1 . How many people really suffer as a result of labour market problems? This is one of the most critical yet debatable social policy Questions.
In many ways, our social statistics overstate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same horrible consequences today as it did in the 1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of survival, and when there were fewer effective social programmes for those failing in the labour market. Increasing wealth, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing dominance of secondary earners among the unemployed and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably relieved the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overestimate the scale of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the majority are from multiple-earner, relatively well-off families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labour force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labour market problems.
Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labour-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or long-time unemployment frequently interact to weaken the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times that unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For everyperson counted in the monthly unemployment records, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labour force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and non-cash transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labour market are adequately protected.
As a result of such conflicting evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labour market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be counteracted(抵消)by job creation and economic stimulation. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one of their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labour market problems.
1. In paragraph 2, the author contrasts the 1930s with the present in order to show that ________ .A.more people were unemployed in the 1930s |
B.income level has increased since the 1930s |
C.social programmes are more in need now |
D.unemployment is more intolerable today |
A.Many unemployed people are from families where other members are working. |
B.Repetition of short-term unemployment mainly contributes to people’s loss of working capacity. |
C.The majority of low-wage workers receive earnings from more than one job. |
D.Labour market hardship is understated because fewer individuals are jobless than counted. |
A.workers who have just retired | B.children in single-earner families |
C.those doing a low-paid, part-time job | D.full-time workers who become unemployed |
A.What causes labour market problems that result in suffering. |
B.Why income statistics are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty. |
C.When poverty, employment, and earnings figures agree with each other. |
D.How statistics give an unclear picture of the labour-market-related suffering. |
2 . In the world of digital health, Silicon Valley-based Mindstrong stands out. It has a remarkable team and tens of millions of funding. It also has a fascinating idea-its app, based on mental functioning research, can help detect troubling mental health patterns by collecting data on person’s smartphone usage-how quickly they type, for instance.
The company’s app collects information about how people are typing and runs it through a machine learning algorithm (计算程序) to determine which data can predict their emotional state. The idea is to use that data to establish a “normal” pattern-so it can be compared with someone’s typing habits on any given day. If the habits change, slower or more anxious than normal, the app can warn a health care provider.
The promise of this technology has made Mindstrong incredibly popular since it was launched last year; already more than a dozen counties in California have agreed to apply the company’s app to patients. Does the app live up to its promise? There’s no way to tell. Almost no one outside the company has any idea whether it works, leading some experts to wonder if the technology is ready for the real world. “I wouldn’t waste all that time and money in the wild until they get sure that some of those things are as specific as they hope they are,” said Rosalind Picard, a researcher at MIT Media Lab, who is familiar with Mindstrongs work.
“It has passed the gold-standard clinical tests for depression and anxiety,” said Dr. Paul Dagum, the company’s founder. “We’re confident, and we’re already seeing some really exciting results.” Mindstrong officials said that among their most encouraging results is that its app can even predict how a person will feel next week, kind of like a weather app for your mood. “For a clinician(临床医生) or someone looking after a patient, they know that it could be very, very powerful,” Dagum said.
1. What can Mindstrong’s app do?A.Improve its users’ mental health. | B.Get its users to type more quickly. |
C.Discover its users’ mental state. | D.Work out the causes of its users’ trouble. |
A.The ways of collecting data. | B.The app’s working principle. |
C.The analysis of typing habits. | D.The development of the app. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Positive. | C.Uncaring. | D.Defensive. |
A.The app has a powerful effect on anxiety. |
B.The app can also predict weather conditions. |
C.Care providers could be supporters of the app. |
D.Doctors benefit more from the app than their patients. |
3 . Where to Eat in Bangkok
Bangkok is a highly desirable destination for food lovers. It has a seemingly bottomless well of dining options. Here are some suggestions on where to start your Bangkok eating adventure.
NahmOffering Thai fine dining. Nahm provides the best of Bangkok culinary (烹饪的) experiences. It’s the only Thai restaurant that ranks among the top 10 of the world’s 50 best restaurants list. Head Chef David Thompson, who received a Michelin star for his London-based Thai restaurant of the same name, opened this branch in the Metropolitan Hotel in 2010.
