1 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

External rewards: yes or no?

Some argue that students' interests should emerge organically and genuinely from their own investigations of the world. The educational philosopher John Dewey warned teachers against artificially "making things interesting", and a long line of research has shown that providing "extrinsic", or external, rewards for an activity can weaken students' "intrinsic", or internal, motivation to engage in that activity.

But research also shows that, done carefully, the intentional elicitation (引出) of interest has many positive effects, and does not produce the negative results that educators may fear. Especially for academically unmotivated students, it's of primary importance that the adults in their lives create environments that allow them to find and develop their interests. And parents and educators can promote the development of kids' interests by demonstrating their own passion for particular subjects.

Two more thoughts on intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation: although research has convincingly established the value of intrinsic interest, in the real world most of us are driven by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. High-achieving students learn for learning's sake, but also to get A's; successful business people are driven to create useful products or productive organizations, but also to enjoy financial rewards. There is nothing wrong with this mixing of motives.

Second, when intrinsic motivation is entirely absent, there's nothing to weaken with an external incentive. Parents and teachers are sometimes reluctant to offer a reward to a young person for doing something he or she "should" like for its own sake---a monetary bonus for reading a book, for example. But if the kid shows no interest in reading the book in the first place, there's no intrinsic motivation to weaken. And if the student does read the book in order to get the money---and discovers that reading is actually pretty fun---that's a win for everybody.

In short, while motivation is more complex than we sometimes assume, there is clearly a role for parents and educators to push young people's interests gently along.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. necessities   B. declining   C. exploited   D. cheating     E. informal   F. unbanked G. monitor     H. withdrawals   I. scanned   J. increasingly   K. legally

“You can’t pay cash here”: how our newly cashless society harms the most vulnerable

It had taken so much for Tina, 47, to get to the supermarket; to go home empty-handed left her in tears. At the till, the checkout assistant     1     Tina's items and waved her cash away. "You can't pay cash in here," she told Tina.

Tina is one of the many people who have struggled to purchase     2     during the coronavirus pandemic, as retailers     3    refuse to take cash.

The UK has been moving towards a cashless economy for some time, with ATM usage     4     at about 6% to 10% a year. But Covid-19 supercharged this transition. "During lockdown, cash     5     from ATMs were down about 60%," says Natalie Ceeney of the Access to Cash Review. "That's a huge drop."

But for the approximately 1.2 million people living in the UK who are     6    , buying essentials became a herculean undertaking.

"People without legal immigration status in the UK are not     7     allowed to open a bank account," says James Tullett of the migrant and refugee charity Ramfel. When shops refuse to take cash from these people, they are likely to use     8     services, which are more open to being     9    , Tullett adds.

It is not only unbanked people who will have struggled during the pandemic. Domestic abuse survivors often squirrel away emergency cash. Many abusers     10     bank transactions, leaving survivors reliant on cash.

"Cash is really the bicycle of payments," says Brett Scott, author of 'The Heretic's Guide to Global Finance'. "We need to have a multimodal form of payment systems … cash and card working together, just as bicycle and car lanes go together."

3 . In spring, chickens start laying again, bringing a welcome source of protein at winter's end. So it's no surprise that cultures around the world celebrate spring by honoring the egg.

Some traditions are simple, like the red eggs that get baked into Greek Easter breads. Others elevate the egg into a fancy art, like the heavily jewel-covered "eggs" that were favored by the Russians starting in the 19th century.

One ancient form of egg art comes to us from Ukraine. For centuries, Ukrainians have been drawing complicated patterns on eggs. Contemporary artists have followed this tradition to create eggs that speak to the anxieties of our age: Life is precious, and delicate. Eggs are, too.

"There's something about their delicate nature that appeals to me," says New Yorker cartoonist Roz Chast. Several years ago, she became interested in eggs and learned the traditional Ukrainian technique to draw her very modern characters. "I've broken eggs at every stage of the process—from the very beginning to the very, very end. "

But there's an appeal in that vulnerability. "There's part of this sickening horror of knowing you're walking on the edge with this, that I kind of like, knowing that it could all fall apart at any second" Chast's designs, such as a worried man alone in a tiny rowboat, reflect that delicateness.

