1 . For the past five years, Paula Smith, a historian of science, has devoted herself to re-creating long-forgotten techniques. While doing research for her new book, she came across a 16th-century French manuscript（手稿）consisting of nearly 1,000 sets of instructions, covering subjects from tool making to finding the best sand.
The author's intention remains as mysterious（神秘）as his name; he may have been simply taking notes for his own records. But Smith was struck mainly by the fact that she didn't truly grasp any of the skills the author described. "You simply can't get an understanding of that handwork by reading about it," she says.
Though Smith did get her hands on the best sand, doing things the old-fashioned way isn't just about playing around with French mud. Reconstructing the work of the craftsmen（工匠）who lived centuries ago can reveal how they viewed the world, what objects filled their homes, and what went on in the workshops that produced them. It can even help solve present-day problems: In 2015, scientists discovered that a 10th-century English medicine for eve problems could kill a drug-resistant virus.
The work has also brought insights for museums, Smith says. One must know how an object was made in order to preserve it. What's more, reconstructions might be the only way to know what treasures looked like before time wore them down. Scholars have seen this idea in practice with ancient Greek and Roman statues. These sculptures were painted a rainbow of striking colours. We can't appreciate these kinds of details without seeing works of art as they originally appeared-something Smith believes you can do only when you have a road map.
Smith has put the manuscript's ideas into practice. Her final goal is to link the worlds of art and science back together: She believes that bringing the old recipes to life can help develop a kind of learning that highlights experimentation, teamwork, and problem solving.
Back when science—then called “the new philosophy”—took shape, academics looked to craftsmen for help in understanding the natural world. Microscopes and telescopes were invented by way of artistic tinkering（修补）, as craftsmen experimented with glass to better bend light.
If we can rediscover the values of hands-on experience and craftwork, Smith says, we can marry the best of our modern insights with the handiness of our ancestors.
1. How did Smith, feel after reading the French manuscript?| A．Confused about the technical terms. |
| B．Impressed with its detailed instructions. |
| C．Discouraged by its complex structure. |
| D．Shocked for her own lack of hand skills. |
| A．restore old workshops | B．understand the craftsmen |
| C．improve visual effects | D．inspire the philosophers |
| A．To reveal the beauty of ancient objects. |
| B．To present the findings of old science. |
| C．To highlight the importance of antiques. |
| D．To emphasise the values of hand skills. |
| A．Craftsmen Set the Trends for Artists |
| B．Craftsmanship Leads to New Theories |
| C．Craftsmanship Makes Better Scientists |
| D．Craftsmen Reshape the Future of Science |
2 . William Thomson
William Thomson was born on 26 June, 1824 in Belfast. He was taught by his father, a professor of mathematics. In 1832, the family moved to Glasgow where Thomson attended university at the age of 10, then studied at Cambridge and Paris Universities. In 1846 he became professor of natural philosophy in Glasgow, a post he
In Glasgow, Thomson
Throughout his work Thomson’s main goal was the practical use of science. He achieved
Thomson was raised to the noblemen with the
| A．sought | B．confirmed | C．admired | D．held |
| A．took up | B．broke up | C．set up | D．blew up |
| A．fields | B．countries | C．labs | D．colleges |
| A．In spite of | B．Except for | C．Together with | D．Regardless of |
| A．command | B．condition | C．contract | D．concept |
| A．learners | B．pioneers | C．competitors | D．leaders |
| A．important | B．obvious | C．fortunate | D．positive |
| A．for | B．with | C．after | D．on |
| A．wealth | B．fame | C．contribution | D．enthusiasm |
| A．considered | B．attracted | C．employed | D．accused |
| A．hobby | B．desire | C．success | D．interest |
| A．operate | B．invent | C．control | D．produce |
| A．lit | B．built | C．decorated | D．equipped |
| A．title | B．name | C．honor | D．award |
| A．preserved | B．respected | C．admitted | D．buried |
Lots of foreigners don’t understand why so many Chinese people are sorrowful about Yuan Longping’s passing away.
This reminds me
Western scholars’ prediction of China back then was indeed analyzing China’s problems, but they failed
If they had had any knowledge of Yuan who worked devotedly for our country, they wouldn’t have made such pessimistic evaluations. Why did the Chinese people make
4 . Thirty-five years ago, with just one acre of land, a couple of seeds and a bucket of hope, one Nigerian-born scientist began his mission to defeat famine (饥荒) on his continent.
News of the drought across Africa in the early 1980s troubled Nzamujo. Equipped with a microbiology PhD and his faith, he travelled back to Africa. There, he found a continent ecologically rich, diverse and capable of producing food. He believes drought wasn’t the only reason for widespread hunger, and that sustainability had been left out.
Nzamujo began designing a “zero waste” agriculture system that would not only increase food security, but also help the environment and create jobs. In 1985, he started his sustainable farm “Songhai” in the West African country of Benin.
Nzamajo lives on the farm and constantly updates his techniques. He credits his degrees in science and engineering for Songhai’s success. But he also thanks his spiritual and cultural roots, and his father — a driving force in his life who encouraged him to pursue his studies to the highest degree and to use Songhai to share his knowledge.