Issaya Siamese ClubIssaya Siamese Club is internationally known Thai chef Ian Kittichai’s first flagship Bangkok restaurant. The menu in this beautiful colonial house includes traditional Thai cuisine combined with modern cooking methods.
Bo.lanBo.lan has been making waves in Bangkok’s culinary scene since it opened in 2009. Serving hard-to-find Thai dishes in an elegant atmosphere, the restaurant is true to Thai cuisine’s roots, yet still manages to add a special twist. This place is good for a candle-lit dinner or a work meeting with colleagues who appreciate fine food. For those extremely hungry, there’s a large set menu.
GagganEarning first place on the latest “Asia’s 50 best restaurants” list, progressive Indian restaurant Gaggan is one of the most exciting venues (场所) to arrive in Bangkok in recent years. The best table in this two-story colonial Thai home offers a window right into the kitchen, where you can see chef Gaggan and his staff in action. Culinary theater at its best.
1. What do Nahm and Issaya Siamese Club have in common?A.They adopt modern cooking methods. | B.They have branches in London. |
C.They have top-class chefs. | D.They are based in hotels. |
A.Gaggan. | B.Bo. lan. | C.Issaya Siamese Club. | D.Nahm. |
A.It hires staff from India. | B.It puts on a play every day. |
C.It serves hard-to-find local dishes. | D.It shows the cooking process to guests. |
4 . Bike Rental & Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.
Prices
Hand Brake, Three Gears | Foot Brake, No Gears | |
1 hour | €7.50 | €5.00 |
3 hours | €11.00 | €7.50 |
1 day (24 hours) | €14.75 | €9.75 |
Each additional day | €8.00 | €6.00 |
Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.
1. What is an advantage of MacBike?A.It gives children a discount. | B.It offers many types of bikes. |
C.It organizes free cycle tours. | D.It has over 2,500 rental shops. |
A.€15.75. | B.€19.50. | C.€22.75. | D.€29.50. |
A.The Gooyer, Windmill. | B.The Skinny Bridge. |
C.Heineken Brewery. | D.Dam Square. |
5 . Returning home from the grocery store (杂货店), 25-year-old Policano felt it necessary to help the elderly in her neighborhood to practice safer social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic. Her friend Elkind joined her. They decided to start an organization called Invisible Hands Deliver (IHD).
They had a website up and running. The site allowed the elderly and other at-risk individuals to make requests for groceries and medicines to be delivered to them. The webpage also included a call for volunteers, which acquired more than 2,000 sign-ups.
The beauty of the IHD lies in its ability to meet the needs of those who are at higher risk of being attacked by the pandemic. When a request is submitted, it is forwarded to all volunteers within the community, so that anyone who is available can come forward to help. The delivery itself is contactless. Despite the physical distances, volunteers make an effort to connect with their beneficiaries, chatting with them from the other side of the door.
The efforts of the IHD would not have been effective without the help of modern scientific techniques and equipment. From the beginning, social media made it possible to spread the word and gather support within a short time. Digital inventions like web hosting servers and cloud platforms have also helped the IHD to meet the needs of their community.
Following its success in New York, the organization has spread its work to other areas of the United States. Their acts of kindness have also inspired similar networks to spring up in the world. The IHD is also supported by other organizations. “Armed with these resources, we can grow our efforts and further reduce the terrible impact of Covid-19,” said co-founder Policano.
Managed by a team of college students, the IHD has shown that one is never too young to make a difference. In a time when the pandemic has forced people apart, young people are in a main position to take advantage of technology and bridge the gap, bringing communities together. Elkind said, “We’re able to come together when the world feels like it’s pulling us apart. That’s the only way we pull through this, by pulling together.”