Traditional Ukrainian decorated eggs also spoke to those fears. The elaborate patterns were believed to offer protection against evil.

"There's an ancient legend that as long as these eggs are made, evil will not prevail in the world," says Joan Brander, a Canadian egg-painter who has been painting eggs for over 60 years, having learned the art from her Ukrainian relatives.

The tradition, dating back to 300 B. C., was later incorporated into the Christian church. The old symbols, however, still endure. A decorated egg with a bird on it, given to a young married couple, is a wish for children. A decorated egg thrown into the field would be a wish for a good harvest.

1. Why do people in many cultures prize the egg?

A．It is a welcome sign of the coming of spring.

B．It is their major source of protein in winter.

C．It can easily be made into a work of art.

D．It can bring wealth and honor to them.

2. What do we learn about the decorated "eggs" in Russia?

A．They are shaped like jewel cases.

B．They are cherished by the rich.

C．They are heavily painted in red.

D．They are favored as a form of art.

3. Why have contemporary artists continued the egg art tradition?

A．Eggs serve as an enduring symbol of new life.

B．Eggs have an oval shape appealing to artists.

C．Eggs reflect the anxieties of people today.

D．Eggs provide a unique surface to paint on.

4. Why does Chast enjoy the process of decorating eggs?

A．She never knows if the egg will break before the design is completed.

B．She can add multiple details to the design to communicate her idea.

C．She always derives great pleasure from designing something new.

D．She is never sure what the final design will look like until the end.

4 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

Art occurs in many forms: music, dance, painting, architecture, sculpture, cinema, and literature, among others. Works of art can make people feel moved, even to the     1     of tears. In the case of Stendhal syndrome,   however,   this   feeling   is   so     2     that   a   person   can   experience a rapid heartbeat, dizziness, sweating, or fainting. It may even require hospitalization. In the Italian city of Florence, numerous visitors viewing the     3     Renaissance art there have experienced this and have required medical     4     Though not professionally recognized, this condition— now     5     to as Stendhal syndrome —does exist.

While great art is found in every civilization, Florence has been especially     6     A small city with a historical center, it is internationally admired for its amazing     7     of   Renaissance art. Florence in the 15th and 16th centuries attracted the talent of many geniuses: artists, scientists, and authors were welcomed here. Some of the greatest Western works of art can be found in Florence, such as the statue of David by Michelangelo, The Birth of Venus by Botticelli, and the frescoes（壁画）by Giotto in the Basilica of Santa Croce. In addition, Leonardo da Vinci left works here. Galileo Galilei and Niccolo Machiavelli are buried here.

The syndrome is named after Stendhal, a French author who visited Florence in 1817. He described his experience of being fascinated by the historic and artistic power of the city in one of his   books. Though the   term   Stendhal   syndrome   was   not     8     until   1979     by     Italian psychiatrist Graziella Magherini, the illness had already had a long history. Patients   usually recover within days of their attacks without any     9     drug other than rest and quiet. For them, the     10     of viewing the power and beauty of Florence is a brief trip to a hospital.

5 . When women do become managers, do they bring a different style and different ______     Are they better, or worse, managers than men? Are women more highly motivate committed than male managers?

Some research ______ the idea that women bring different attitudes and skills to management jobs. such as greater ______, an emphasis on attachment, and a willingness to involve ______ factors in making workplace decisions. These differences are seen to carry advantages for companies, because they expand the range of techniques that can be used to help the company ______ its workforce effectively.

A study undertaken by the International Women’s Forum discovered a management style used by some women managers that differs from the command-and-control style ______ used by male managers. Using this “interactive leadership” approach, women encourage______, share power and information, enhance other people’s self-worth, and get others excited about their work. All these things reflect their belief that ______ employees to contribute and to feel ______ and important is a win-win situation -- good for the employees and the organization. the study’s director predicted that “interactive leadership might emerge ______ the management style of choice for many organizations.”

1.

A．assignments

B．opportunities

C．advantages

D．techniques

2.