Songhai has several “eco-literacy” development programs. They range from 18-month training courses for farmer-enterprisers, to shorter stays to learn techniques like weeding. People come from all over the world to study Nzamujo’s methods.
After seeing success on his first zero waste farm, he expanded throughout Benin and western Africa. Today, the Songhai model is applied across the continent, including Nigena. Uganda, Sierra Leone and Liberia, Nzamujo says they've trained more than 7.000 farmer-enterprisers and more than 30, 000 people in total since it began.
Nzamujo believes zero waste agriculture is now steadily tackling the issues he set out to defeat, hunger, unemployment and environmental declines. And he wants to see it go further.
1. Which factor related to famine was unnoticed in Nzamujo’s eyes?| A．Poor soil. | B．Water shortage. |
| C．Lack of resources. | D．Unsustainability. |
| A．Introduce a solution. | B．Give examples to the readers. |
| C．Add some background information. | D．Summarize the previous paragraphs. |
| A．By offering land. | B．By trading seeds. |
| C．By educating farmers. | D．By selling technology. |
| A．Critical and careful. | B．Learned and responsible. |
| C．Optimistic and generous. | D．Considerate and ambitious. |
5 . One of the winners of this year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry was Danish scientist Morten Meldal. When describing his career, Meldal said he started out as an engineer but changed to chemistry because he “wanted to understand the world.”
Meldal’s experience may come as a surprise to students. They might believe they have to center their work and school lives in one field to be successful. But a study from professors at Michigan State University shows that is not always the case.
Michele Root-Bernstein and Robert Root-Bernstein published their study in the Creativity Research Journal. They said that a large number of Nobel Prize winners can be described as “polymaths”, or “Renaissance”.
The writers looked at past Nobel Prize winners and their students. They decided that when students of winners go on to win Nobel Prizes, some of what they learned from their teachers is how to live a life with many interests. They are, in a way, learning how to be creative.
Having many interests, the Root-Bernsteins wrote, permits scientists to look for creative ways to solve problems. In fact, one important part of science is not discovering answers, but recognizing problems that need to be solved.
The prize winners, the Root-Bernsteins said, transfer “skills, techniques and materials from one field to another.” They said Alexis Carrel won his Nobel Prize in medicine in 1912 by using techniques he learned from the clothing business. He realized that people who used thread to make and fix clothing had a skill that could be used in operations to put new organs into people’s bodies.
The Michigan State professors study creativity. They found Nobel winners are nine times more likely to have experience in working with wood, metal or in the arts than most scientists. The Michigan State researchers say that unlike many people who spend long hours at work and give up some of their outside interests, Nobel winners believe their hobbies are important to creativity.
1. What comes as a surprise to students according to the passage?| A．Meldal’s winning Nobel Prize. |
| B．Meldal’s original working field. |
| C．Meldal’s desire to understand the world. |
| D．Meldal’s study with Michigan State University. |
| A．People who only concentrated on just one field. |
| B．People who are committed lifelong to their career. |
| C．People who are equipped with various interests. |
| D．People who are admired for established achievements. |
| A．Tolerant. | B．Cautious. | C．Negative. | D．Objective. |
| A．A Secret to Winning Top Prize |
| B．An Unbelievable Discovery |
| C．A Born Nobel Prize Winner |
| D．An Amazing Rise to Fame |
6 . Women scientists around the world have made significant contributions to Stem (science, technology, engineering, and maths). Here are four who pushed boundaries and changed the world.
Wu Chienshiung (1912—1997)
Born in Taicang, Jiangsu province, Wu took part in the Manhattan Project which helped create the world’s first nuclear weapon. Her famous Wu experiment overturned the theory of parity in physics. This breakthrough led to a Nobel Prize that was awarded to her male colleagues, but Wu’s critical role in the work was overlooked.
Hedy Lamarr (1914—2000)
Austria-born Lamarr starred in a lot of Hollywood films and made great success. She was also super smart and a self-taught inventor. During the second world war, Lamarr together with George Antheil, a composer, developed a radio guidance system. The principle of their work is part of the basis of Bluetooth and wireless technology.
Katherine Johns (1918—2020)
African American NASA mathematician Johnson’s calculations were critical in getting the first US astronauts to space and back safely. During her 33-year career at NASA, Katherine earned a reputation for mastering complex calculations and was referred to as a “human computer”.
Tu Youyou (1930—)
Born in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, Tu shared the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with two other foreign scientists, for her work in discovering artemisinin, a drug used to treat malaria. Her work has saved millions of lives all over the world. Tu is the first Chinese Nobel winner in physiology or medicine and the first female citizen of the PRC to win a Nobel Prize.
1. Besides being an inventor, Hedy Lamarr is also a(n) ________.| A．composer | B．producer | C．actress | D．mathematician |
| A．She treated people for cancer. | B．She is the first Chinese Nobel winner. |
| C．Her discovery helped save millions. | D．Her research project is one of a kind. |
| A．They shared the same interest. | B．They each constructed a theory. |
| C．They were all awarded the Nobel Prize. | D．They all made a difference to the world. |
7 . The Nobel Prize is considered as one of the most recognizable and admirable awards possible, honoring people of the world for their outstanding achievements in different fields.