1. Why did Policano and Elkind create the IHD?A.To offer necessary help to the aged. | B.To raise money for the local charity. |
C.To maintain the safety of the community. | D.To provide part-time jobs for young people. |
A.Government support. | B.High-quality service. |
C.Advanced technology. | D.Special management. |
A.Uncaring. | B.Confident. | C.Doubtful. | D.Confused. |
A.Face-to-face communication matters. |
B.Generation gap among people is unsolvable. |
C.The pandemic is a serious danger to humans. |
D.The young play a great role in rebuilding social ties. |
6 . Today, we are told children don’t spend enough time in the fresh air. Many of them are addicted to a screen either on a computer or a TV—they seem to be living in a virtual world. They have lost touch with nature.
But now 400 organizations in the UK, from playgroups to the National Health Service, are encouraging children to have some “wild time”. They want kids to swap at least 30 minutes of watching TV or playing computer games for time playing outside. Activities such as building dens, climbing trees, rummaging for conkers and playing hide-and-seek are just some of the things kids can do. Even if they live in a city, they can go on adventures in the garden or the park.
Children often need a helping hand from their mums and dads. They need to be shown what to do and where to go. Andy Simpson from the National Health Service says, “We want parents to see what this magical wonder product does for their kids’ development, independence and creativity, by giving wild time a go.”
So despite the complicated world that young people grow up in now, it seems that going back to basics and experiencing “nature’s playground” is what modern children need. David Bond from Project Wild Thing says, “We need to make more space for wild time in children’s daily routine, freeing this generation of kids to have the sort of experiences that many of us took for granted.”
This might sound a bit old-fashioned to you but there’s no age limit on enjoying yourself!
1. Except what are children encouraged to do the following activities?A.Building dens. | B.Climbing trees. |
C.Playing hide-and-seek. | D.Watching TV. |
A.Wild time is hard to design. | B.Wild time is beneficial for children. |
C.Parents know the importance of wild time. | D.Parents like keeping their children indoors. |
A.Modern children need wild time. | B.Adults value outdoor activities. |
C.The present world is complicated. | D.This generation of kids have no freedom. |
A.Wild time for children | B.Benefits of wild time |
C.More space for children | D.Adventures of children |
7 . “A lie can travel halfway around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.” This quote (引语) is attributed to Mark Twain. In today’s Internet world of “fake news”, lies spread even faster and the truth is having trouble finding its shoes.
To make matters worse, most young people get news from social media sites where facts are mixed with rumors (谣言), half-truths and complete lies. This has led to young people becoming confused. In the latest PISA, which tested 15-year-olds worldwide on academic subjects, fewer than one in ten of the examinees were reported to be able to distinguish fact from opinion. A Stanford University study showed that students at all levels of education could not tell real news from fake news. In one instance, 80 percent thought that a paid advertisement was a real news story.
Fake news is spread by people who have a prejudice (偏见). They want to influence public opinion either for or against something or someone. It is important for young people to recognize when they are being used and to be skeptical about online information.
The traditional media, such as newspapers and television, are still the more credible sources of information. Reporters are professionally trained to look for facts, and editors have the job of making sure those facts are correct. However, if you get most of your information online, you have to be your own editor. In that case, the first thing to do is to look at the writer of a post. Is this person known to be credible? Does the site where you read the post have a prejudice? Next, look for other sources from the mainstream media to confirm the information. In other words, by putting on your truth shoes you won’t be fooled into chasing lies.
1. Why is the quote mentioned in Paragraph 1?A.To give an explanation. |
B.To introduce the topic. |
C.To offer background information. |
D.To highlight the wisdom of Mark Twain. |
A.They prefer the real news story. |
B.They are easily taken in by fake news. |
C.They can distinguish fact from opinion. |
D.They get worried about their education. |
A.Fight against prejudices. |
B.Avoid the traditional media. |
C.Be an editor of your own. |
D.Believe in trained reporters. |
A.The truth about fake news. |
B.The influence of fake news. |
C.Problems with online information. |
D.Sources of online information. |
8 . For those who are keen to explore natural wonders and cultural heritage sites and to pursue (追求) the passion of local people for ice and snow in Jilin Province, now it is the time to go there.
Rime observation
Compared with rime (雾凇) in other regions of China, rime in Jilin city is unique (独特的) because it is thick and crystal clear. A toothpick-thick tree branch can be covered in frost as thick as an adult’s thumb. The best time to observe is at 6-10 a.m. between November and February.