A．supports

B．drops

C．opposes

D．approves

3.

A．authority

B．competition

C．aggressiveness

D．cooperativeness

4.

A．positive

B．countless

C．emotional

D．commercial

5.

A．employ

B．manage

C．assess

D．arrange

6.

A．barely

B．traditionally

C．effectively

D．occasionally

7.

A．participation

B．concentration

C．creativity

D．imagination

8.

A．requiring

B．expecting

C．commanding

D．allowing

9.

A．faithful

B．powerful

C．skillful

D．thoughtful

10.

A．into

B．from

C．as

D．with

6 . Just when you thought you figured out Millennials (those who reached young adulthood around the year 2000), Generation Z is now entering the workforce. A massive 72.8 million individuals are included in this group born between the mid - 1990s and the early 2000s.

Are you ready?

While we have learned how to create a culture where Millennials can do well, what Generation Z needs can be quite different:

Millennials	Generation Z
Don’t just work for a paycheck, they want a purpose.	Money and job security are their top motivators. They want to make a difference but surviving an developing are more important.
They aren’t pursuing job satisfaction, they are pursuing their own development.	They want to gather rewarding experiences. Gen Z tend towards being impatient and often experience FOMO (Fear Of Missing Out), so instant feedback and satisfaction are key.
They don’t want bosses, they want coaches.	They want to be guided in an environment where they can advance quickly. They want to look their leaders in the eye and experience honesty and transparency.
They don’t want annual reviews, they want ongoing conversations.	They don’t want an annual work assessment, they want to be advised and given feedback on an ongoing frequent (daily) basis.
They don’t want to fix their weaknesses, they want to develop their strengths.	They believe that there are winners and losers - and more people fall into the losing category. They want to have the tools to win, either through developing weaknesses or strengths.
They have a cooperative way of thinking where everyone joins in and works together.	72% of Gen Z said they are competitive with doing the same job. They are independent and want to be judged on their own value and showcase their individual talents.
It’s not just their job, it’s their life.	Salary and benefits and how they can advance are central. They are a DIY generation and they feel that other generations have over complicated the workplace.

1. According to the passage, Millennials and Gen Z share the same point of view on _______.

A．job satisfaction	B．work assessment
C．weaknesses and strengths	D．salary and benefits

2. Which of the following is true of Gen Z’s way of thinking?

A．They prefer to be team leaders, not members.

B．They enjoy working together with others.

C．They don’t want to cooperate, they compete.

D．They have talents and don’t want to be judged.

3. Who among the following are most probably the target readers of this passage?

A．Millennials.	B．Generation Z.
C．Recruiters.	D．FOMO patients.

7 . In the food industry, it seems, the robot revolution is well underway, with machines mastering skilled tasks that have always been performed by people.

In Boston, robots have displaced _______ and are creating complex bowls of food for customers. In Prague, machines are _______ waiters and servers using an app. In Denver, they’re taking orders. Robots are even making the perfect loaf of bread these days, taking charge of a(n) _______that has remained in human hands for thousands of years.

Now comes Briggo, a company that has created a fully _______, robotic coffee machine that can push out 100 cups of coffee in a single hour -- equaling the _______ of three to four baristas（咖啡师）, according to the company.

Using a mix of Latin American beans, the machine creates _______ cups of coffee that can be ordered via an app, giving customers control over ingredients, flavorings and temperature without any human interaction. The company says no other business in the world has applied as much _______ to “specialty coffee.”

Removing the _______ element from ordering a cup of coffee is one of the company’s primary selling points. “No more lines, no more counter confusion, no more misspelled names,” Briggo’s website says.

Kevin Nater, Briggo’s president and chief executive, said the machine would best fit locations in which _______ is highly valued, like airports and office buildings, where several of the machines currently operate.

“Imagine you’re coming into the security line at the airport, your flight is coming up, and you know that if you want a coffee you’re going to stand in a long line,” said Nater. “From the security line, you can simply order your cup of coffee and pick it up at the coffee haus and make it to your flight ________.”

“I’ve never found anyone who wants to stand in line a long time,” he added. “We’ve just changed the ________.”