Alfred Nobel was born in 1833 to a family of engineers in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1850, he met Ascanio Sobrero, the inventor of nitroglycerin (硝酸甘油) in Paris. Interested in its unpredictable nature of exploding under pressure or heat, Nobel started to find a way to control it and make a usable explosive. After years of efforts, in 1867, Nobel invented dynamite, which is much easier and safer to control than nitroglycerin.
During his lifetime, Nobel invented and patented various explosives. He built up his wealth from his 355 inventions, from which dynamite was the most important.
When Alfred’s brother Ludwig died in 1888, a French newspaper mistakenly published Alfred’s obituary (讣告). Reading his own obituary, Nobel was disappointed to find out his public image. The newspaper strongly blamed Nobel for inventing dynamite, giving him the nickname of “the merchant of death” and saying “Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday.”
To Alfred, this obituary was a warning. He spent his lifetime alone inventing things and was deeply concerned with how he would be remembered. This unfortunate event inspired him to make changes in his will, so as to improve his public image, and to be remembered for a good cause. In 1895, one year before his death, Nobel made the last will, saying clearly that his wealth would be used to create a series of prizes for those who have made great contributions to mankind in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. To widespread astonishment, Dr. Alfred Nobel gave away 94% of his total wealth to found the five Nobel Prizes.
1. What led to Nobel’s invention of dynamite according to Paragraph 2?| A．The strong desire to make money. | B．His great curiosity and devotion to science. |
| C．His lifetime dream of achieving success. | D．The valuable help from his family. |
| A．34. | B．40. | C．42. | D．55. |
| A．Optimistic. | B．Satisfied. | C．Upset. | D．Supportive. |
| A．To be remembered as “the merchant of death”. | B．To prove the importance of his inventions. |
| C．To publish his findings of scientific research. | D．To leave a good name to the public. |
1. 介绍人物及事迹；
2. 分享受到的影响。
注意：
1. 词数100左右；
2. 题目已为你写好。
9 . At 1:43 a.m. October 5, 2022, Stanford chemist Carolyn R. Bertozzi was awakened by a phone call from a Nobel committee representative who told her, “You have 50 minutes to collect yourself and wait until your life changes.” Instructed not to share the announcement outside of her tightest inner circle, the first person Bertozzi called was her father, a retired physics professor from MIT. “He’s 91 and, of course, he was just overjoyed,” said Bertozzi.
Carolyn Bertozzi, born October 10, 1966, Boston, was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for her development of bioorthogonal reactions, which allow scientists to explore cells and track biological processes without disturbing the normal chemistry of the cell. She shares the $10 million Swedish kronor (about $1 million USD) prize equally with Morten Meldal, professor at University of Copenhagen and K. Barry Sharpless, professor at Scripps Research “for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry.”
Carolyn received a bachelor’s degree in chemistry from Harvard University in 1988 and a doctorate in the same subject from the University of California, Berkeley in 1993. She was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, San Francisco, from 1993 to 1995. She became an assistant professor at Berkeley in 1996 and a full professor of chemistry and molecular and cell biology in 2002. She also held an appointment as a professor of molecular and cellular pharmacology from 2000 to 2002 at the University of California, San Francisco. In 2015 she became a professor of chemistry at Stanford University.
“I could not be more delighted that Carolyn Bertozzi has won the Nobel Prize in chemistry,” said Stanford President Marc Tessier-Lavigne. “In pioneering the field of bioorthogonal chemistry, Carolyn invented a new way of studying biomolecular processes, one that has helped scientists around the world gain a deeper understanding of chemical reactions in living systems. Her work has had remarkable real-world impact, providing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to treat disease. Carolyn is so deserving of this honor, and all of us at Stanford are too proud to call her one of our own.”
Carolyn’s bioorthogonal reactions have been used to study how cells build proteins and other molecules, to develop new cancer medicines, and to produce new materials for energy storage, among many other applications.
1. Why does the author mention the phone call Carolyn received in Paragraph 1?| A．To introduce the background information of Carolyn. |
| B．To reveal a conversation between two scientists. |
| C．To arouse the readers’ interest in the passage. |
| D．To show the urgency about the information. |
| A．Her education and success. | B．Her delight and pride. |
| C．Her kindness and devotion. | D．Her dream and ambition. |
| A．He wants to cooperate with Carolyn. |
| B．Carolyn has found a new cure for cancer. |
| C．He benefits greatly from Carolyn’s findings. |
| D．Carolyn’s findings are of great significance. |
| A．A profile. | B．A news report. |
| C．A journal. | D．A book review. |
10 . Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on 14 March, 1879.
Albert had a great year in 1905, publishing (发表) four scientific papers!
In 1919, one of Albert’s theories was proved, making him the most famous scientist alive!
| A．Albert spent lots of time in America. |
| B．Einstein loved to use his imagination. |
| C．His work turned modern physics on its head. |
| D．Even as an adult, Einstein was disorganized. |
| E．As a child, he enjoyed solving math problems. |
| F．And he won the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics. |
| G．One teacher even said he’d never achieve anything! |