Winter fishing
Chagan Lake is one of the top 10 largest freshwater lakes in China. It covers more than 500 square kilometers. Winter fishing on Chagan Lake is an ancient tradition that dates back to the Liao Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. It was listed as a national-level intangible (无形的) cultural heritage item in 2008.
Hot springs
For those who want to feel warm in winter in Jilin Province, the area of Changbai Mountains could be the best place to visit. The region, formed after a volcanic eruption in ancient times, holds hundreds of hot springs with an average temperature above 60℃. The hot springs are said to be good for health because of their stable flow, constant temperature and mineral-rich water.
1. What makes rime special in Jilin city?A.Its observation time. |
B.Its thickness and clearness. |
C.Its unique tree branches. |
D.Its fame as a cultural heritage. |
A.Because of hot springs. |
B.Because of the volcano. |
C.Because of the rime. |
D.Because of winter fishing. |
A.Technology. | B.Business. |
C.Travel. | D.Art. |
9 . If you are dreaming of visiting one of those pictureperfect European towns filled with oldworld attractiveness and scenic beauty, here is a look at the most beautiful small towns in Europe.
Manarola
Manarola, Italy, is filled with rainbow-colored homes along the Mediterranean coast. This attractive fishing town is famous for its unbelievable wine, and the paintings. There are no cars here, no traffic lights, or traffic noise. You can drive to Manarola, but you will have to park just outside the town and then take a shuttle bus or walk in on foot.
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Garmischh-Partenkirchen, Germany, is an attractive mountain town, once two separate towns, one Roman and the other Teutonic. The 1936 Winter Olympics forced them to become one, though the two sides still have different characters. The town dates back to the 15th century AD, filled with narrow streets lined with historic three or fourstory buildings painted with religious scenes.
Marsaxlokk
The energetic trading port of Marsaxlokk, Malta, was built in 900 BC. Today, this picturelike town is the main supplier of fish to the island nation that sits in the Mediterranean Sea. It has no modern buildings to ruin its attractiveness. With such quiet surroundings, including the traditional fishing boats, it is a particularly charming place to visit.
Portmagee
In a country filled with beautiful towns, Portmagee, is a standout, sitting on the southwest coast of Ireland. This seaside fishing town has a row of brightly colored buildings along with a rich and colorful history. At The Bridge Bar, you will find live music many nights of the week along with nice food and a fine glass of beer.
1. In which town are tourists not allowed to go sightseeing by car?A.Manarola. | B.GarmischPartenkirchen. |
C.Marsaxlokk. | D.Portmagee. |
A.prefer enjoyment in an old coastal fishing town |
B.want to stay on a Mediterranean island |
C.have special interest in traditional fishing boats |
D.need to be refreshed in a mountain town |
A.GarmischPartenkirchen is a Roman town. |
B.The 1936 Winter Olympics gave birth to the town. |
C.There are many wide streets painted with religious scenes. |
D.The two sides of it now have similar characters. |
10 . When we answer questions with silence, it is often very powerful indeed.
Silence gets people’s attention
If you have ever been in a classroom, you have most likely experienced how silence often gets everyone’s attention. When the teacher stops talking, a signal goes to the brain that something has happened.
Silence uses body language
Often our body language is a more powerful way of communicating than what comes out of our mouth.
Silence offers sympathy for others
There are times in life when silence offers sympathy and understanding to others. Sometimes we simply don’t have the right words to communicate to someone who is struggling with a hurtful or painful situation. But we can still show them that we care and we are there for them.
Silence is polite
A.We can offer comfort by our calming silence. |
B.The silence often leaves the other person puzzled. |
C.To comfort them, you may tell them a similar painful situation. |
D.Often the other person would quickly get the needed answer in silence. |
E.Our facial expressions, eye contact, and even tone of voice speak the loudest. |
F.We live in a society where we are fighting with so many sources of information. |
G.All of a sudden, you pay attention and wonder why communication has stopped. |