But Olive Geib, a 24-year-old barista in Annapolis, Md., remained ________. As coffee is being made by a barista, he said, subtly（细微地）adjusting the ratio of water to coffee bean as flavor develops through refined taste tests, is a crucial part of the process. “All the numbers and data in the world can’t actually tell you how the coffee ________,” Geib said.

Asked whether he was worried about losing his job to a robot, Gerb said, “absolutely not.” He said there’s a ________ group of people who will always seek out the slower, interactive experiences at coffee shops.

“A lot of customers really appreciate watching a barista carefully pouring water or steaming the milk,” he added. “This ________ aspect, the atmosphere and the interaction with the barista, is a big part of the experience of drinking coffee.”

1.

A．waitresses

B．baristas

C．cooks

D．machines

2.

A．replacing

B．recruiting

C．restoring

D．resisting

3.

A．room

B．art

C．school

D．oven

4.

A．typical

B．inaccessible

C．challenging

D．automatic

5.

A．quality

B．output

C．time

D．cost

6.

A．sugar-free

B．fruit-flavored

C．customized

D．professional

7.

A．inspiration

B．technology

C．correction

D．strictness

8.

A．safety

B．stress

C．human

D．design

9.

A．service

B．preparation

C．reliability

D．convenience

10.

A．on time

B．for real

C．in advance

D．without notice

11.

A．game

B．price

C．fact

D．myth

12.

A．nervous

B．sad

C．annoyed

D．doubtful

13.

A．looks

B．changes

C．sells

D．tastes

14.

A．distinguished

B．difficult

C．loyal

D．lazy

15.

A．cultural

B．social

C．skillful

D．mindful

8 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

May Day in India

Each May 1, workers in India join others around the world to mark May Day, depending on local customs.

It’s quite appropriate that India celebrates with an official holiday in some of its 29 states and seven union territories. After all, the country has an     1     (estimate) 522 million workers, more than the entire population of the United States.

Here’s a Q&A on May Day in general:

Isn’t May Day about dancing around a pole?

You are correct — dancing is involved. That’s because “May Day” actually does double duty, celebrating two different things.

May Day originally started out as a celebration with roots in roman traditions. By the Middle Ages, May Day also     2     (involve) the maypole, which is made of wood and covered with decorations. Those are held by dancers     3     circle around the pole.

That     4     be the May Day you remember from your childhood, and that’s one of the two ways May Day is celebrated.

What does that have to do with workers?

This is where May Day’s double duty comes in.

In May 1886, US activists organized a national strike     5     (seek) an eight-hour workday. In Chicago’s Haymarket Square, the protest turned violent with around 11 to 15 deaths     6     police and participants.

    7     (honor) the workers in the Haymarket disturbance, the International Socialist Conference declared May 1 would be a day labeled for labor, to be called International Workers’ Day. The holiday     8     (establish) at a meeting in 1889 and eventually spread to many parts of the world.

And that’s     9     maypoles, labor parades and protests are all part of May 1.

So where does India fit in with all of this?

India’s first Labor Day was celebrated in 1923 in Madras, now called Chennai. Over time, the holiday spread to other parts of the country.

According to Hindu.com, organizations and trade unions arrange parades and “children enter contests     10     they can understand the importance of fairness for workers.”

