mainstream magazines has risen since 1987, and peaked in 2008 at 10.4%. In 2009, the number dropped to 9%.
But while the number of advertisements may have dipped, there has been a rapid spread of eco-labeling. There are both good and bad players in the eco-labeling game.
In the last five years or so, there has been an explosion of green claims and environmental claims. It is clear that consumers don’t always know what they are getting.
A handful of lawsuits have been filed in recent years against companies accused of using misleading environmental labels. In 2008 and 2009, class-action lawsuits（集体诉讼）were filed against SC Johnson for using “Greenlist” labels on its cleaning products. The lawsuits said that the label was misleading because it gave the impression that the products had been certified by a third party when the certification was the company’s own.
“We will prevail in these cases,” Christopher Beard, director of public affairs for SC Johnson, said, while acknowledging that “this has been an area that is difficult to navigate.”
Companies have also taken it upon themselves to contest each other’s green claims.
David Mallen, associate director of the Council of Better Business Bureau, said in the last two years the organization had seen an increase in the number of claims companies were bringing against each other for false or misleading environmental product claims.
“About once a week. I have a client that will bring up a new certification I’ve never even heard of and I’m in this industry,” said Kevin Wilhelm, chief executive officer of Sustainable Business Consulting. “It’s kind of a Wild West. Anybody can claim themselves to be green.” Mr. Wilhelm said the excess of labels made it difficult for businesses and consumers to know which labels they should pay attention to.
1. What do the revised “Green Guides” require businesses to do?| A．Manufacture as many green products as possible. |
| B．Indicate whether their products are recyclable. |
| C．Specify in what way their products are green. |
| D．Attach green labels to all of their products. |
| A．They can easily see through the businesses’ tricks. |
| B．They have to spend lots of time choosing products. |
| C．They have doubt about current green certification. |
| D．They are not clear which products are truly green. |
| A．win | B．fail | C．struggle | D．benefit |
| A．Businesses compete to produce green products. |
| B．Each business acts its own way in green labeling. |
| C．Consumers grow wild with products labeled green. |
| D．Anything produced in the West can be labeled green. |
10 . In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic(官僚主义的)management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-equipped factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-collar and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.
The worker and employee are anxious, seemingly because they might find themselves out of a job or they would say that they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. In fact, they feel desperate as they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.
Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.
Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities - those of all love and of reason - are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.
1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery”, the author expresses the idea that man is _________.| A．an essential part of society though individual’s function is negligible |
| B．expected to work in reasonable harmony with the rest of society |
| C．a replaceable component of society, though functioning smoothly |
| D．responsible for the smooth running of society and business operations |
| A．they are filled with well-founded fear of being unemployed |
| B．they don’t have any genuine satisfaction or being unemployed |
| C．they have to face the fundamental realities of human existence |
| D．they are deprived of their independence |
| A．hold well-paid and life-long jobs | B．enjoy high social status and reputation |
| C．outperform their fellow-competitors | D．stay away from over-competitiveness |
| A．resort to the production mode of our ancestors |
| B．offer higher wages to workers and employees |
| C．enable man to fully develop his potentialities |
| D．escape consumerism and embrace humanism |