9 . Directions: 用动词的适当形式和恰当的冠词、连词、介词、代词或情态动词、形容词副词的比较级或最高级填空，使句子成立

Turning Pain into Music

        After     1     (diagnose) with a severe pain disease, Jake Smith from Colorado leaned on music to cope.
        The problem first started for Smith when he was a freshman in high school. He suffered a concussion(脑震荡)while playing basketball. The symptoms didn't seem to go away after several months.
        Doctors discovered a small fracture(裂缝)in Smith's skull that was causing the pressure and the headaches. The teenager had surgery to repair it, but when he woke up, the problem was much worse. For months, he was in near constant pain. ''It was the first time in my life that I     2     (experience) a pain severe enough to actually understand why people would kill themselves because of the pain.'' Smith said.
        Doctors eventually diagnosed him with Trigeminal Neuralgia(三叉神经痛), a disorder that causes severe pain in the face. T. N. ,     3     it's also called, gets worse over time and is incurable. Doctors call it suicide disease because they think it’s     4     (painful) thing a human can experience. And they estimate that 25 percent of people who have this disease end up killing     5    .
          Facing this awful reality, Smith turned to something he'd known since he was five years old - playing the piano. When he was in too much pain to sleep, he would be in the basement on his keyboard playing all night long.
          The keys wouldn’t take the pain away, but the notes would make it more bearable.
          While dealing with the immense pain, the then-18-year-old wrote his first album, Loreto. He published all 17 songs on his website, free for all, aiming to offer some comfort to people also     6     (go) through pain.
        The idea prompted Smith to start song dedications(为他人写歌). He would take request within online groups for people suffering from T. N. or other pain disorders and write     7     (personalize) melodies(旋律)for them.     8     his won suffering, he composed songs like ''Ad Defeats Despair, '' ''Maiji's Waterfall'' and ''Marsha's Snowy Mountain, '' sometimes based one person's requested peaceful place.
          ''A lot of people say that when I write them a song and they listen to it, their pain is a lessened ... So, I guess that's     9     I keep doing it. '' he said.
          The 20-year-old has so far published over 100 songs on his website. His efforts     10     (help) people with T. N. have expanded to include other pain diseases, as well as cancer.

10 . There are few more sobering online activities than entering data college-tuition calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum. But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying, as well as studying, can comfort themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge dividends.

A 2008 study by two Harvard economists notes that the “labor-market premium to skill”— to the amount college graduates earned—decreased for much of the 20th century, but he come back with a vengeance since the 1980s. In 2005, the typical full-time year-round U. S. worker with a four-year college degree earned $50,900, 62% more than $31,500 earned by a worker with only a high-school diploma.

There’s no question that going to college is a smart economic choice. But a look at the strange variations in tuition reveals that the choice about which college to attend doesn’t come down merely to dollars and cents. Does going to Columbia University (tuition, room and board $49,260 in 2007-2008) yield a 40% greater return than attending the University of Colorado at Boulder as an out-of-state student ($35,542)? Probably not. does being an out-of-state student at the University of Colorado at Boulder yield twice the amount of income as being an in-state student ($17,380) there? Not likely.

No, in this consumerist age, most buyers aren’t evaluating college as an investment, but rather as a consumer product —like a car or clothes or a house. And with such purchases, price is only one of many crucial factors to consider.

As with automobiles, consumers in today’s college marketplace have vast choices, and people search for the one that gives them the most comfort and satisfaction in line with their budgets. This accounts for the willingness of people to pay more for different types of experiences (such as attending a private liberal - arts college or going to an out-of-state public school that has a great marine - biology program). And just as two auto purchasers might spend an equal amount of money on very different cars, college students (or, more accurately, their parents) often show a willingness to pay essentially the same price for vastly different products. So which is it? Is college an investment product like a stock or a consumer product like a car? In keeping with automotive world’s hottest consumer trend, maybe it’s best to characterize it as a hybrid; an expensive sunburned product that, over time, will pay rich dividends.

1. What’s the opinion of economists about going to college?

A．Huge amounts of money is being wasted on campus socializing.

B．It doesn’t pay to run into debt to receive a college education.

C．College education is rewarding in spite of the shocking costs.

D．Going to college doesn’t necessarily bring the expected returns.

2. The two Harvard economists note in their study that, for much of the 20^th century. _______.

A．enrollment kept decreasing in virtually all American colleges and universities

B．the labor market preferred high-school to college graduates

C．competition for university admissions was far more fierce than today

D．the gap between the earnings of college and high-school graduates narrowed

3. Students who attend an in-state college or university can _______.

A．save more on tuition	B．receive a better education
C．take more liberal-arts courses	D．avoid traveling long distances

4. What is the chief consideration when students choose a college today?

A．Their employment prospects after graduation.	B．A satisfying experience within their budgets .
C．Its facilities and learning environment.	D．Its ranking among similar institutions.